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ProleWiki - User contributions [en]
2024-03-29T07:49:00Z
User contributions
MediaWiki 1.41.0
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=ProleWiki:Essays/Archive&diff=54553
ProleWiki:Essays/Archive
2023-08-24T00:43:12Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{changetitle|''Essays''}}<br />
This is a space to promote original works made by our comrades. These are not officially endorsed by the whole of our comradeship, but anything with particularly egregious inaccuracies or problems might be subject for deletion. <br />
<br />
Essays are more free-form and personal. <br />
<br />
It is '''generally not recommended''' to edit other editors' essays. Unless you've explicitly established some kind of collaborative partnership with someone or have received permission, it's best to build upon others' works by copying it and citing it in your own original works.<br />
<br />
Discussion pages are useful for critique. <br />
<br />
== List of works ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Author<br />
!Work<br />
|-<br />
|Public Domain<br />
<br />
(free to edit)<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:The guide to talk to police by country|''The guide to talk to police by country'']]<br />
*[[Essay:The American Crisis of Capital: The Nazification of the United States|''The American Crisis of Capital: The Nazification of the United States'']]<br />
*[[Essay:Encrypting messages with PGP|''[RTC] Encrypting messages with PGP'']]<br />
*[[Essay:How to scan and digitize books tutorial|''How to scan and digitize books tutorial'']]<br />
*[[Essay:Socialism and the vacuum: an opportunity|''Socialism and the vacuum: an opportunity'']]<br />
*''[[Essay:A model for a Digital Age Marxist-Leninist Society|A model for a Digital Age Marxist-Leninist Society]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:A Hoxhaist critique on the modern Social Imperialists|A Hoxhaist critique on the modern Social Imperialists]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:Remarks on the Mar-a-Lago incident|Remarks on the Mar-a-Lago incident]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Annamarx|Annamarx]]<br />
|<br />
* ''[[Essay:Dogmatism, An Anti-Marxist Tendency|Dogmatism, An Anti-Marxist Tendency]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:Problems with Maoism|Problems with Maoism]]''<br />
*[[Essay:What even is "dengism"?|''What even is "dengism"?'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:AwesomeSheep48|AwesomeSheep48]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Essay:Police Brutality and its Relation to Settler-Colonialism in Canada|''Police Brutality and its Relation to Settler-Colonialism in Canada'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Camarada.Forte|Camarada Forte]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:On drug use|''On drug use'']]<br />
* ''[[Essay:Art and the Juche idea|Art and the Juche idea]]''<br />
* ''[[Essay:A biological odyssey|A biological odyssey]]''<br />
* [[Essay:Comment on the Russo-Ukranian conflict|''Comment on the Russo-Ukranian conflict'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Certified Red G*mer|Certified Red G*mer]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Stalin wears Green and a Red Star|''Stalin wears green and a red star'']]<br />
* ''[[Essay:What is imperialism?|What is imperialism?]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:ComradeBirdyBird|ComradeBirdyBird]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Socialism is not a parrot concept, personal or governmental|''Socialism is not a parrot concept, personal or governmental'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Every communist must support China|''Every communist must support China'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Communists in the west and their internal struggles|''Communists in the west and their internal struggles'']]<br />
*[[Essay:Patriotic socialism is not socialist patriotism|''Patriotic socialism is not socialist patriotism'']]<br />
*[[Essay:A nutrition and fitness guide|''A nutrition and fitness guide'']]<br />
*''[[Essay:Towards formalising ProleWiki's culture|Towards formalising ProleWiki's culture]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Deogeo|Deogeo]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:The Pen is a Major Tool|''The Pen is a Major Tool'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Be Bold: Polite or Aggressive? Experiment!|''Be Bold: Polite or Aggressive? Experiment!'']]<br />
* [[Essay:What Are the Other Variants of Marxism?|''What Are the Other Variants of Marxism?'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Capital_Gotta_capital_and_others_poems|''Capital Gotta capital and other poems'']]<br />
* [[Essay:A_Statesian_Marxists'_Guide_to_Learning_Mandarin|''A Statesian Marxists' Guide to Learning Mandarin'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Incremental games for listening to Marxist literature|''Incremental games for listening to Marxist literature'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:GojiraTheWumao|GojiraTheWuMao]] <br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Why China is not Capitalist|''Why China is not Capitalist'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Difference between Chinese and russian economic reform|''Difference between Chinese and russian economic reform'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Jucheguevara|Jucheguevara]]<br />
|<br />
* ''[[Essay:Abandon That Which You Cannot Defend|Abandon that which you cannot defend]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:The Mysterious Destruction of Productive Forces|The Mysterious Destruction of Productive Forces]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Savoy|Savoy]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:On Social Media: The Commodification of Human Connection|''On Social Media: The Commodification of Human Connection'']]<br />
|-<br />
|Anonymous [[Communist Party of the United States of America|CPUSA]] member<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:On the Webbite Tendency in CPUSA|''On the Webbite Tendency in CPUSA'']]<br />
|-<br />
|Collective Stewardship and the CA of the Revolutionary Technical Committee (via [[Comrade:SovietPasiune|SovietPasiune]])<br />
|<br />
*[[Essay:Resolution of the First Congress on artistic works generated by artificial intelligence|''Resolution of the First Congress on artistic works generated by artificial intelligence'']]<br />
*[[Essay:The myth of legalistic software socialization|''The myth of legalistic software socialization'']]<br />
*[[Essay:When it comes to anti-trans legislation, form communist leagues!|''When it comes to anti-trans legislation, form communist leagues!'']]<br />
|-<br />
|Electoral Data Collection<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:ElectoralData\PCInt43|Internationalist Communist Party]] (1943)<br />
|}</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Essay:ElectoralData%5CPCInt43&diff=54551
Essay:ElectoralData\PCInt43
2023-08-24T00:41:06Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Created page with "This is part of a series that aggregates raw data relating to the participation of communist parties in bourgeois elections. '''Party: Internationalist Communist Party (PCInt), founded 1943.''' == Preface == Despite being known for electoral abstentionism and even being criticized for it by Lenin, the Left-communists in Italy never abstained out of pure principle, but also because of a series of tactical choices. In 1946, the newly formed Internationalist Communist Par..."</p>
<hr />
<div>This is part of a series that aggregates raw data relating to the participation of communist parties in bourgeois elections.<br />
<br />
'''Party: Internationalist Communist Party (PCInt), founded 1943.'''<br />
<br />
== Preface ==<br />
Despite being known for electoral abstentionism and even being criticized for it by Lenin, the Left-communists in Italy never abstained out of pure principle, but also because of a series of tactical choices. In 1946, the newly formed Internationalist Communist Party decided to participate in the elections for the Italian Constituent Assembly. It also would participate in the elections for the Chamber of Deputies during 1948.<br />
<br />
Before the implosion of the PCInt that would create the numerous Left-communist parties and groups that exist today, the party was sizeable, with sections in 73 towns and cities, along with thousands of members. The party launched into the elections as a way to engage numerous skilled public speakers. The PCInt's symbol for the electoral list would be the origin of the Left-communist version of the hammer and sickle.<br />
<br />
== Electoral Data ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Italian 1946 Constituent Assembly Elections<br />
!Votes<br />
!% Vote <br />
!Seats<br />
|-<br />
|24,420<br />
|0,11%<br />
|(0/556)<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Italian 1948 Chamber of Deputies Election<br />
!Leading Candidate<br />
!Votes<br />
!% Vote<br />
!Seats<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:OnoratoDamen.jpg|center|71x71px|Onorato Damen]]{{Center|Onorato Damen (PCInt)}}<br />
|{{Center|20,736}}<br />
|{{Center|0,08}}<br />
|{{Center|0/574}}<br />
|}</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:OnoratoDamen.jpg&diff=54549
File:OnoratoDamen.jpg
2023-08-24T00:33:47Z
<p>SovietPasiune: PCInt politician Onorato Damen.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
PCInt politician Onorato Damen.</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:RTCLogoNewer.png&diff=54367
File:RTCLogoNewer.png
2023-08-18T11:57:44Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Infrared&diff=54289
Infrared
2023-08-14T22:13:00Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox youtuber|name=Infrared|Ideology=[[Patriotic socialism]]<br><br />
* [[Marxism-Leninism]] (nominally)<br />
* [[MAGA communism]]<br />
* [[Nationalism|Bourgeois nationalism]]<br />
* [[Reactionary|Chauvinism]]<br />
* [[Fascism|Cryptofascism]]<br />
* [[Fourth Political Theory|Duginism]]<br />
* [[Settler colonialism]]<br />
|logo=Infrared channel logo.png|nationality=[[Statesian]]|website=[https://www.infrared.gg/ INFRARED]|years_active=2020–present|subscribers=23,000|views=2,330,000|associated_acts=[[Jackson Hinkle|''The Dive'']]<br>|stats_update=19 March 2023|pseudonym=Haz Al-Din}}<br />
<br />
'''Infrared''' is a media collective led by '''Adam Tahir''', also known as '''Haz Al-Din''', a self-described [[Marxist-Leninist]] and "[[Patriotic socialism|patriotic socialist]]" based in Detroit, Michigan, [[United States of America|USA]]. As of 2022, the channel has about 20,000 subscribers and over 2,000,000 views.<ref>{{News citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=Youtube|title=About|url=https://www.youtube.com/c/InfraredShow/about|retrieved=2022-7-12}}</ref> His community is based on a mixture of Marxism-Leninism, [[populism]], esotericism<ref>{{News citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=YouTube|title=What Infrared Is All About|date=2022-07-13|url=https://youtu.be/jwyqM8VcHR0}}</ref> and [[reactionary]] [[chauvinism]]<ref>[https://twitter.com/materialistgril/status/1664441364216438784 video wherein Haz Al-Din repeatedly uses homophobic and ableist slurs, and refers to Luna Oi as "the white man's whore"] </ref>.<br />
== Content ==<br />
The Infrared collective is dominated by Haz, in regards to their content. Their youtube channel largely contains entire livestreams, mostly of Haz, or clips of livestreams, such as notable parts of debates. Such content often includes, on its thumbnail, exaggerated or even fabricated quotes of what the other person in the debate said, along with other attention-grabbing pictures.<ref>{{News citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=Youtube|url=https://www.youtube.com/c/InfraredShow/videos|retrieved=2022-7-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2022, following [[ProleWiki]]'s purge of patsocs, the Infrared community started [[InfraWiki]] to promote MAGA communism and patriotic socialism.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title=InfraWiki|date=2022-11-21|url=https://infrawiki.us/index.php/InfraWiki|retrieved=2022-11-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Distortion of Marxism ==<br />
Haz described [[Feudalism|feudal]] countries including the [[Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)|Ottoman Empire]], [[Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)|Tsardom of Russia]], and [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]] as examples of "[[Actually Existing Socialism|actual socialism]]."<ref>{{Web citation|author=@InfraHaz|newspaper=Twitter|title=Example of Actual Socialism:|date=2022-01-10|url=https://twitter.com/InfraHaz/status/1480351807838699521|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811223508/https://twitter.com/InfraHaz/status/1480351807838699521|archive-date=2022-08-11|retrieved=2022-08-12}}</ref> On a Twitch stream, he claimed the United States is already a [[Socialism|socialist]] country.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title="We already live in socialism"|url=https://infrawiki.us/index.php/%27%27We_already_live_in_socialism%27%27|retrieved=2022-11-26|quote=''We already live in socialism'' is a phrase used by Infrared to signify that the process of achieving socialism has already begun. The phrase was first introduced during a Twitch stream discussing the controversial tweet by Haz on the matter.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ideology ==<br />
Haz and his community hold many "socially conservative views," upholding the [[American Revolution]] as a force of [[anti-imperialism]], and rapidly inherited the vestiges of the [[United States imperialism|empire]] in the aftermath of [[WWII]], when [[British]] [[capital]] was used to subvert the American republic through transnational and unconstitutional institutions,<ref>{{News citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=Youtube|title=In Defense of the American Revolution|date=2022-07-04|url=https://youtu.be/yOIzZCnpXaY?t=9975|retrieved=2022-07-20|quote="what most people think of when they think of American imperialism is after World War II...<br />
<br />
I make the argument that after World War II you see a merger at best and more realistically a takeover by the architects of the new British empire...[of] the American state so America's you know global system and you know, it's crimes around the world, I mean that is coming from this new British empire like the Iraq war for example..."|archive-url=https://youtu.be/yOIzZCnpXaY?t=9975|archive-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> and taking a heavily unorthodox approach to disseminating ideology, most commonly adopting esoteric jargon like "mecha-[[Tankie|tankies]]" and "[[Stalinism|Stalinist]] Futurism" to distinguish themselves and their positions from what they consider to be the "[[Baizuo]]" and the "synthetic left."<ref>{{News citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=Youtube|title=Rise of the Mecha-Tankies|date=2022-7-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPojH2KtLks|retrieved=2022-7-20|quote=[From video description] Mecha-Tankies are finally taking form as the ultimate Infrared hyperstition, which was the original intention of the collective from the very beginning. In today's stream, I will briefly explain and go over my recent article 'on the PatSoc' split to better explain what Mecha-Tankies are, the threat posed by social-democracy, and the recent controversy surrounding productive and unproductive labor.}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hostility to planned economies ===<br />
Haz views [[Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong's]] collaboration with the [[United States of America]] during the 1970s as a positive thing. He furthermore is highly critical of the Soviet [[planned economy]].<br />
<br />
=== Reformism ===<br />
Haz, during an online debate, claimed that attempting to establish a [[Dictatorship of the proletariat|proletarian dictatorship]] via a [[Revolution|revolutionary action]] was inherently false and undesirable for the simple fact that it is not legal according to a [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois government's]] own laws. He further claimed:<blockquote>"Here's what you tell the people: You tell the people [that] you follow the laws, and ''if'' they, the government [of the [[United States of America]]] starts violating its own laws <ref group="note">Ignoring that the government of the United States of America has, ever since it existed, violated it own legal code, via its many genocides, acts of war, exploitation, mass imprisonment of ethnic minorities, etc.</ref> and effectively collapses at that point, our [[Liberalism|bourgeois democracy]] collapses, then, as our Founding Fathers<ref group="note">In the context of [[Statesian]] ultranationalist parlance, the "founding fathers" refers to a group of wealthy slave owners and plutocrats who staged a [[Bourgeois revolution]] which created the United States of America.</ref> told us, you have a right to [use revolutionary action]."<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Youtube|title=Haz vs Jason Unruhe {{!}} InfraredShow Debate|date=2021-9-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp3SGniPMH4&t=4795s|retrieved=2022-8-7}}</ref></blockquote>Infrared, in a video, actively endorsed a USA Senate Candidate by the name of Diane Sare, a [[reactionary]] [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] figure. The justification for this blatant [[Opportunism|right-opportunist]] support for [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois-liberals]] being that this Senate Candidate was "[[Austerity|rescuing the decaying U.S. economy]]" and "promoting peace & cooperation with [[Russian Federation|Russia]] and [[China]]".<ref>{{Web citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=Youtube|title=Interview With US Senate Candidate Diane Sare|date=2022-8-9|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsL6Bf_Ekgo|retrieved=2022-8-10|quote=''[from video description]'' Diane Sare is running as an independent on the New York November 8th, 2022 midterm ballot running for US Senate. She hopes to take on the two-party duopoly and create a workable platform for rescuing the decaying American economy and promoting peace & cooperation with Russia and China.}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Settler colonialism ===<br />
Haz rejected indigenous claims to U.S. land and said there was no dispute for U.S. territory between [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] and indigenous peoples.<ref>{{Web citation|author=@InfraHaz|newspaper=Twitter|title=Thread|date=2021-09-09|url=https://twitter.com/InfraHaz/status/1436086573385371649?s=20|quote=Saying America is "Occupied Indigenous Land" is like saying America is "Occupied CHAZ Land." You can't just claim land on the basis of morality and then call it occupied. America isn't, as a whole, disputed territory in any meaningful political sense. Beyond your own morality.}}</ref> He believes the United States was not originally an empire and that the British forced the U.S. to become imperialist.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp3SGniPMH4&t=4097s|channel=Black Lenin|title=Haz vs Jason Unruhe {{!}} InfraredShow Debate|quote=[The United States] has become [an empire], also because we have allowed the British intelligence to conquer our country. Well, the British ruling class conquered our deep state and our country and became our ruling class, so yeah, we became an empire. But that's not how the republic was founded.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Slogans and hashtags ==<br />
<br />
=== ''#CPUSA 2036'' ===<br />
The Infrared community has popularized the [[Twitter]] hashtag and internet meme [[CPUSA 2036]] which describes their aim to take control of the [[Communist Party of the United States of America|CPUSA]], remove its [[liberal]] components (or, in other words, turn it into their patriotic socialist pet project), and win in the 2036 presidential election.<ref>[https://future.fandom.com/f/p/4400000000000244029 "What is Communist Party 2036?" on Fandom]</ref><br />
<br />
=== ''#MAGACommunism'' ===<br />
{{Main article|MAGACommunism}}<br />
"MAGACommunism" is a [[Tailism|tailist]] internet slogan commonly promoted by Infrared and other patriotic socialists. It calls for the political and ideological unification with the highly [[anti-communist]] and [[reactionary]] [[Trumpism|Trumpist]] movement, which is viewed by Infrared as being a "working-class movement" which could aid in defeating the "globalist beast."<ref>{{Web citation|author=Haz Al-Din|newspaper=[[Infrared]]|title=THE RISE OF MAGA COMMUNISM|date=2022-9-18|url=https://showinfrared.substack.com/p/the-rise-of-maga-communism?sd=pf|retrieved=2022-9-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Caleb Maupin]]<br />
*[[Aleksandr Dugin|Alexander Dugin]]<br />
*[[National Bolshevism]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="note" /><br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Reactionaries]]<br />
[[Category:YouTube channels]]</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Party_of_Communists_USA&diff=54279
Party of Communists USA
2023-08-13T23:23:47Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Further edits</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party|name=Party of Communists USA|logo=PCUSA logo.png|founded=2014|chairperson=Chris B.|general_secretary=[[Angelo D'Angelo]]|headquarters=Staten Island, New York, United States|newspaper=''[[The Worker]]'' (Newspaper)<br><br />
''[[The Communist]]'' (Theoretical Journal)<br><br />
''[[Red Patriot]]'' (Youth Newspaper)|youth_wing=[[League of Young Communists USA]]|political_orientation=[[Marxism–Leninism]] (claimed)<br />[[Revisionism]] (de facto)<br />[[Patriotic socialism]]<ref name='patsoc />|website=https://partyofcommunistsusa.org/}}{{Communist parties}}<br />
<br />
The '''Party of Communists USA''' ('''PCUSA''') is a [[communist party|communist]] and "[[Patriotic socialism|patriotic socialist]]" party<ref name="patsoc">{{Citation|title-url=https://partyofcommunistsusa.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Provisional-Organizing-Committee.pdf|title=Dear comrades of the League of Young Communists USA|year=2022|quote=This tradition, history, and heroic struggle are sorely needed to provide a clear path for the American people and youth out of the present ruin in our homeland today. For it is our organizations and revolutionary youth whom we represent, who are the true patriots of America.|author=Executive Committee}}</ref> in the [[United States of America]]. The PCUSA claims to be the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] continuation of the [[Communist Party USA]]. The PCUSA defends the [[Soviet Union]] and the leadership and legacy of [[Joseph Stalin]]. The PCUSA's 1st Congress was held in April 2016.<ref>[https://issuu.com/redmenacemartin/docs/greetings Letters of greetings, founding congress of the PCUSA]</ref> In August 2022, members of the PCUSA split from the party to form the [[American Council of Bolsheviks]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[People's School For Marxist-Leninist Studies]]|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|title=Declaration of the ACB To The Workers In The PCUSA|date=2022-08-15|url=https://twitter.com/OfficialPSMLS/status/1559265455931637762|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815194846/https://twitter.com/OfficialPSMLS/status/1559265455931637762|archive-date=2022-08-15|retrieved=2022-09-05}}</ref> After the split, the PCUSA degenerated into a front organization for the wider patriotic "socialist" movement and the [[Lyndon LaRouche|LaRouche cult]].<br />
<br />
== Program ==<br />
In its party programme, which is composed almost purely of keynesian political reforms, the PCUSA supports the following points:<br />
<br />
* Raising the federal minimum wage to $15/hour.<br />
* Building the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] in North America.<br />
* Repealing the [[Taft–Hartley Act]], which restricts trade union activities.<br />
* Free education from kindergarten through college.<br />
* Socialized medicine and a national program for training physicians, nurses, and other medical professionals. <br />
* Guaranteed pensions for elderly and disabled people.<br />
* At least four years of paid parental leave for mothers, free childcare, and financial assistance for housework. <br />
* Free contraception and abortion.<br />
* An [[Equal Rights Amendment]] in the US Constitution that would guarantee equal rights for women.<br />
* Reduction of rent to 15% or less of total income and a moratorium on evictions and foreclosures.<br />
* Creation of a construction program to build public housing and retrofit older houses to save energy. <ref name=":1">{{News citation|newspaper=Party of Communists USA|title=Party Program|url=https://partyofcommunistsusa.org/about/program/#point1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127053948/https://partyofcommunistsusa.org/about/program/|archive-date=2022-01-27|retrieved=2022-06-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Foreign policy positions ==<br />
A day after the [[Russian Federation|Russian]] invasion of [[Ukraine]], the PCUSA published an official statement supporting the "operation" as [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] and [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCUSA|title=Party of Communists USA Statement on Russian Military Operation in Ukraine|date=2022-02-25|url=https://partyofcommunistsusa.net/february-25th-2022-party-of-communists-usa-statement-on-russian-military-operation-in-ukraine/}}</ref> An editorial in the ''[[Red Patriot]],'' a former publication of PCUSA, stated that Operation Z (i.e. the Russian invasion of Ukraine), was a "practical" means of "defeating imperialism", and that opposition to the operation means "opposing the only practical ways for defeating imperialism that exist at this stage."<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Patriot|newspaper=The Worker|title=Restoring U.S. Hegemony Isn't Possible|url=https://dailyworkerusa.com/restoring-u-s-hegemony-isnt-possible-pro-nato-propaganda-can-now-only-impede-class-struggle-in-the-core/}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Membership ==<br />
The PCUSA has three membership levels as well as one non-member status:<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Party of Communists USA|year=2014|title=Statutes of the Party of Communists USA|title-url=https://partyofcommunistsusa.org/about/constitution/|chapter=|section=}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Supporters pay dues to the party but have not officially applied to join the party.<br />
* Associate members are members who pay dues and are non-voting members of mass movements.<br />
* Candidate members are active members who undergo 12 months of training before applying for cadre status.<br />
* Cadres are active members of the party that can hold leadership positions in the party.<br />
<br />
== Structure ==<br />
[[File:PCUSA districts.png|thumb|306x306px|Four districts of PCUSA: Blue (west), red (midwest), orange (east), and green (south).]]<br />
The PCUSA is, de jure, organized into four districts: Eastern, Southern, Midwestern, and Pacific. These districts are divided into local units called cells or clubs. Though, after the split, most cells remain inactive.<br />
<br />
The national congress of the PCUSA elects a Central Committee, Politburo, and Council of Secretaries to serve between congresses. The Central Committee meets at least twice a year.<ref name=":0" /> The Politburo of the PCUSA contains eight officers (including a General Secretary), four district organizers (Eastern, Southern, Midwestern, and Pacific), and three other members. The Politburo meets at least once a week except during the holiday season from late November to early January.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The General Secretary presides over meeting of the Politburo and Central Committee but cannot make a unilateral action without a majority vote of the Politburo. If the General Secretary is incapacitated, the National Chair acts as General Secretary until the Central Committee elects a new General Secretary, however, despite questions over the lucidity of the incumbent, such a clause has never been enacted.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Web citation|newspaper=The Socialist|title=When Communists Sue Communists|url=https://socialistmag.us/2023/07/16/when-communists-sue-communists/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Party affiliations ==<br />
In an official capacity, the PCUSA maintains the organization [[US Friends of the Soviet People]],<ref>https://usfriendsofthesovietpeople.org</ref> a front organization active among a network of others which obscure the whims of PCUSA high-ranker Alex Dillard. As the party has never passed the financial thereshold required to file with the United States Federal Elections Commission (despite operating from an office space where rent is said to cost 10 thousand dollars a month), it is represented legally by the for-profit company "Ideological Fightback, Inc.", which is known to file spurious lawsuits against the party's political enemies.<br />
<br />
The featured articles on the many front websites maintained by the PCUSA suggest the party's leadership is, to some capacity, affiliated with the "patriotic socialist" movement and the Center for Political Innovation.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Elections ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+United States House of Representatives<br />
!Year<br />
!Candidate<br />
!Alliance<br />
!Votes<br />
!Place<br />
|-<br />
|'''2020'''<br />
|Christopher Helali <small>(PCUSA)</small><br />
|None<br />
|3432<br />
|5th<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Ballotpedia|title=Christopher Helali|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Christopher_Helali}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
<br />
=== Lack of internal democracy ===<br />
The ACB, which split from the PCUSA in August 2022, accused General Secretary Angelo D'Angelo of violating [[democratic centralism]]. He attempted to appoint the Politburo of the LYC instead of letting the LYC Central Committee elect it. He violated the PCUSA's own constitution which forbids unilateral actions by the General Secretary. Another party member, Christian L., used the party's [[Twitter]] account to make posts about the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict|Russo-Ukrainian conflict]] that did not reflect the membership's views.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[New Spark]]|title=The Birth of the American Council of Bolsheviks|date=2023-02-07|url=https://newspark.news/statements/the-birth-of-the-american-council-of-bolsheviks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218012304/https://newspark.news/statements/the-birth-of-the-american-council-of-bolsheviks/|archive-date=2023-02-18|retrieved=2023-02-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Protection of alleged rapist and pedophile===<br />
<br />
{{quote|On 12/17/2019, the Politburo of the PCUSA (at that time) had setup an inquiry committee to investigate allegations of pedophilia committed by one of its members. The inquiry committee’s results established the final offense as statutory rape of a minor and was provided to the PCUSA Politburo for a final decision. Ultimately, it was motioned that this member “step down,” and this was subsequently passed. No later than 01/29/2020, this member was already back inside the PCUSA. This information was kept hidden from both the rank-and-file membership, as well as other Party leaders. The exact motion that applied Party discipline to this member on 12/17/2019 states that they were “found guilty of the alleged charge of statutory rape [of a minor] and the inquiry concluded [that this person] should seek therapy and will be asked to step down from PCUSA making [this person] no longer a party member (can still attend [[PSMLS]]).” While multiple members had heard rumors of this, and tried extensively to gather information and expel this person from the PCUSA, these attempts were constantly denied, mainly by the General Secretary of the PCUSA. As of September 2022, this person is a Central Committee member and a club chair of the PCUSA.|[https://web.archive.org/web/20230213231122/https://partyofcommunistsusa.org/12172-2/ American Council of Bolsheviks]}}<br />
<br />
=== Anti-science ===<br />
Central Committee member Christian L. made [[anti-vaccine]] statements and was never criticized for his views.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Center for Political Innovation]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Statesian communist parties]]</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Party_of_Communists_USA&diff=54272
Party of Communists USA
2023-08-13T22:29:52Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Start changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party|name=Party of Communists USA|logo=PCUSA logo.png|founded=2014|chairperson=Chris B.|general_secretary=[[Angelo D'Angelo]]|headquarters=Staten Island, New York, United States|newspaper=''[[The Worker]]''|youth_wing=[[League of Young Communists USA]]|political_orientation=[[Marxism–Leninism]] (claimed)<br />[[Revisionism]] (de facto)<br />[[Patriotic socialism]]<ref name='patsoc />|website=https://partyofcommunistsusa.org/}}{{Communist parties}}<br />
<br />
The '''Party of Communists USA''' ('''PCUSA''') is a [[communist party|communist]] and "[[Patriotic socialism|patriotic socialist]]" party<ref name="patsoc">{{Citation|title-url=https://partyofcommunistsusa.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Provisional-Organizing-Committee.pdf|title=Dear comrades of the League of Young Communists USA|year=2022|quote=This tradition, history, and heroic struggle are sorely needed to provide a clear path for the American people and youth out of the present ruin in our homeland today. For it is our organizations and revolutionary youth whom we represent, who are the true patriots of America.|author=Executive Committee}}</ref> in the [[United States of America]]. The PCUSA claims to be the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] continuation of the [[Communist Party USA]]. The PCUSA defends the [[Soviet Union]] and the leadership and legacy of [[Joseph Stalin]]. The PCUSA's 1st Congress was held in April 2016.<ref>[https://issuu.com/redmenacemartin/docs/greetings Letters of greetings, founding congress of the PCUSA]</ref> In August 2022, members of the PCUSA split from the party to form the [[American Council of Bolsheviks]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[People's School For Marxist-Leninist Studies]]|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|title=Declaration of the ACB To The Workers In The PCUSA|date=2022-08-15|url=https://twitter.com/OfficialPSMLS/status/1559265455931637762|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815194846/https://twitter.com/OfficialPSMLS/status/1559265455931637762|archive-date=2022-08-15|retrieved=2022-09-05}}</ref> After the split, the PCUSA degenerated into a front organization for the wider patriotic "socialist" movement and the [[Lyndon LaRouche|LaRouche cult]].<br />
<br />
== Program ==<br />
In its party programme, which is composed almost purely of keynesian political reforms, the PCUSA supports the following points:<br />
<br />
* Raising the federal minimum wage to $15/hour.<br />
* Building the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] in North America.<br />
* Repealing the [[Taft–Hartley Act]], which restricts trade union activities.<br />
* Free education from kindergarten through college.<br />
* Socialized medicine and a national program for training physicians, nurses, and other medical professionals. <br />
* Guaranteed pensions for elderly and disabled people.<br />
* At least four years of paid parental leave for mothers, free childcare, and financial assistance for housework. <br />
* Free contraception and abortion.<br />
* An [[Equal Rights Amendment]] in the US Constitution that would guarantee equal rights for women.<br />
* Reduction of rent to 15% or less of total income and a moratorium on evictions and foreclosures.<br />
* Creation of a construction program to build public housing and retrofit older houses to save energy. <ref name=":1">{{News citation|newspaper=Party of Communists USA|title=Party Program|url=https://partyofcommunistsusa.org/about/program/#point1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127053948/https://partyofcommunistsusa.org/about/program/|archive-date=2022-01-27|retrieved=2022-06-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Foreign policy positions ==<br />
A day after the [[Russian Federation|Russian]] invasion of [[Ukraine]], the PCUSA published an official statement supporting the "operation" as [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] and [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCUSA|title=Party of Communists USA Statement on Russian Military Operation in Ukraine|date=2022-02-25|url=https://partyofcommunistsusa.net/february-25th-2022-party-of-communists-usa-statement-on-russian-military-operation-in-ukraine/}}</ref> An editorial in the ''[[Red Patriot]],'' a former publication of PCUSA, stated that Operation Z (i.e. the Russian invasion of Ukraine), was a "practical" means of "defeating imperialism", and that opposition to the operation means "opposing the only practical ways for defeating imperialism that exist at this stage."<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Patriot|newspaper=The Worker|title=Restoring U.S. Hegemony Isn't Possible|url=https://dailyworkerusa.com/restoring-u-s-hegemony-isnt-possible-pro-nato-propaganda-can-now-only-impede-class-struggle-in-the-core/}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Membership ==<br />
The PCUSA has three membership levels as well as one non-member status:<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Party of Communists USA|year=2014|title=Statutes of the Party of Communists USA|title-url=https://partyofcommunistsusa.org/about/constitution/|chapter=|section=}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Supporters pay dues to the party but have not officially applied to join the party.<br />
* Associate members are members who pay dues and are non-voting members of mass movements.<br />
* Candidate members are active members who undergo 12 months of training before applying for cadre status.<br />
* Cadres are active members of the party that can hold leadership positions in the party.<br />
<br />
== Structure ==<br />
[[File:PCUSA districts.png|thumb|306x306px|Four districts of PCUSA: Blue (west), red (midwest), orange (east), and green (south).]]<br />
The PCUSA is organized into four districts: Eastern, Southern, Midwestern, and Pacific. These districts are divided into local units called cells or clubs.<br />
<br />
=== Congress ===<br />
The national congress of the PCUSA elects a Central Committee, Politburo, and Council of Secretaries to serve between congresses. The Central Committee meets at least twice a year.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Politburo ===<br />
The Politburo of the PCUSA contains eight officers (including a General Secretary), four district organizers (Eastern, Southern, Midwestern, and Pacific), and three other members. The Politburo meets at least once a week except during the holiday season from late November to early January.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==== Politburo officers ====<br />
The General Secretary presides over meeting of the Politburo and Central Committee but cannot make a unilateral action without a majority vote of the Politburo. If the General Secretary is incapacitated, the National Chair acts as General Secretary until the Central Committee elects a new General Secretary.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Party organizations ==<br />
The PCUSA maintains the organization [[US Friends of the Soviet People]],<ref>https://usfriendsofthesovietpeople.org</ref> active in support of the peoples of the former Soviet Union including the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Lugansk People's Republic]].<br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
The newspaper of the PCUSA is ''[[The Worker]]'' and its theoretical journal is ''[[The Communist]]''. The League of Young Communists USA has a magazine called ''[[Red Patriot]]''.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Red Patriot|title=About|url=https://redpat.org/about/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095439/https://redpat.org/about/|archive-date=2021-05-14|retrieved=2022-07-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Elections ==<br />
The PCUSA runs candidates in local, state, and national elections. In the 2020 general election, PCUSA ran [[Christopher Helali]] as a candidate for Vermont's at-large congressional district.<ref>https://suncommunitynews.com/news/82310/the-communist-next-door-christopher-helali-of-vermont/</ref><ref>https://mynewsonthego.com/denton/Epaper/PdfReader.aspx?pageid=88b7e858-1b18-4e66-8e2f-4eec498e9d37&freeid=4f4a062d-4eab-46ad-ac48-8f11211e6734&tarp=dfab5bd1-dcf2-4027-aca6-f9d041151df7&signInAction=&isPhony=0&isMgr=0&isEdit=0&isBook=0&search=#puzzle,1640,1609519897361</ref><ref>https://sos.vermont.gov/elections/election-info-resources/candidates/</ref> When not running its own candidates, the PCUSA endorses other anti-racist, anti-war, and pro-worker candidates who are not part of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] or [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] parties.<br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
<br />
=== Lack of internal democracy ===<br />
The ACB, which split from the PCUSA in August 2022, accused General Secretary Angelo D'Angelo of violating [[democratic centralism]]. He attempted to appoint the Politburo of the LYC instead of letting the LYC Central Committee elect it. He violated the PCUSA's own constitution which forbids unilateral actions by the General Secretary. Another party member, Christian L., used the party's [[Twitter]] account to make posts about the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict|Russo-Ukrainian conflict]] that did not reflect the membership's views.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[New Spark]]|title=The Birth of the American Council of Bolsheviks|date=2023-02-07|url=https://newspark.news/statements/the-birth-of-the-american-council-of-bolsheviks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218012304/https://newspark.news/statements/the-birth-of-the-american-council-of-bolsheviks/|archive-date=2023-02-18|retrieved=2023-02-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Protection of alleged rapist and pedophile===<br />
<br />
{{quote|On 12/17/2019, the Politburo of the PCUSA (at that time) had setup an inquiry committee to investigate allegations of pedophilia committed by one of its members. The inquiry committee’s results established the final offense as statutory rape of a minor and was provided to the PCUSA Politburo for a final decision. Ultimately, it was motioned that this member “step down,” and this was subsequently passed. No later than 01/29/2020, this member was already back inside the PCUSA. This information was kept hidden from both the rank-and-file membership, as well as other Party leaders. The exact motion that applied Party discipline to this member on 12/17/2019 states that they were “found guilty of the alleged charge of statutory rape [of a minor] and the inquiry concluded [that this person] should seek therapy and will be asked to step down from PCUSA making [this person] no longer a party member (can still attend [[PSMLS]]).” While multiple members had heard rumors of this, and tried extensively to gather information and expel this person from the PCUSA, these attempts were constantly denied, mainly by the General Secretary of the PCUSA. As of September 2022, this person is a Central Committee member and a club chair of the PCUSA.|[https://web.archive.org/web/20230213231122/https://partyofcommunistsusa.org/12172-2/ American Council of Bolsheviks]}}<br />
<br />
=== Anti-science ===<br />
Central Committee member Christian L. made [[anti-vaccine]] statements and was never criticized for his views.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Center for Political Innovation]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Statesian communist parties]]</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Integrated_Centers_for_Public_Education&diff=50325
Integrated Centers for Public Education
2023-06-24T13:14:10Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Create basic article</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Darcy Ribeiro Young.jpeg|thumb|Darcy Ribeiro, the idealizer of the CIEPs, in his younger years.]]<br />
The Integrated Centers for Public Education ('''Portuguese:''' ''Centros Integrados de Educação Pública'', CIEPs) were educational institutions devised by socialist thinker Darcy Ribeiro that aimed to completely reform middle and high-school education in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the mandates of workerist governor Lionel Brizola. The schools served not only as buildings to teach the students in, but also as a place where students would be fed and receive medical care, with the most destitute students being taught how to practice basic hygiene. The project was slowly abandoned after the end of Brizola's last mandate, with the schools slowly losing their social function and falling into disrepair, eventually becoming standard state public schools.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=SILVA MOREIRA, Luiza et. al|year=2019|title=A educação do corpo no programa dos Centros Integrados de Educação Pública – CIEPs: um projeto educacional escrito pela modernidade|title-url=https://www.scielo.br/j/pp/a/VLvCkKxYzjgWDcxVpVF4hvN/?lang=pt}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Functioning ==<br />
Every CIEP was a full-time educational institution that functioned for 9 hours a day, generally from 8am to 5pm. After students arrived on the premises, they would not immediately start their studies, but would first eat breakfast and engage in morning hygiene. Younger students would also be taught on how to properly brush their teeth. They would then start their studies, taking breaks for lunch and evening coffee. Students could also stay after the end of mandatory curricular activities to eat dinner. A nurses and doctors were always in the school to provide dental, dietary, and ophthalmological care. Students were also regularly provided with material for their studies, such as pencils, pens, rules, erasers, etc<ref name=":0" />.<br />
[[File:CIEP Leaving.jpeg|thumb|299x299px|Students of a CIEP leaving school]]<br />
Free meals, hygiene supplements and medical care meant that the CIEPs were not only schools, but social security institutions, providing children of poor families with an opportunity to live decently during the day. Students were also offered a variety of extracurricular activities, focusing not only on sports, but also on cultural education. The schools would often engage with the community to be able to provide for the students while also bringing the educational experience outside the school walls. A school director said, remarking about a public health campaign:<blockquote>In the first week, we began the hard work of transmitting healthy habits and attitudes to them [students]. We detected a plague of lice, as out of 10 children examined by our nurse, 8 had lice. We promoted daily bathing. Through the bathing, we started the “campaign against lice”.<br />
<br />
We followed the recipe for the natural shampoo with herbs, provided by SEEPE, and together with the community, we got enough herbs and coconut soap to prepare it, enough for all students to bathe for 5 days. This was done at the school itself, in an integration: medical office, culture, teachers and public servants.</blockquote>After the end of the school term of during vacations, students were still cared for. Recreational activities were introduced during those times, so that students could keep receiving meals<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Experiment in Housing and Collective Parenting ===<br />
Children in a state of homelessness, along with their families, were given the offer to live inside the CIEPs. In every school, there was a whole floor dedicated to housing students and functionaries.<br />
<br />
Street children without a family were also taken into the schools, where they were assigned a responsible social security officer. Such children were given priority, with the whole body of public functionaries assisting in their educational growth. Many of the children, who did not know how to read or write, were given their elementary school education at the institutions<ref name=":0" />. To this day, the CIEPs stand as a successful experiment in the realm of collective parenting.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:CIEP_Leaving.jpeg&diff=50324
File:CIEP Leaving.jpeg
2023-06-24T13:12:44Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Students of a CIEP leaving school.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Students of a CIEP leaving school.</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Darcy_Ribeiro_Young.jpeg&diff=50323
File:Darcy Ribeiro Young.jpeg
2023-06-24T13:08:01Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Library:Free_Software,_Free_Society&diff=49744
Library:Free Software, Free Society
2023-06-18T00:38:21Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>This book is currently under the process of being transcribed.<br />
<br />
== Editor's Note ==<br />
The waning days of the 20th century seemed like an Orwellian nightmare: laws preventing publication of scientific research on software; laws preventing sharing software; an overabundance of software patents preventing development; and enduser license agreements that strip the user of all freedoms—including ownership, privacy, sharing, and understanding how their software works. This collection of essays and speeches by [[Richard M. Stallman]] addresses many of these issues. Above all, Stallman discusses the philosophy underlying the free software movement. This movement combats the oppression of federal laws and evil end-user license agreements in hopes of spreading the idea of software freedom.<br />
<br />
With the force of hundreds of thousands of developers working to create GNU software and the GNU/Linux operating system, free software has secured a spot on the servers that control the Internet, and—as it moves into the desktop computer market—is a threat to Microsoft and other proprietary software companies.<br />
<br />
These essays cater to a wide audience; you do not need a computer science background to understand the philosophy and ideas herein. However, there is a “Note on Software,” to help the less technically inclined reader become familiar with some common computer science jargon and concepts, as well as footnotes throughout.<br />
<br />
Many of these essays have been updated and revised from their originally published version. Each essay carries permission to redistribute verbatim copies.<br />
<br />
The ordering of the essays is fairly arbitrary, in that there is no required order to read the essays in, for they were written independently of each other over a period of 18 years. The first section, “The GNU Project and Free Software,” is intended to familiarize you with the history and philosophy of free software and the GNU project. Furthermore, it provides a road map for developers, educators, and business people to pragmatically incorporate free software into society, business, and life. The second section, “Copyright, Copyleft, and Patents,” discusses the philosophical and political groundings of the copyright and patent system and how it has changed over the past couple of hundred years. Also, it discusses how the current laws and regulations for patents and copyrights are not in the best interest of the consumer and end user of software, music, movies, and other media. Instead, this section discusses how laws are geared towards helping business and government crush your freedoms. The third section, “Freedom, Society, and Software” continues the discussion of freedom and rights, and how they are being threatened by proprietary software, copyright law, globalization, “trusted computing,” and other socially harmful rules, regulations, and policies. One way that industry and government are attempting to persuade people to give up certain rights and freedoms is by using terminology that implies that sharing information, ideas, and software is bad; therefore, we have included an essay explaining certain words that are confusing and should probably be avoided. The fourth section, “The Licenses,” contains the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser General Public License, and the GNU Free Documentation License; the cornerstones of the GNU project.<br />
<br />
If you wish to purchase this book for yourself, for classroom use, or for distribution, please write to the Free Software Foundation (FSF) at sales@fsf.org or visit <nowiki>http://order.fsf.org/</nowiki>. If you wish to help further the cause of software freedom, please considering donating to the FSF by visiting <nowiki>http://donate.fsf.org</nowiki> (or write to donations@fsf.org for more details). You can also contact the FSF by phone at +1-617-542-5942.<br />
<br />
There are perhaps thousands of people who should be thanked for their contributions to the GNU Project; however, their names will never fit on any single list. Therefore, I wish to extend my thanks to all of those nameless hackers, as well as people who have helped promote, create, and spread free software around the world.<br />
<br />
For helping make this book possible, I would like to thank:<br />
<br />
Julie Sussman, P.P.A., for editing multiple copies at various stages of development, for writing the “Topic Guide,” and for giving her insights into everything from commas to the ordering of the chapters;<br />
<br />
Lisa (Opus) Goldstein and Bradley M. Kuhn for their help in organizing, proofreading, and generally making this collection possible;<br />
<br />
Claire H. Avitabile, Richard Buckman, Tom Chenelle, and (especially) Stephen Compall for their careful proofreading of the entire collection;<br />
<br />
Karl Berry, Bob Chassell, Michael Mounteney, and M. Ramakrishnan for their expertise in the helping to format and edit this collection in TEXinfo, (<nowiki>http://www.texinfo.org</nowiki>);<br />
<br />
Mats Bengtsson for his help in formatting the Free Software Song in Lilypond (<nowiki>http://www.gnu.org/software/lilypond/</nowiki>);<br />
<br />
Etienne Suvasa for the images that begin each section, and for all the art he has contributed to the Free Software Foundation over the years;<br />
<br />
and Melanie Flanagan and Jason Polan for making helpful suggestions for the everyday reader. A special thanks to Bob Tocchio, from Paul’s Transmission Repair, for his insight on automobile transmissions.<br />
<br />
Also, I wish to thank my mother and father, Wayne and Jo-Ann Gay, for teaching me that one should live by the ideals that one stands for, and for introducing me, my two brothers, and three sisters to the importance of sharing.<br />
<br />
Lastly and most importantly, I would like to extend my gratitude to Richard M. Stallman for the GNU philosophy, the wonderful software, and the literature that he has shared with the world.<br />
<br />
Joshua Gay<br />
<br />
josh@gnu.org<br />
<br />
== A Note on Software ==<br />
This section is intended for people who have little or no knowledge of the technical aspects of computer science. It is not necessary to read this section to understand the essays and speeches presented in this book; however, it may be helpful to those readers not familar with some of the jargon that comes with programming and computer science.<br />
<br />
A computer ''programmer'' writes software, or computer programs. A program is more or less a recipe with ''commands'' to tell the computer what to do in order to carry out certain tasks. You are more than likely familiar with many different programs: your Web browser, your word processor, your email client, and the like.<br />
<br />
A program usually starts out as ''source code''. This higher-level set of commands is written in a ''programming language'' such as C or Java. After that, a tool known as a ''compiler'' translates this to a lower-level language known as ''assembly language''. Another tool known as an ''assembler'' breaks the assembly code down to the final stage of machine language—the lowest level—which the computer understands natively.<br />
[[File:Software Production Line.png|alt=An image showing the general outline of how software is made. Source code goes trough a compiler, then trough an assembler, and becomes computer-executable machine code.|thumb|Assembly line of computer code.]]<br />
For example, consider the “hello world” program, a common first program for people learning C, which (when compiled and executed) prints “Hello World!” on the screen. [1]<syntaxhighlight lang="c"><br />
int main(){<br />
printf("Hello World!");<br />
return 0;<br />
}<br />
</syntaxhighlight>In the Java programming language the same program would be written like this:<syntaxhighlight lang="java"><br />
public class hello {<br />
public static void main(String args[]) {<br />
System.out.println(’’Hello World!’’);<br />
}<br />
}<br />
</syntaxhighlight>However, in machine language, a small section of it may look similar to this:<syntaxhighlight><br />
1100011110111010100101001001001010101110<br />
0110101010011000001111001011010101111101<br />
0100111111111110010110110000000010100100<br />
0100100001100101011011000110110001101111<br />
0010000001010111011011110111001001101100<br />
0110010000100001010000100110111101101111<br />
</syntaxhighlight>The above form of machine language is the most basic representation known as binary. All data in computers is made up of a series of 0-or-1 values, but a person would have much difficulty understanding the data. To make a simple change to the binary, one would have to have an intimate knowledge of how a particular computer interprets the machine language. This could be feasible for small programs like the above examples, but any interesting program would involve an exhausting effort to make simple changes.<br />
<br />
As an example, imagine that we wanted to make a change to our “Hello World” program written in C so that instead of printing “Hello World” in English it prints it in French. The change would be simple; here is the new program:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"><br />
int main() {<br />
printf("Bonjour, monde!");<br />
return 0;<br />
}<br />
</syntaxhighlight>It is safe to say that one can easily infer how to change the program written in the Java programming language in the same way. However, even many programmers would not know where to begin if they wanted to change the binary representation. When we say “source code,” we do not mean machine language that only computers can understand—we are speaking of higher-level languages such as C and Java. A few other popular programming languages are C++, Perl, and Python. Some are harder than others to understand and program in, but they are all much easier to work with compared to the intricate machine language they get turned into after the programs are compiled and assembled.<br />
<br />
Another important concept is understanding what an operating system is. An operating system is the software that handles input and output, memory allocation, and task scheduling. Generally one considers common or useful programs such as the Graphical User Interface (GUI) to be a part of the operating system. The GNU/Linux operating system contains a both GNU and non-GNU software, and a kernel called Linux. The kernel handles low-level tasks that applications depend upon such as input/output and task scheduling. The GNU software comprises much of the rest of the operating system, including GCC, a general-purpose compiler for many languages; GNU Emacs, an extensible text editor with many, many features; GNOME, the GNU desktop; GNU libc, a library that all programs other than the kernel must use in order to communicate with the kernel; and Bash, the GNU command interpreter that reads your command lines. Many of these programs were pioneered by Richard Stallman early on in the GNU Project and come with any modern GNU/Linux operating system.<br />
<br />
It is important to understand that even if you cannot change the source code for a given program, or directly use all these tools, it is relatively easy to find someone who can. Therefore, by having the source code to a program you are usually given the power to change, fix, customize, and learn about a program—this is a power that you do not have if you are not given the source code. Source code is one of the requirements that makes a piece of software free. The other requirements will be found along with the philosophy and ideas behind them in this collection. Enjoy!<br />
<br />
<br />
''Richard E. Buckman'' <br />
<br />
''Joshua Gay''<br />
<br />
=== Section Footnotes ===<br />
'''[1]''' In other programming languages, such as Scheme, the ''Hello World'' program is usually not your first program. In Scheme you often start with a program like this:<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme"><br />
(define (factorial n)<br />
(if (= n 0)<br />
1<br />
(* n (factorial (- n 1)))))<br />
</syntaxhighlight>This computes the factorial of a number; that is, running <code>(factorial 5)</code> would output 120, which is computed by doing 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 1.<br />
<br />
== Topic Guide ==<br />
Since the essays and speeches in this book were addressed to different audiences at different times, there is a considerable amount of overlap, with some issues being discussed in more than one place. Because of this, and because we did not have the opportunity to make an index for this book, it could be hard to go back to something you read about unless its location is obvious from a chapter title.<br />
<br />
We hope that this short guide, though sketchy and incomplete (it does not cover all topics or all discussions of a given topic), will help you find some of the ideas and explanations you are interested in.<br />
<br />
''–Julie Sussman, P.P.A.''<br />
<br />
'''Overview'''<br />
<br />
Chapter 1 gives an overview of just about all the software-related topics in this book. Chapter 20 is also an overview. <br />
<br />
For the non-software topics, see Privacy and Personal Freedom, Intellectual Property, and Copyright, below.<br />
<br />
'''GNU Project''' <br />
<br />
For the history of the GNU project, see Chapters 1 and 20<br />
<br />
For a delightful explanation of the origin and pronunciation of the recursive acronym GNU (GNU’s Not Unix, pronounced guh-NEW), see Chapter 20. <br />
<br />
The “manifesto” that launched the GNU Project is included here as Chapter 2. See also the Linux, GNU/Linux topic below. <br />
<br />
'''Free Software Foundation''' <br />
<br />
You can read about the history and function of the Free Software Foundation in Chapters 1 and 20, and under “Funding Free Software” in Chapter 18. <br />
<br />
'''Free software''' <br />
<br />
We will not attempt to direct you to all discussions of free software in this book, since every chapter ''except'' 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, and 19 deals with free software. For a history of free software—from free software to proprietary software and back again—see Chapter 1. <br />
<br />
Free Software is defined, and the definition discussed, in Chapter 3. The definition is repeated in several other chapters.<br />
<br />
For a discussion of the ambiguity of the word “free” and why we still use it to mean “free” as in “free speech,” not as in “free beer,” see “Free as in Freedom” in Chapter 1 and “Ambiguity” in chapter 6.<br />
<br />
See also Source Code, Open Source, and Copyleft, below. ''Free software'' is translated into 21 languages in Chapter 21.<br />
<br />
'''Source Code, Source''' <br />
<br />
''Source code'' is mentioned throughout the discussions of free software. If you’re not sure what that is, read “A Note on Software.”<br />
<br />
'''Linux, GNU/Linux''' <br />
<br />
For the origin of Linux, and the distinction between Linux (the operating-system kernel) and GNU/Linux (a full operating system), see the short mention under “Linux and GNU/Linux” in Chapter 1 and the full story in Chapter 20/<br />
<br />
For reasons to say GNU/Linux when referring to that operating system rather than abbreviating it to Linux see Chapters 5 and 20.<br />
<br />
'''Privacy and Personal Freedom''' <br />
<br />
For some warnings about the loss of personal freedom, privacy, and access to written material that we have long taken for granted, see Chapters 11, 13, and 17. All of these are geared to a general audience.<br />
<br />
'''Open Source''' <br />
<br />
For the difference between the Open Source movement and the Free Software movement, see Chapter 6. This is also discussed in Chapter 1 (under “Open Source”) and Chapter 20.<br />
<br />
'''Intellectual Property''' <br />
<br />
For an explanation of why the term “intellectual property” is both misleading and a barrier to addressing so-called “intellectual property” issues, see Chapter 21 and the beginning of Chapter 16.<br />
<br />
For particular types of “intellectual property” see the Copyright and Patents topics, below.<br />
<br />
'''Copyright''' <br />
<br />
Note: Most of these copyright references are ''not'' about software.<br />
<br />
For the history, purpose, implementation, and effects of copyright, as well as recommendations for copyright policy, see Chapters 12 and 19. Topics critical in our digital age, such as e-books and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), are addressed here.<br />
<br />
For the difference between patents and copyrights, see Chapter 16.<br />
<br />
For the use of copyright in promoting free software and free documentation, see Copyleft, just below.<br />
<br />
'''Copyleft''' <br />
<br />
For an explanation of copyleft and how it uses the copyright system to promote free software, see Chapter 1 (under “Copyleft and the GNU GPL”), Chapter 14, and Chapter 20. See also Licenses, below.<br />
<br />
For an argument that copyleft is practical and effective as well as idealistic, see Chapter 15.<br />
<br />
Chapter 9 argues for free manuals to accompany free software.<br />
<br />
'''Licenses'''<br />
<br />
The GNU licenses, which can be used to copyleft software or manuals, are introduced in Chapter 14 and given in full in Section Four.<br />
<br />
'''Patents'''<br />
<br />
See Chapter 16 for the difference between patents and copyrights and for arguments against patenting software and why it is different from other patentable things. Software-patent policy in other countries is also discussed.<br />
<br />
'''Hacker''' versus '''Cracker'''<br />
<br />
For the proper use of these terms see the beginning of Chapter 1.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
Every generation has its philosopher—a writer or an artist who captures the imagination of a time. Sometimes these philosophers are recognized as such; often it takes generations before the connection is made real. But recognized or not, a time gets marked by the people who speak its ideals, whether in the whisper of a poem, or the blast of a political movement.<br />
<br />
Our generation has a philosopher. He is not an artist, or a professional writer. He is a programmer. Richard Stallman began his work in the labs of MIT, as a programmer and architect building operating system software. He has built his career on a stage of public life, as a programmer and an architect founding a movement for freedom in a world increasingly defined by “code.”<br />
<br />
“Code” is the technology that makes computers run. Whether inscribed in software or burned in hardware, it is the collection of instructions, first written in words, that directs the functionality of machines. These machines—computers— increasingly define and control our life. They determine how phones connect, and what runs on TV. They decide whether video can be streamed across a broadband link to a computer. They control what a computer reports back to its manufacturer. These machines run us. Code runs these machines.<br />
<br />
What control should we have over this code? What understanding? What freedom should there be to match the control it enables? What power?<br />
<br />
These questions have been the challenge of Stallman’s life. Through his works and his words, he has pushed us to see the importance of keeping code “free.” Not free in the sense that code writers don’t get paid, but free in the sense that the control coders build be transparent to all, and that anyone have the right to take that control, and modify it as he or she sees fit. This is “free software”; “free software” is one answer to a world built in code.<br />
<br />
“Free.” Stallman laments the ambiguity in his own term. There’s nothing to lament. Puzzles force people to think, and this term “free” does this puzzling work quite well. To modern American ears, “free software” sounds utopian, impossible. Nothing, not even lunch, is free. How could the most important words running the most critical machines running the world be “free.” How could a sane society aspire to such an ideal?<br />
<br />
Yet the odd clink of the word “free” is a function of us, not of the term. “Free” has different senses, only one of which refers to “price.” A much more fundamental sense of “free” is the “free,” Stallman says, in the term “free speech,” or perhaps better in the term “free labor.” Not free as in costless, but free as in limited in its control by others. Free software is control that is transparent, and open to change, just as free laws, or the laws of a “free society,” are free when they make their control knowable, and open to change. The aim of Stallman’s “free software movement” is to make as much code as it can transparent, and subject to change, by rendering it “free.”<br />
<br />
The mechanism of this rendering is an extraordinarily clever device called “copyleft” implemented through a license called GPL. Using the power of copyright law, “free software” not only assures that it remains open, and subject to change, but that other software that takes and uses “free software” (and that technically counts as a “derivative work”) must also itself be free. If you use and adapt a free software program, and then release that adapted version to the public, the released version must be as free as the version it was adapted from. It must, or the law of copyright will be violated.<br />
<br />
“Free software,” like free societies, has its enemies. Microsoft has waged a war against the GPL, warning whoever will listen that the GPL is a “dangerous” license. The dangers it names, however, are largely illusory. Others object to the “coercion” in GPL’s insistence that modified versions are also free. But a condition is not coercion. If it is not coercion for Microsoft to refuse to permit users to distribute modified versions of its product Office without paying it (presumably) millions, then it is not coercion when the GPL insists that modified versions of free software be free too.<br />
<br />
And then there are those who call Stallman’s message too extreme. But extreme it is not. Indeed, in an obvious sense, Stallman’s work is a simple translation of the freedoms that our tradition crafted in the world before code. “Free software” would assure that the world governed by code is as “free” as our tradition that built the world before code.<br />
<br />
For example: A “free society” is regulated by law. But there are limits that any free society places on this regulation through law: No society that kept its laws secret could ever be called free. No government that hid its regulations from the regulated could ever stand in our tradition. Law controls. But it does so justly only when visibly. And law is visible only when its terms are knowable and controllable by those it regulates, or by the agents of those it regulates (lawyers, legislatures).<br />
<br />
This condition on law extends beyond the work of a legislature. Think about the practice of law in American courts. Lawyers are hired by their clients to advance their clients’ interests. Sometimes that interest is advanced through litigation. In the course of this litigation, lawyers write briefs. These briefs in turn affect opinions written by judges. These opinions decide who wins a particular case, or whether a certain law can stand consistently with a constitution.<br />
<br />
All the material in this process is free in the sense that Stallman means. Legal briefs are open and free for others to use. The arguments are transparent (which is different from saying they are good) and the reasoning can be taken without the permission of the original lawyers. The opinions they produce can be quoted in later briefs. They can be copied and integrated into another brief or opinion. The “source code” for American law is by design, and by principle, open and free for anyone to take. And take lawyers do—for it is a measure of a great brief that it achieves its creativity through the reuse of what happened before. The source is free; creativity and an economy is built upon it.<br />
<br />
This economy of free code (and here I mean free legal code) doesn’t starve lawyers. Law firms have enough incentive to produce great briefs even though the stuff they build can be taken and copied by anyone else. The lawyer is a craftsman; his or her product is public. Yet the crafting is not charity. Lawyers get paid; the public doesn’t demand such work without price. Instead this economy flourishes, with later work added to the earlier.<br />
<br />
We could imagine a legal practice that was different—briefs and arguments that were kept secret; rulings that announced a result but not the reasoning. Laws that were kept by the police but published to no one else. Regulation that operated without explaining its rule.<br />
<br />
We could imagine this society, but we could not imagine calling it “free.” Whether or not the incentives in such a society would be better or more efficiently allocated, such a society could not be known as free. The ideals of freedom, of life within a free society, demand more than efficient application. Instead, openness and transparency are the constraints within which a legal system gets built, not options to be added if convenient to the leaders. Life governed by software code should be no less.<br />
<br />
Code writing is not litigation. It is better, richer, more productive. But the law is an obvious instance of how creativity and incentives do not depend upon perfect control over the products created. Like jazz, or novels, or architecture, the law gets built upon the work that went before. This adding and changing is what creativity always is. And a free society is one that assures that its most important resources remain free in just this sense.<br />
<br />
For the first time, this book collects the writing and lectures of Richard Stallman in a manner that will make their subtlety and power clear. The essays span a wide range, from copyright to the history of the free software movement. They include many arguments not well known, and among these, an especially insightful account of the changed circumstances that render copyright in the digital world suspect. They will serve as a resource for those who seek to understand the thought of this most powerful man—powerful in his ideas, his passion, and his integrity, even if powerless in every other way. They will inspire others who would take these ideas, and build upon them.<br />
<br />
I don’t know Stallman well. I know him well enough to know he is a hard man to like. He is driven, often impatient. His anger can flare at friend as easily as foe. He is uncompromising and persistent; patient in both.<br />
<br />
Yet when our world finally comes to understand the power and danger of code— when it finally sees that code, like laws, or like government, must be transparent to be free—then we will look back at this uncompromising and persistent programmer and recognize the vision he has fought to make real: the vision of a world where freedom and knowledge survives the compiler. And we will come to see that no man, through his deeds or words, has done as much to make possible the freedom that this next society could have.<br />
<br />
We have not earned that freedom yet. We may well fail in securing it. But whether we succeed or fail, in these essays is a picture of what that freedom could be. And in the life that produced these words and works, there is inspiration for anyone who would, like Stallman, fight to create this freedom.<br />
<br />
<br />
''Lawrence Lessig'' <br />
<br />
''Professor of Law, Stanford Law School.''<br />
<br />
== Chapter One: The GNU Project and Free Software ==<br />
[[File:Screenshot from 2023-01-01 13-23-47.png|alt=A satirical image, a knight riding an angry Gnu (the animal).|thumb|Satirical image: A knight riding a Gnu.]]<br />
<br />
=== The First Software-Sharing Community ===<br />
When I started working at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part of a software-sharing community that had existed for many years. Sharing of software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we did it more than most.<br />
<br />
The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called ITS (the Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab’s staff hackers had designed and written in assembler language for the Digital PDP-10, one of the large computers of the era. As a member of this community, an AI lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this system.<br />
<br />
We did not call our software “free software,” because that term did not yet exist; but that is what it was. Whenever people from another university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we gladly let them. If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and interesting program, you could always ask to see the source code, so that you could read it, change it, or cannibalize parts of it to make a new program.<br />
<br />
The use of “hacker” to mean “security breaker” is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word to mean, “Someone who loves to program and enjoys being clever about it.”[1]<br />
<br />
=== The Collapse of the Community ===<br />
The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s, with the collapse of the AI Lab hacker community followed by the discontinuation of the PDP-10 computer.<br />
<br />
In 1981, the spin-off company [[Symbolics, Inc.|Symbolics]] hired away nearly all of the hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable to maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steven Levy, describes these events, as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its prime.) When the AI Lab bought a new PDP10 in 1982, its administrators decided to use Digital’s non-free timesharing system instead of ITS on the new machine.<br />
<br />
Not long afterwards, Digital discontinued the PDP-10 series. Its architecture, elegant and powerful in the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address spaces that were becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly all of the programs composing ITS were obsolete. That put the last nail in the coffin of ITS; 15 years of work went up in smoke.<br />
<br />
The modern computers of the era, such as the VAX or the 68020, had their own operating systems, but none of them were free software: you had to sign a nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy.<br />
<br />
This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not to help your neighbor. A cooperating community was forbidden. The rule made by the owners of proprietary software was, “If you share with your neighbor, you are a pirate. If you want any changes, beg us to make them.”<br />
<br />
The idea that the proprietary-software social system—the system that says you are not allowed to share or change software—is antisocial, that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as a surprise to some readers. But what else could we say about a system based on dividing the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who find the idea surprising may have taken this proprietary-software social system as given, or judged it on the terms suggested by proprietarysoftware businesses. Software publishers have worked long and hard to convince people that there is only one way to look at the issue.<br />
<br />
When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their “rights” or “stopping piracy,” what they actually “say” is secondary. The real message of these statements is in the unstated assumptions they take for granted; the public is supposed to accept them uncritically. So let’s examine them.<br />
<br />
One assumption is that software companies have an unquestionable natural right to own software and thus have power over all its users. (If this were a natural right, then no matter how much harm it does to the public, we could not object.) Interestingly, the U.S. Constitution and legal tradition reject this view; copyright is not a natural right, but an artificial government-imposed monopoly that limits the users’ natural right to copy.<br />
<br />
Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about software is what jobs it allows you to do—that we computer users should not care what kind of society we are allowed to have.<br />
<br />
A third assumption is that we would have no usable software (or would never have a program to do this or that particular job) if we did not offer a company power over the users of the program. This assumption may have seemed plausible before the free software movement demonstrated that we can make plenty of useful software without putting chains on it.<br />
<br />
If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues based on ordinary common-sense morality while placing the users first, we arrive at very different conclusions. Computer users should be free to modify programs to fit their needs, and free to share software, because helping other people is the basis of society.<br />
<br />
=== A Stark Moral Choice ===<br />
With my community gone, to continue as before was impossible. Instead, I faced a stark moral choice.<br />
<br />
The easy choice was to join the proprietary software world, signing nondisclosure agreements and promising not to help my fellow hacker. Most likely I would also be developing software that was released under nondisclosure agreements, thus adding to the pressure on other people to betray their fellows too.<br />
<br />
I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing code. But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on years of building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life making the world a worse place.<br />
<br />
I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a nondisclosure agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT AI Lab the source code for the control program for our printer. (The lack of certain features in this program made use of the printer extremely frustrating.) So I could not tell myself that nondisclosure agreements were innocent. I was very angry when he refused to share with us; I could not turn around and do the same thing to everyone else.<br />
<br />
Another choice, straightforward but unpleasant, was to leave the computer field. That way my skills would not be misused, but they would still be wasted. I would not be culpable for dividing and restricting computer users, but it would happen nonetheless.<br />
<br />
So I looked for a way that a programmer could do something for the good. I asked myself, was there a program or programs that I could write, so as to make a community possible once again?<br />
<br />
The answer was clear: what was needed first was an operating system. That is the crucial software for starting to use a computer. With an operating system, you can do many things; without one, you cannot run the computer at all. With a free operating system, we could again have a community of cooperating hackers—and invite anyone to join. And anyone would be able to use a computer without starting out by conspiring to deprive his or her friends.<br />
<br />
As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it. The name GNU was chosen following a hacker tradition, as a recursive acronym for “GNU’s Not Unix.”<br />
<br />
An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run other programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the name included command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters, debuggers, text editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them, Multics had them, VMS had them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating system would include them too.<br />
<br />
Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel:<br />
<br />
“If I am not for myself, who will be for me? If I am only for myself, what am I? If not now, when?”<br />
<br />
The decision to start the GNU project was based on a similar spirit.<br />
<br />
As an atheist, I don’t follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.<br />
<br />
The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it has nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore, is the definition of free software: a program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:<br />
<br />
* You have the freedom to run the program, for any purpose.<br />
* You have the freedom to modify the program to suit your needs. (To make this freedom effective in practice, you must have access to the source code, since making changes in a program without having the source code is exceedingly difficult.)<br />
* You have the freedom to redistribute copies, either gratis or for a fee.<br />
* You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the program, so that the community can benefit from your improvements.<br />
<br />
Since “free” refers to freedom, not to price, there is no contradiction between selling copies and free software. In fact, the freedom to sell copies is crucial: collections of free software sold on CD-ROMs are important for the community, and selling them is an important way to raise funds for free software development. Therefore, a program that people are not free to include on these collections is not free software.<br />
<br />
Because of the ambiguity of “free,” people have long looked for alternatives, but no one has found a suitable alternative. The English Language has more words and nuances than any other, but it lacks a simple, unambiguous word that means “free,” as in freedom—“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated,” “freedom,” and “open” have either the wrong meaning or some other disadvantage.<br />
<br />
=== GNU Software and the GNU System ===<br />
Developing a whole system is a very large project. To bring it into reach, I decided to adapt and use existing pieces of free software wherever that was possible. For example, I decided at the very beginning to use TeX as the principal text formatter; a few years later, I decided to use the X Window System rather than writing another window system for GNU.<br />
<br />
Because of this decision, the GNU system is not the same as the collection of all GNU software. The GNU system includes programs that are not GNU software, programs that were developed by other people and projects for their own purposes, but that we can use because they are free software.<br />
<br />
=== Commencing the Project ===<br />
In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software. Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere with distributing GNU as free software. If I had remained on the staff, MIT could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed their own distribution terms, or even turned the work into a proprietary software package. I had no intention of doing a large amount of work only to see it become useless for its intended purpose: creating a new software-sharing community.<br />
<br />
However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly invited me to keep using the lab’s facilities.<br />
<br />
=== The First Steps ===<br />
Shortly before beginning the GNU project, I heard about the Free University Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for “free” is written with a V.) This was a compiler designed to handle multiple languages, including C and Pascal, and to support multiple target machines. I wrote to its author asking if GNU could use it.Shortly before beginning the GNU project, I heard about the Free University Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for “free” is written with a V.) This was a compiler designed to handle multiple languages, including C and Pascal, and to support multiple target machines. I wrote to its author asking if GNU could use it.<br />
<br />
He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the compiler was not. I therefore decided that my first program for the GNU project would be a multi-language, multi-platform compiler.<br />
<br />
Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I obtained the source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a multi-platform compiler developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab. It supported, and was written in, an extended version of Pascal, designed to be a system-programming language. I added a C front end, and began porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer. But I had to give that up when I discovered that the compiler needed many megabytes of stack space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only allow 64k.<br />
<br />
I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the entire input file into a syntax tree, converting the whole syntax tree into a chain of “instructions,” and then generating the whole output file, without ever freeing any storage. At this point, I concluded I would have to write a new compiler from scratch. That new compiler is now known as GCC; none of the Pastel compiler is used in it, but I managed to adapt and use the C front end that I had written. But that was some years later; first, I worked on GNU Emacs.<br />
<br />
=== GNU Emacs ===<br />
I began work on GNU Emacs in September 1984, and in early 1985 it was beginning to be usable. This enabled me to begin using Unix systems to do editing; having no interest in learning to use vi or ed, I had done my editing on other kinds of machines until then.<br />
<br />
At this point, people began wanting to use GNU Emacs, which raised the question of how to distribute it. Of course, I put it on the anonymous ftp server on the MIT computer that I used. (This computer, prep.ai.mit.edu, thus became the principal GNU ftp distribution site; when it was decommissioned a few years later, we transferred the name to our new ftp server.) But at that time, many of the interested people were not on the Internet and could not get a copy by ftp. So the question was, what would I say to them?<br />
<br />
I could have said, “Find a friend who is on the net and who will make a copy for you.” Or I could have done what I did with the original PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, “Mail me a tape and a SASE, and I will mail it back with Emacs on it.” But I had no job and I was looking for ways to make money from free software. So I announced that I would mail a tape to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In this way, I started a free software distribution business, the precursor of the companies that today distribute entire Linux-based GNU systems.<br />
<br />
=== Is a program free for every user? ===<br />
If a program is free software when it leaves the hands of its author, this does not necessarily mean it will be free software for everyone who has a copy of it. For example, public domain software (software that is not copyrighted) is free software; but anyone can make a proprietary modified version of it. Likewise, many free programs are copyrighted but distributed under simple permissive licenses that allow proprietary modified versions.<br />
<br />
The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System. Developed at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive license, it was soon adopted by various computer companies. They added X to their proprietary Unix systems, in binary form only, and covered by the same nondisclosure agreement. These copies of X were no more free software than Unix was.<br />
<br />
The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a problem—they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was not freedom, just “success,” defined as “having many users.” They did not care whether these users had freedom, only that they should be numerous.<br />
<br />
This lead to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of counting the amount of freedom gave different answers to the question, “Is this program free?” If you judged based on the freedom provided by the distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say that X was free software. But if you measured the freedom of the average user of X, you would have to say it was proprietary software. Most X users were running the proprietary versions that came with Unix systems, not the free version.<br />
<br />
=== Copyleft and the GNU GPL ===<br />
The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software from being turned into proprietary software. The method we use is called ''copyleft''.<br />
<br />
Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its usual purpose: instead of a means of privatizing software, it becomes a means of keeping software free.<br />
<br />
The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to run the program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute modified versions— but not permission to add restrictions of their own. Thus, the crucial freedoms that define “free software” are guaranteed to everyone who has a copy; they become inalienable rights.<br />
<br />
For an effective copyleft, modified versions must also be free. This ensures that work based on ours becomes available to our community if it is published. When programmers who have jobs as programmers volunteer to improve GNU software, it is copyleft that prevents their employers from saying, “You can’t share those changes, because we are going to use them to make our proprietary version of the program.”<br />
<br />
The requirement that changes must be free is essential if we want to ensure freedom for every user of the program. The companies that privatized the X Window System usually made some changes to port it to their systems and hardware. These changes were small compared with the great extent of X, but they were not trivial. If making changes were an excuse to deny the users freedom, it would be easy for anyone to take advantage of the excuse.<br />
<br />
A related issue concerns combining a free program with non-free code. Such a combination would inevitably be non-free; whichever freedoms are lacking for the non-free part would be lacking for the whole as well. To permit such combinations would open a hole big enough to sink a ship. Therefore, a crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug this hole: anything added to or combined with a copylefted program must be such that the larger combined version is also free and copylefted.<br />
<br />
The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU software is the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. We have other kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances. GNU manuals are copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of copyleft, because the complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary for manuals.<br />
<br />
In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me a letter. On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings, including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept I was developing at the time.<br />
<br />
=== The Free Software Foundation ===<br />
As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became involved in the GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek funding once again. So in 1985 we created the Free Software Foundation, a tax-exempt charity for free software development. The FSF also took over the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling free manuals as well.<br />
<br />
The FSF accepts donations, but most of its income has always come from sales— of copies of free software, and of other related services. Today it sells CD-ROMs of source code, CD-ROMs with binaries, nicely printed manuals (all with freedom to redistribute and modify), and Deluxe Distributions (where we build the whole collection of software for your choice of platform).<br />
<br />
Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell. The GNU C library is what every program running on a GNU/Linux system uses to communicate with Linux. It was developed by a member of the Free Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is BASH, the Bourne Again Shell, which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.<br />
<br />
We funded development of these programs because the GNU project was not just about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a complete operating system, and these programs were needed for that goal.<br />
<br />
“Bourne again Shell” is a joke on the name “Bourne Shell,” which was the usual shell on Unix.<br />
<br />
=== Free Software Support ===<br />
The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business practice, but it is not against business. When businesses respect the users’ freedom, we wish them success.<br />
<br />
Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software business. When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way to make a living. I found it in selling services relating to the free software I had developed. This included teaching, for subjects such as how to program GNU Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software development, mostly porting GCC to new platforms.<br />
<br />
Today each of these kinds of free software business is practiced by a number of corporations. Some distribute free software collections on CD-ROM; others sell support at various levels ranging from answering user questions, to fixing bugs, to adding major new features. We are even beginning to see free software companies based on launching new free software products.<br />
<br />
Watch out, though—a number of companies that associate themselves with the term “open source” actually base their business on non-free software that works with free software. These are not free software companies, they are proprietary software companies whose products tempt users away from freedom. They call these “value added,” which reflects the values they would like us to adopt: convenience above freedom. If we value freedom more, we should call them “freedom subtracted” products.<br />
<br />
=== Technical goals ===<br />
The principal goal of GNU was to be free software. Even if GNU had no technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage, allowing users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the user’s freedom.<br />
<br />
But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to the work—for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid arbitrary fixed size limits, and handling all the possible 8-bit codes wherever that made sense.<br />
<br />
In addition, we rejected the Unix focus on small memory size, by deciding not to support 16-bit machines (it was clear that 32-bit machines would be the norm by the time the GNU system was finished), and to make no effort to reduce memory usage unless it exceeded a megabyte. In programs for which handling very large files was not crucial, we encouraged programmers to read an entire input file into core, then scan its contents without having to worry about I/O.<br />
<br />
These decisions enabled many GNU programs to surpass their Unix counterparts in reliability and speed.<br />
<br />
=== Donated Computers ===<br />
As the GNU project’s reputation grew, people began offering to donate machines running Unix to the project. These were very useful, because the easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix system, and replace the components of that system one by one. But they raised an ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a copy of Unix at all.<br />
<br />
Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU project’s philosophy said that we should not use proprietary software. But, applying the same reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence in self defense is justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to use a proprietary package when that was crucial for developing a free replacement that would help others stop using the proprietary package.<br />
<br />
But, even if this was a justifiable evil, it was still an evil. Today we no longer have any copies of Unix, because we have replaced them with free operating systems. If we could not replace a machine’s operating system with a free one, we replaced the machine instead.<br />
<br />
=== The GNU Task List ===<br />
As the GNU project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system components were found or developed, eventually it became useful to make a list of the remaining gaps. We used it to recruit developers to write the missing pieces. This list became known as the GNU task list. In addition to missing Unix components, we listed various other useful software and documentation projects that, we thought, a truly complete system ought to have.<br />
<br />
Today, hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU task list—those jobs have been done, aside from a few inessential ones. But the list is full of projects that some might call “applications.” Any program that appeals to more than a narrow class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating system.<br />
<br />
Even games are included in the task list—and have been since the beginning. Unix included games, so naturally GNU should too. But compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the list of games that Unix had. Instead, we listed a spectrum of different kinds of games that users might like.<br />
<br />
=== The GNU Library GPL ===<br />
The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU Library General Public License, which gives permission to link proprietary software with the library. Why make this exception?<br />
<br />
It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says proprietary software products are entitled to include our code. (Why contribute to a project predicated on refusing to share with us?) Using the LGPL for the C library, or for any library, is a matter of strategy.<br />
<br />
The C library does a generic job; every proprietary system or compiler comes with a C library. Therefore, to make our C library available only to free software would not have given free software any advantage—it would only have discouraged use of our library.<br />
<br />
One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this includes GNU/Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the distribution terms of the GNU C library determine whether it is possible to compile a proprietary program for the GNU system. There is no ethical reason to allow proprietary applications on the GNU system, but strategically it seems that disallowing them would do more to discourage use of the GNU system than to encourage development of free applications.<br />
<br />
That is why using the Library GPL is a good strategy for the C library. For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis. When a library does a special job that can help write certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under the GPL, limiting it to free programs only, is a way of helping other free software developers, giving them an advantage against proprietary software.<br />
<br />
Consider GNU Readline[2] a library that was developed to provide commandline editing for BASH. Readline is released under the ordinary GNU GPL, not the Library GPL. This probably does reduce the amount Readline is used, but that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at least one useful application has been made free software specifically so it could use Readline, and that is a real gain for the community.<br />
<br />
Proprietary software developers have the advantages money provides; free software developers need to make advantages for each other. I hope some day we will have a large collection of GPL-covered libraries that have no parallel available to proprietary software, providing useful modules to serve as building blocks in new free software, and adding up to a major advantage for further free software development.<br />
<br />
=== Scratching an itch? ===<br />
Eric Raymond says that “Every good work of software starts by scratching a developer’s personal itch.” Maybe that happens sometimes, but many essential pieces of GNU software were developed in order to have a complete free operating system. They come from a vision and a plan, not from impulse.<br />
<br />
For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system needs a C library, the Bourne Again Shell (BASH) because a Unix-like system needs a shell, and GNU tar because a Unix-like system needs a tar program. The same is true for my own programs—the GNU C compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.<br />
<br />
Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program, which had been lost to the community because of the LZW[3] patents. We found people to develop LessTif, and more recently started GNOME and Harmony, to address the problems caused by certain proprietary libraries (see “Non-Free Libraries” below). We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard to replace popular non-free encryption software, because users should not have to choose between privacy and freedom.<br />
<br />
Of course, the people writing these programs became interested in the work, and many features were added to them by various people for the sake of their own needs and interests. But that is not why the programs exist.<br />
<br />
=== Unexpected Developments ===<br />
At the beginning of the GNU project, I imagined that we would develop the whole GNU system, then release it as a whole. That is not how it happened. Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix system, each component could run on Unix systems, long before a complete GNU system existed. Some of these programs became popular, and users began extending them and porting them—to the various incompatible versions of Unix, and sometimes to other systems as well.<br />
<br />
The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both funds and contributors to the GNU project. But it probably also delayed completion of a minimal working system by several years, as GNU developers’ time was put into maintaining these ports and adding features to the existing components, rather than moving on to write one missing component after another.<br />
<br />
=== The GNU Hurd ===<br />
By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing component was the kernel. We had decided to implement our kernel as a collection of server processes running on top of Mach. Mach is a microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the University of Utah; the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers (or “herd of gnus”) that run on top of Mach, and do the various jobs of the Unix kernel. The start of development was delayed as we waited for Mach to be released as free software, as had been promised.<br />
<br />
One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a source-level debugger to do it with. This part of the job had been done already, in Mach, and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as user programs, with GDB. But it took a long time to make that possible, and the multi-threaded servers that send messages to each other have turned out to be very hard to debug. Making the Hurd work solidly has stretched on for many years.<br />
<br />
=== Alix ===<br />
The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd. Its original name was Alix—named after the woman who was my sweetheart at the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her name would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a joke, she told her friends, “Someone should name a kernel after me.” I said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel named Alix.<br />
<br />
It did not stay that way. Michael Bushnell (now Thomas), the main developer of the kernel, preferred the name Hurd, and redefined Alix to refer to a certain part of the kernel—the part that would trap system calls and handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers.<br />
<br />
Ultimately, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name; independently, the Hurd design was changed so that the C library would send messages directly to servers, and this made the Alix component disappear from the design.<br />
<br />
But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the name Alix in the Hurd source code, and mentioned the name to her. So the name did its job.<br />
<br />
=== Linux and GNU/Linux ===<br />
The GNU Hurd is not ready for production use. Fortunately, another kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. Around 1992, combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in a complete free operating system. (Combining them was a substantial job in itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can actually run a version of the GNU system today.<br />
<br />
We call this system version GNU/Linux, to express its composition as a combination of the GNU system with Linux as the kernel.<br />
<br />
=== Challenges in Our Future ===<br />
We have proved our ability to develop a broad spectrum of free software. This does not mean we are invincible and unstoppable. Several challenges make the future of free software uncertain; meeting them will require steadfast effort and endurance, sometimes lasting for years. It will require the kind of determination that people display when they value their freedom and will not let anyone take it away.<br />
<br />
The following four sections discuss these challenges.<br />
<br />
=== Secret Hardware ===<br />
Hardware manufactures increasingly tend to keep hardware specifications secret. This makes it difficult to write free drivers so that Linux and XFree86[4] can support new hardware. We have complete free systems today, but we will not have them tomorrow if we cannot support tomorrow’s computers.<br />
<br />
There are two ways to cope with this problem. Programmers can do reverse engineering to figure out how to support the hardware. The rest of us can choose the hardware that is supported by free software; as our numbers increase, secrecy of specifications will become a self-defeating policy.<br />
<br />
Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with sufficient determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and non-free drivers are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers? Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread.<br />
<br />
=== Non-Free Libraries ===<br />
A non-free library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap for free software developers. The library’s attractive features are the bait; if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your program cannot usefully be part of a free operating system. (Strictly speaking, we could include your program, but it won’t run with the library missing.) Even worse, if a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular, it can lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap.<br />
<br />
The first instance of this problem was the Motif[5] toolkit, back in the 80s. Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was clear what problem Motif would cause for them later on. The GNU Project responded in two ways: by asking individual free software projects to support the free X toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and by asking for someone to write a free replacement for Motif. The job took many years; LessTif, developed by the Hungry Programmers, became powerful enough to support most Motif applications only in 1997.<br />
<br />
Between 1996 and 1998, another non-free Graphical User Interface (GUI) toolkit library, called Qt, was used in a substantial collection of free software, the desktop KDE.<br />
<br />
Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not use the library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux systems who were not strict about sticking with free software added KDE to their systems— producing a system with more capabilities, but less freedom. The KDE group was actively encouraging more programmers to use Qt, and millions of new “Linux users” had never been exposed to the idea that there was a problem in this. The situation appeared grim.<br />
<br />
The free software community responded to the problem in two ways: GNOME and Harmony.<br />
<br />
GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU’s desktop project. Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the support of Red Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop facilities, but using free software exclusively. It has technical advantages as well, such as supporting a variety of languages, not just C++. But its main purpose was freedom: not to require the use of any non-free software.<br />
<br />
Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it possible to run KDE software without using Qt<br />
<br />
In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license which, when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no way to be sure, but I think that this was partly due to the community’s firm response to the problem that Qt posed when it was non-free. (The new license is inconvenient and inequitable, so it remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)[6]<br />
<br />
How will we respond to the next tempting non-free library? Will the whole community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will many of us give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major problem? Our future depends on our philosophy.<br />
<br />
=== Software Patents ===<br />
The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983, and we still cannot release free software to produce proper compressed GIFs. In 1998, a free program to produce MP3 compressed audio was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit.<br />
<br />
There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job. But each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a patent may force all free software to lack some feature that users want. What will we do when this happens?<br />
<br />
Those of us who value free software for freedom’s sake will stay with free software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the patented features. But those who value free software because they expect it to be techically superior are likely to call it a failure when a patent holds it back. Thus, while it is useful to talk about the practical effectiveness of the “cathedral” model of development,[7] and the reliability and power of some free software, we must not stop there. We must talk about freedom and principle.<br />
<br />
=== Free Documentation ===<br />
The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in our systems. Documentation is an essential part of any software package; when an important free software package does not come with a good free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.<br />
<br />
Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price. The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms. Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, on-line and on paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program.<br />
<br />
Permission for modification is crucial too. As a general rule, I don’t believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. For example, I don’t think you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this one, which describe our actions and our views.<br />
<br />
But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are conscientious they will change the manual too—so they can provide accurate and usable documentation with the modified program. A manual that does not allow programmers to be conscientious and finish the job does not fill our community’s needs.<br />
<br />
Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem. For example, requirements to preserve the original author’s copyright notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are ok. It is also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical topics. These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because they don’t stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the manual to fit the modified program. In other words, they don’t block the free software community from making full use of the manual.<br />
<br />
However, it must be possible to modify all the “technical” content of the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media, through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do obstruct the community, the manual is not free, and we need another manual.<br />
<br />
Will free software developers have the awareness and determination to produce a full spectrum of free manuals? Once again, our future depends on philosophy<br />
<br />
=== We Must Talk About Freedom ===<br />
Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU/Linux systems such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat Linux. Free software has developed such practical advantages that users are flocking to it for purely practical reasons.<br />
<br />
The good consequences of this are evident: more interest in developing free software, more customers for free software businesses, and more ability to encourage companies to develop commercial free software instead of proprietary software products.<br />
<br />
But interest in the software is growing faster than awareness of the philosophy it is based on, and this leads to trouble. Our ability to meet the challenges and threats described above depends on the will to stand firm for freedom. To make sure our community has this will, we need to spread the idea to the new users as they come into the community<br />
<br />
But we are failing to do so: the efforts to attract new users into our community are far outstripping the efforts to teach them the civics of our community. We need to do both, and we need to keep the two efforts in balance.<br />
<br />
=== "Open Source" ===<br />
Teaching new users about freedom became more difficult in 1998, when a part of the community decided to stop using the term “free software” and say “open source software” instead.<br />
<br />
Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of “free” with “gratis”—a valid goal. Others, however, aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated the free software movement and the GNU project, and to appeal instead to executives and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that places profit above freedom, above community, above principle. Thus, the rhetoric of “open source” focuses on the potential to make high-quality, powerful software, but shuns the ideas of freedom, community, and principle.<br />
<br />
The “Linux” magazines are a clear example of this—they are filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works with GNU/Linux. When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these magazines warn programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads for it?<br />
<br />
The support of business can contribute to the community in many ways; all else being equal, it is useful. But winning their support by speaking even less about freedom and principle can be disastrous; it makes the previous imbalance between outreach and civics education even worse.<br />
<br />
“Free software” and “open source” describe the same category of software, more or less, but say different things about the software, and about values. The GNU Project continues to use the term “free software,” to express the idea that freedom, not just technology, is important.<br />
<br />
=== Try! ===<br />
Yoda’s philosophy (“There is no ‘try”’) sounds neat, but it doesn’t work for me. I have done most of my work while anxious about whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be enough to achieve the goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because there was no one but me between the enemy and my city. Surprising myself, I have sometimes succeeded.<br />
<br />
Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen. Then I found another threatened city, and got ready for another battle. Over time, I’ve learned to look for threats and put myself between them and my city, calling on other hackers to come and join me.<br />
<br />
Nowadays, often I’m not the only one. It is a relief and a joy when I see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realize, this city may survive— for now. But the dangers are greater each year, and now Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community. We can’t take the future of freedom for granted. Don’t take it for granted! If you want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to defend it.<br />
<br />
=== Chapter Footnotes ===<br />
'''[1]''' It is hard to write a simple definition of something as varied as hacking, but I think what most “hacks” have in common is playfulness, cleverness, and exploration. Thus, hacking means exploring the limits of what is possible, in a spirit of playful cleverness. Activities that display playful cleverness have “hack value.” You can help correct the misunderstanding simply by making a distinction between security breaking and hacking—by using the term “cracking” for security breaking. The people who do it are “crackers.” Some of them may also be hackers, just as some of them may be chess players or golfers; most of them are not (“On Hacking,” RMS; 2002).<br />
<br />
'''[2]''' The GNU Readline library provides a set of functions for use by applications that allow users to edit command lines as they are typed in.<br />
<br />
'''[3]''' The Lempel-Ziv-Welch algorithm is used for compressing data.<br />
<br />
'''[4]''' XFree86 is a program that provides a desktop environment that interfaces with your display hardware (mouse, keyboard, etc). It runs on many different platforms.<br />
<br />
'''[5]''' Motif is a graphical interface and window manager that runs on top of X Windows.<br />
<br />
'''[6]''' In September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL, which essentially solved this problem.<br />
<br />
'''[7]''' I probably meant to write “of the ‘bazaar’ model,” since that was the alternative that was new and initially controversial.<br />
<br />
== Chapter 2: The GNU Manifesto ==<br />
The GNU Manifesto was written at the beginning of the GNU Project, to ask for participation and support. For the first few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for developments, but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most people have seen it. Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid, and footnotes have been added over the years to explain these misunderstandings.<br />
<br />
=== What's GNU? GNU's Not Unix! ===<br />
GNU, which stands for Gnu’s Not Unix, is the name for the complete Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it away free to everyone who can use it[1]. Several other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.<br />
<br />
So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands, a source-level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development. We will use TEX as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We will use the free, portable X window system as well. After this we will add a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other things, plus on-line documentation. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.<br />
<br />
GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to have longer file names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, file name completion perhaps, terminal- independent display support, and perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will try to support <code>UUCP</code>, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for communication.<br />
<br />
GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run on. The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left to someone who wants to use it on<br />
<br />
them.<br />
<br />
To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the ‘G’ in the word ‘GNU’ when it is the name of this project.<br />
<br />
=== Why I Must Write GNU ===<br />
I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me against my will.<br />
<br />
So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Anonymous&diff=48009
Anonymous
2023-05-22T16:05:52Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party|name=Anonymous|logo=AnonLogo.png|founded=2007|predecessor=AntiSec|political_orientation=Ideologies vary, as association with the group is self-declared. However, there is a tendency towards left-wing ideologies.|slogan="We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us."}}<br />
<br />
'''Anonymous''' refers to an international collective of hacktivist cells with differing views and ideologies. The movement was particularly prominent from 2008 - 2013, and was notable in [[Liberalism|mainstream politics]] at the time for being a significant part of the [[Occupy movement|Occupy Wall Street protests]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Sean Captain|newspaper=Fast Company|title=The Real Role of Anonymous in Occupy Wall Street|date=2011-10-18|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1788397/real-role-anonymous-occupy-wall-street|retrieved=2023-05-21}}</ref> The movement has seen a resurgence in recent years, mainly as a response to growing [[reactionary]] movements and state action.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Dillon Lad|newspaper=In Wait of Tomorrow|title=The resurgence of Anonymous and the effects of Hacktivism|date=2020-06-09|url=https://inwaitoftomorrow.appspot.com/blogs/anonymous-and-hacktivism}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===AntiSec Movement (~1990)===<br />
Anonymous is a spiritual successor to the AntiSec movement, which was born in the 1990s around the central issue of corruption within the cybersecurity industry. During that time, it was common practice for cybersecurity companies to hunt for vulnerabilities within operating systems or critical software packages, develop a patch once a vulnerability was found, and release the patch along with a document fully disclosing the discovered exploit, allowing bad actors to make use of it. Such conduct was essentially a ransom tactic, as it encouraged users to buy cybersecurity software from a company which found and disclosed an exploit.<br />
<br />
The AntiSec movement popularized many classic digital tactics aimed at creating annoyance and disruption, such as webpage defacing, e-mail flooding and DDoS attacks. Members of AntiSec, such as [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] informant Hector Xavier "Sabu" Montsegur, would later go on to participate in Anonymous cells and in related hacker collectives.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Parmy Olson|year=2013|title=We Are Anonymous: Inside the Hacker World of LulzSec, Anonymous, and the Global Cyber Insurgency|title-url=https://archive.org/details/weareanonymousin0000olso_l5h7|isbn=0316213527}}</ref><br />
===4chan (2007–2009)===<br />
====Origin and attack on Hal Turner====<br />
The embryo of Anonymous was formed on [[4chan]]'s "random" board, /b/, which was dedicated to posts about any topic. As posting on 4chan is anonymous by default, with the default handle attributed to uses being "Anonymous", users of the website would be nicknamed "Anons". The board would sometimes organize attacks or annoy public figures for the fun of it, with the first high-profile figure targeted by them being [[Neo-Nazism|neo-nazi]] radio show host Hal Turner, whose website was taken down by a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack in January 2007. This incident seems to have been the origin of the use of the moniker "Anonymous" as a general way to describe internet troublemakers coming from 4chan.<ref name=":0" /><br />
====Project Chanology and creation of an "Anonymous identity"====<br />
On the 15th of January, 2008, celebrity-focused website Gawker divulged a video where Tom Cruise professed his love for the [[Church of Scientology]]. The Church responded by issuing a [[Intellectual property|copyright]] notice on the video, which began what would become one of the first overreaching controversies on the internet.<br />
<br />
The reaction from 4chan was near-immediate, with a post being made calling for people to utilize the now-defunct website Gigaloader.com (which repeatedly loaded a website's images from a list) to take down the Scientology website. This set the precedent for many anons using low-skill network stress testing tools, such at the Low-Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC) to run Denial of Service attacks against target websites. Many who used such tools were not aware that, by default, their IP addresses were publicly exposed to the website they were attacking.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The Scientology website stayed down for around 10 days, only coming back up for sporadic periods. On the 21st of January, anons posted a video declaring war on the Church of Scientology, declaring the start of "Project Chanology". The video is believed to have originated the slogan "''We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us''".<ref>{{Citation|title=Internet Group Anonymous Declares "War on Scientology"|title-url=https://www.prlog.org/10046797-internet-group-anonymous-declares-war-on-scientology.pdf}}</ref>After the launch of the video, a great number of activists, many of whom called themselves "members of Anonymous", took part in a DDoS attack that took down the church's website for an entire day.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Robert McMillan|newspaper=PC World|title=Hackers Hit Scientology With Online Attack|date=2008-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129083328/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id%2C141839-c%2Chackers/article.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
During February, adherents of Project Chanology started planning physical demonstrations in front of Scientology buildings. As the church is known for persecuting those who protest against them, it was only logical to recommend that protestors wear masks. After some research, adherents concluded that the most common character mask sold all over the world was the Guy Fawkes mask from the film ''V for Vendetta'', and so, it was chosen to be the symbol of the movement.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The hype behind the protests created a split between the anons. While many of them were in it for the fun of the situation, a great number of them had serious concerns about Scientology. The latter were often made fun of as moralists by the former, but eventually, Chanology and the moniker of Anonymous in general would predominantly configure themselves as social movements.<ref name=":0" /> By the end of 2008, the movement was beginning to escape the confines of imageboards.<br />
===AnonOps and Occupy (2010–2011)===<br />
====Operation Payback and Operation Avenge Assange====<br />
On the 17th of September 2010, an Anonymous cell fired off a DDoS attack against the website of Aiplex Software, an indian company which was hired by Bollywood studios to run DDoS attacks against websites which shared pirated content, such as the Pirate Bay. Eventually, more cells joined in, attacking entities associated with [[Digital Restrictions Management]] and copyright protection, such as the US Copyright Group, Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=BBC News|title=Activists target recording industry websites|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-11371315}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
The Operation also revealed that a law firm in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], ACS:Law, had been hoarding the names and personal details of internet users accused of piracy, after the contents of the firm's e-mail servers were leaked to the public on the 21st of September<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=BBC News|title=Adult video-sharing list leaked from law firm|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-11418962}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
All the commotion would birth many news Anonymous cells, the bulk of which organized via Internet Relay Chat networks. The high volume of new cells created to participate in the operation would influence further activity, particularly within the Occupy Wall Street movement. After being booted off bigger networks such as Freenode, a group of Anons would go on to form the AnonOps IRC network, specifically created to host chats for Anons.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In November, Operation Payback was still running strong. [[WikiLeaks]] had recently gone under fire for releasing multiple confidential US diplomatic cables, with PayPal, Mastercard and Visa cutting service to the website, essentially starving it of financial support. Many other companies, such as Amazon, would cut off critical resources needed to keep WikiLeaks online on the clearweb. This generated massive backlash from many activist groups, including cells of Anons that would go on to attack banking and internet services that had refused to serve WikiLeaks, with the most prominent target being PayPal, which suffered a massive DDoS attack, mostly driven by a couple large botnets.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
"Operation Avenge [[Julian Assange|Assange]]", as it would go on to be known, was one of the largest disruptions of service ever caused by Anonymous. A subsequent investigation by the FBI would lead to 14 arrests, all of them being of people who were individually insignificant to the attacks.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Steven Musil|newspaper=CNET|title=Anonymous hackers plead guilty to 2010 PayPal cyberattack|date=2013-12-08|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/privacy/anonymous-hackers-plead-guilty-to-2010-paypal-cyberattack/}}</ref><br />
====Pre-Occupy operations====<br />
In January 2011, many Anon cells would come out in support of [[Arab Spring]] movements. This would culminate in "Operation Tunisia", which would lead to attacks on [[Republic of Tunisia|Tunisian]] government websites and would result in a concerted effort by Anonymous to help Tunisian citizens overcome internet censorship measures.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
During the month of February, a cell that would later form into the hacker group "LulzSec" launched a cyber attack against Aaron Barr, of HBGary federal, which had been threatening to expose Anons. Barr's e-mails would be released, and his [[Twitter]] account would be vandalized with racist messages. The group would later realize that the identities Barr had collected were not from members of Anonymous, but instead from innocent bystanders which had been put on a list due to coincidences between the logoff times of Anons in IRC chats and their login times on [[Meta Platforms, Inc.|Facebook]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In April, Anonymous cells worked to take down Sony's PlayStation Network service for a month,<ref name=":0" /> mostly due to Sony's hostility against pirated content and their constant effort to develop DRM solutions.<br />
====Occupy Wall Street====<br />
It has been rumored that the embryo for the [[Occupy movement]] was thought up by participants of an Anon cell, which proposed a "Manhattan invasion".<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Quinterna Comunista|title=Occupy the World together|date=2011|url=https://www.quinterna.org/lingue/english/articles_en/occupy_the_world_together.htm|quote=It may be a urban legend, but someone says that there was the hacktivist group Anonymous behind the idea of the "Manhattan invasion" and of occupying Wall Street. In fact, the group invited all his militants to support the movement furnishing technical information.}}</ref> Occupy truly pushed the Anonymous moniker onto mainstream political activism, bringing attention to the group from other, non-internet activist groups. Anons worldwide helped organize protests, with the most famous one being the May 1 rally in front of the London Stock Exchange.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Occupy movement takes over parts of London Stock Exchange|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/may/01/occupy-movement-london-stock-exchange}}</ref><br />
<br />
The bulk of Anonymous supported Occupy Wall Street from the origin of the movement until its collapse. It is suspected that Anons helped set up the "Freedom Towers" across many of the protests, which acted as open computer labs and wi-fi hotspots used to coordinate social media action and circumvent internet censorship in some nations.<br />
<br />
Occupy represents a shifting point in the history of Anonymous, as the heavy infiltration by federal and corporate assets within the movement also affected Anonymous, to the point where the AnonOps IRC network became known as a hive of FBI agents.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Leftypedia|title=Hacktivism|url=https://wiki.leftypol.org/wiki/Hacktivism|quote=Just a quick note here, Anonymous was infiltrated and crushed by US federal law enforcement in 2011 and 2012. Do not join "Anonymous" IRC chat rooms, etc. today unless you want to be put on a list. Use other methods and venues for meeting/recruiting like-minded people. The original members of Anonymous mostly went to prison or quit, what remains today are largely US law enforcement and other state actors claiming the label}}</ref><br />
===Late Peak (2012–2013)===<br />
====Relevant operations in 2012====<br />
One of the last major DDoS attacks collectively ran via the AnonOps network happened in January of 2012, when Anons attacked the websites of the RIAA, MPAA, and of the Justice Department of the [[United States of America|United States]]. The attack utilized a clever method in which bystanders' computers would be used to attack the targets via a piece of Javascript code embedded on a webpage that contained a supposed information leaflet against the SOPA and PIPA bills.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Quinn Norton|newspaper=Wired|title=Anonymous Tricks Bystanders Into Attacking Justice Department|date=2012-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124153438/https://www.wired.com/2012/01/anons-rickroll-botnet/}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November of 2012, Anonymous attempted to launch coordinated cyberattacks against [[State of Israel|Israel]] in retaliation for the [[Palestinian genocide|genocide]] against [[State of Palestine|Palestinians]], however, experts widely regarded the attacks as a failure. During that time, internet infrastructure was maturing, and it was no longer feasible to take down government websites with coordinated DDoS attacks led by individuals, which meant that cells of Anons had to search for people who would provide them with powerful botnets. Such providers were not found, and services were seldom disrupted.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ellen Messmer|newspaper=Computerworld|title=Anonymous cyberattack on Israel finds disputed impact|date=2013-07-04|archive-url=https://archive.ph/20130703162034/http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/security/anonymous-cyberattack-on-israel-finds-disputed-impact}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December, Anonymous cell "KnightSec" received attention in the United States for revealing the identities of perpetrators involved in a rape case in Steubenville High School. The group also defaced a website, replacing its main page with demands for justice directed at school and city officials.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Alexander Abad-Santos|title=Everything You Need to Know About Steubenville High's Football 'Rape Crew'|date=2013-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730065852/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/01/steubenville-high-football-rape-crew/60554/}}</ref> The events would trigger one of the last relatively sizable protests organized by Anons, featuring many city locals.<br />
====Involvement in the 2013 protests in Brazil====<br />
Anonymous was pivotal in leading the social media frenzy that accompanied the 2013 protests in [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]], which started as general unrest against rising public transport fares. Research suggests that tags related to the group dominated Brazilian social media on many pivotal days of the protests,<ref>{{Web citation|author=Fernando do Valle|newspaper=Zona Curva|title=Anonymous foi o nó que desatou os protestos em 2013|url=https://www.zonacurva.com.br/anonymous-foi-o-no-que-desatou-os-protestos-em-2013/}}</ref> with many Anons being present on the ground.<br />
<br />
The participation of Anonymous was also important in attempting to unify the demands of the protestors. A video released by the cell "Anonymous Brasil" on the 19th of June, 2013, contained a list of demands which were widely reverberated through mainstream media, and would end up becoming more-or-less the "canonical list" of demands for the entirety of the protests.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=O Tempo|title=Grupo 'Anonymous Brasil' divulga vídeo defendendo cinco causas para manifestações|date=2013-06-19|url=https://www.otempo.com.br/brasil/grupo-anonymous-brasil-divulga-video-defendendo-cinco-causas-para-manifestacoes-1.666650}}</ref><br />
<br />
Cells of the group also attacked the website of the right-wing Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement twice, defacing it, once in August and once in September, publicizing their demands both times and asking then-president Dilma Rousseff to speak in their favor.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=UOL|title=Na véspera de protesto, Anonymous invade site, critica veto a mascarados e cobra Dilma|date=2013-09-06|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2013/09/06/na-vespera-de-protestos-anonymous-invade-site-do-pmdb-critica-veto-a-mascarados-e-cobra-dilma.htm}}</ref><br />
====Million Mask March====<br />
After the Million Mask March of 2013, which was a part of an annual protest carried out by Anonymous sympathizers, cells in the United Kingdom managed to get in contact with mutual aid networks throughout the country. This led to the creation of Operation Safe Winter, which aimed to rally sympathizers of the group towards donating food and clothing to the homeless.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=OpSafeWinter|title=Anonymous #OpSafeWinter Engaged|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110105231/http://opsafewinter.org/?p=140}}</ref><br />
===Decline (2014–2018)===<br />
Cells of anons led multiple successful attacks in 2014, mainly against [[police]] brutality. Members of the collective disrupted the e-mail servers of Ferguson, Missouri, after the shooting of [[Michael Brown]] by police officers. Anonymous also publicized the identities of multiple members of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and of Timothy Loehmann, the police officer who shot Tamir Rice.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Lindsey Bever|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Amid Ferguson protests, hacker collective Anonymous wages cyberwar|date=2014-08-13|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813170428/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/08/13/amid-ferguson-protests-anonymous-hacktivists-wage-cyberwar/}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Gabriella Coleman|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous|date=2014-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606050822/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/19/hacker-hoaxer-whistleblower-spy-many-faces-anonymous-gabriella-coleman-review}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Ryllie Danylko|newspaper=Cleveland.com|title=Anonymous begins looking into past of Timothy Loehmann, cop who fatally shot Tamir Rice|date=2014-11-26|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2014/11/anonymous_begins_looking_into.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
Activity from Anonymous-related cells started to sharply decline at the start of 2015. Despite minor successes, the group was quickly losing credibility, as, with many previously-existing cells out of the picture, rallying cries often fell to deaf ears, and new "Operations" often amounted to nothing but empty threats. This resulted in the creation of many anti-anon jokes that were popular at the time, such as "Waiting for Anonymous to act is like waiting for your dad to return from getting cigarettes". Anonymous had gone from a powerful network of cells to a laughing stock, and such a change was quickly becoming visible.<br />
<br />
Anons were becoming quick to join in on failed attacks. Particularly, a wave of attacks against the [[Islamic State]] proved to have a disastrous effect, as the identities of many claimed ISIS sympathizers turned out to be the identities of innocent people.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Grace Dean|newspaper=BBC News|title=Anonymous 'anti-Islamic State list' features Obama and BBC News|date=2015-11-26|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-34919781}}</ref> With the ongoing conflict against the KKK dying down, Anonymous was quickly shifting towards becoming completely sterile in its actions.<br />
<br />
The group's situation wasn't helped by a massive PR blunder triggered by cell "AnonSec", which had gained access to part of NASA's computer network via a prolonged phishing campaign, and claimed to hold over 200GB of data, mostly relating to drone experiments. The group only released a slice of the data, which was later found to be composed mostly of data already released to the public domain. NASA later denied the hack, and the group seems to not have issued a response. The space agency claimed that their drone control systems remained unaffected.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=El Pescador|title=Como um golpe de phishing ajudou hackers a invadirem a NASA|date=2016-02-04|url=https://www.elpescador.com.br/blog/index.php/como-um-golpe-de-phishing-ajudou-hackers-a-invadirem-a-nasa/}}</ref><br />
<br />
During 2018, the pro-[[Donald Trump|Trump]] [[QAnon]] [[conspiracy theory]] movement started co-opting Anonymous branding, particularly via their use of the "We are legion" tagline. After the release of a video calling for an operation against QAnon by communicator "anon2world", an Anonymous cell coordinated a response by divulging the identity of Q adherents and by taking over Q-related hashtags on Twitter.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Violet Blue|newspaper=Endgadget|title=Anonymous deals with its QAnon branding problem|date=2018-08-10|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018-08-10-anonymous-deals-with-its-qanon-branding-problem.html}}</ref> This would be the last sizeable attack by the group until the [[George Floyd protests]] started in 2020.<br />
===Revival (2020–present)===<br />
====George Floyd protests====<br />
The 2020 protests against police brutality in the United States launched Anonymous into a new political landscape. It is speculated that, during the protests, Anonymous cells coordinated a DDoS attack against the website of the Minneapolis Police Department. Later, a cell published confidential documents from police stations around the US.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Nicole Karlis|newspaper=Salon|title=Inside "Blue Leaks," a trove of hacked police documents released by Anonymous|date=2020-06-22|url=https://www.salon.com/2020/06/22/inside-blue-leaks-a-trove-of-hacked-police-documents-released-by-anonymous/}}</ref><br />
====Operation Jane====<br />
The name "Anonymous" would not go back into the halls of mainstream media until September 2021, when the [[Texas|State of Texas]] passed the Heartbeat Act, a law that forbid [[Abortion|abortions]] after six weeks of pregnancy. This led to the creation of "Operation Jane", which targeted the Republican Party of Texas and accessories to the enforcement of anti-abortion laws.<br />
<br />
In their initial stages, attacks involved filling report forms on websites with fake, but believable information, which would turn the entire dataset of reported abortions useless, as it would no longer be reliable to use it for investigations. Actions quickly escalated, and on the anniversary of the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]], the Texas Republican Party website was defaced with links to Planned Parenthood, memes, pornography and protest.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Carly Novell|newspaper=Daily Dot|title=Anonymous hacks Texas GOP website, floods it with memes|date=2021-09-11|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911204719/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-hacks-texas-gop-website-floods-it-with-memes/}}</ref><br />
<br />
The attacks culminated on the release of confidential data sourced from right-wing website host Epik, along with confidential documents of the Republican Party.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Mikael Thalen|title=Anonymous releases data on Texas GOP in latest Epik hack dump|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-texas-gop-epik/}}</ref> While the attacks died down by the end of October, they pretty much erased most third-party "abortion watchdog" reporting sites from the internet.<br />
<br />
==== Reunification of Anonymous in Brazil ====<br />
In 2020, Anon cell "EterSec" started efforts to bring together old adherents to Anonymous, particularly the ones that had been part of the group during the 2013 protests. It more or less succeeded, and by 2021, EterSec became one of the biggest hacktivist cells in the world, having tens of participants spread throughout different "layers" of the group. The cell also attracted support from many anon communicators. It is a self-proclaimed [[Anarchism|anarchist]] group.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXkkuOuxubU|channel=TecMundo|title=Entrevista com Anonymous: ataques, hackers, Brasil, governo Bolsonaro e Lula|date=2023-01-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
The cell gained wide media attention in 2023 for publishing the personal information of Brazilian right-wing politician Carla Zambelli, and for revealing that she resided in a SPA while one of the districts that voted for her were suffering from calamities due to floods and rain. EterSec also revealed the identities of individuals who financed the 8 January coup attempt in Brazil, and continues to recruit members and call awareness to social issues.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Celimar de Meneses|newspaper=Metrópoles|title=Hackers que expuseram dados de Carla Zambelli pedem foco em denúncias|date=2023-02-23|url=https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/hackers-que-expuseram-dados-de-carla-zambelli-pedem-foco-em-denuncias}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Online communities]]</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Anonymous&diff=47894
Anonymous
2023-05-21T14:58:59Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Article with a basic history section</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party|name=Anonymous|logo=AnonLogo.png|founded=2007|predecessor=AntiSec|political_orientation=Ideologies vary, as association with the group is self-declared. However, there is a tendency towards left-wing ideologies.|slogan="We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us."}}<br />
<br />
'''Anonymous''' refers to an international collective of hacktivist cells with differing views and ideologies. The movement was particularly prominent from 2008 - 2013, and was notable in mainstream politics at the time for being a significant part of the [[Occupy movement|Occupy Wall Street protests]]<ref>{{Web citation|author=Sean Captain|newspaper=Fast Company|title=The Real Role of Anonymous in Occupy Wall Street|date=2011-10-18|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1788397/real-role-anonymous-occupy-wall-street|retrieved=2023-05-21}}</ref>. The movement has seen a resurgence in recent years, mainly as a response to growing [[reactionary]] movements and state action<ref>{{Web citation|author=Dillon Lad|newspaper=In Wait of Tomorrow|title=The resurgence of Anonymous and the effects of Hacktivism|date=2020-06-09|url=https://inwaitoftomorrow.appspot.com/blogs/anonymous-and-hacktivism}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===AntiSec Movement (~1990)===<br />
Anonymous is a spiritual successor to the AntiSec movement, which was born in the 1990s around the central issue of corruption within the cybersecurity industry. During that time, it was common practice for cybersecurity companies to hunt for vulnerabilities within operating systems or critical software packages, develop a patch once a vulnerability was found, and release the patch along with a document fully disclosing the discovered exploit, allowing bad actors to make use of it. Such conduct was essentially a ransom tactic, as it encouraged users to buy cybersecurity software from a company which found and disclosed an exploit.<br />
<br />
The AntiSec movement popularized many classic digital tactics aimed at creating annoyance and disruption, such as webpage defacing, e-mail flooding and DDoS attacks. Members of AntiSec, such as FBI informant Hector Xavier "Sabu" Montsegur, would later go on to participate in Anonymous cells and in related hacker collectives<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Parmy Olson|year=2013|title=We Are Anonymous: Inside the Hacker World of LulzSec, Anonymous, and the Global Cyber Insurgency|title-url=https://archive.org/details/weareanonymousin0000olso_l5h7|isbn=0316213527}}</ref>.<br />
===4chan (2007 - 2009)===<br />
====Origin and attack on Hal Turner====<br />
The embryo of Anonymous was formed on [[4chan]]'s "random" board, /b/, which was dedicated to posts about any topic. As posting on 4chan is anonymous by default, with the default handle attributed to uses being "Anonymous", users of the website would be nicknamed "Anons". The board would sometimes organize attacks or annoy public figures for the fun of it, with the first high-profile figure targeted by them being neo-nazi radio show host Hal Turner, whose website was taken down by a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack in January 2007. This incident seems to have been the origin of the use of the moniker "Anonymous" as a general way to describe internet troublemakers coming from 4chan<ref name=":0" />.<br />
====Project Chanology and creation of an "Anonymous identity"====<br />
On the 15th of January, 2008, celebrity-focused website Gawker divulged a video where Tom Cruise professed his love for the Church of Scientology. The Church responded by issuing a copyright notice on the video, which began what would become one of the first overreaching controversies on the internet.<br />
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The reaction from 4chan was near-immediate, with a post being made calling for people to utilize the now-defunct website Gigaloader.com (which repeatedly loaded a website's images from a list) to take down the Scientology website. This set the precedent for many anons using low-skill network stress testing tools, such at the Low-Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC) to run Denial of Service attacks against target websites. Many who used such tools were not aware that, by default, their IP addresses were publicly exposed to the website they were attacking<ref name=":0" />.<br />
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The Scientology website stayed down for around 10 days, only coming back up for sporadic periods. On the 21st of January, anons posted a video declaring war on the Church of Scientology, declaring the start of "Project Chanology". The video is believed to have originated the slogan "''We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forgive. Expect us''"<ref>{{Citation|title=Internet Group Anonymous Declares "War on Scientology"|title-url=https://www.prlog.org/10046797-internet-group-anonymous-declares-war-on-scientology.pdf}}</ref>. After the launch of the video, a great number of activists, many of whom called themselves "members of Anonymous", took part in a DDoS attack that took down the church's website for an entire day<ref>{{Web citation|author=Robert McMillan|newspaper=PC World|title=Hackers Hit Scientology With Online Attack|date=2008-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129083328/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id%2C141839-c%2Chackers/article.html}}</ref>.<br />
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During February, adherents of Project Chanology started planning physical demonstrations in front of Scientology buildings. As the church is known for persecuting those who protest against them, it was only logical to recommend that protestors wear masks. After some research, adherents concluded that the most common character mask sold all over the world was the Guy Fawkes mask from the film ''V for Vendetta'', and so, it was chosen to be the symbol of the movement<ref name=":0" />.<br />
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The hype behind the protests created a split between the anons. While many of them were in it for the fun of the situation, a great number of them had serious concerns about Scientology. The latter were often made fun of as moralists by the former, but eventually, Chanology and the moniker of Anonymous in general would predominantly configure themselves as social movements<ref name=":0" />. By the end of 2008, the movement was beginning to escape the confines of imageboards.<br />
===AnonOps and Occupy (2010 - 2011)===<br />
====Operation Payback and Operation Avenge Assange====<br />
On the 17th of September 2010, an Anonymous cell fired off a DDoS attack against the website of Aiplex Software, an indian company which was hired by Bollywood studios to run DDoS attacks against websites which shared pirated content, such as the Pirate Bay. Eventually, more cells joined in, attacking entities associated with [[Digital Restrictions Management]] and [[Intellectual property|copyright]] protection, such as the US Copyright Group, Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=BBC News|title=Activists target recording industry websites|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-11371315}}</ref>.<br />
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The Operation also revealed that a law firm in the United Kingdom, ACS:Law, had been hoarding the names and personal details of internet users accused of piracy, after the contents of the firm's e-mail servers were leaked to the public on the 21st of September<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=BBC News|title=Adult video-sharing list leaked from law firm|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-11418962}}</ref>.<br />
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All the commotion would birth many news Anonymous cells, the bulk of which organized via Internet Relay Chat networks. The high volume of new cells created to participate in the operation would influence further activity, particularly within the Occupy Wall Street movement. After being booted off bigger networks such as Freenode, a group of Anons would go on to form the AnonOps IRC network, specifically created to host chats for Anons<ref name=":0" />.<br />
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In November, Operation Payback was still running strong. WikiLeaks had recently gone under fire for releasing multiple confidential US diplomatic cables, with PayPal, Mastercard and Visa cutting service to the website, essentially starving it of financial support. Many other companies, such as Amazon, would cut off critical resources needed to keep WikiLeaks online on the clearweb. This generated massive backlash from many activist groups, including cells of Anons that would go on to attack banking and internet services that had refused to serve WikiLeaks, with the most prominent target being PayPal, which suffered a massive DDoS attack, mostly driven by a couple large botnets<ref name=":0" />.<br />
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"Operation Avenge Assange", as it would go on to be known, was one of the largest disruptions of service ever caused by Anonymous. A subsequent investigation by the FBI would lead to 14 arrests, all of them being of people who were individually insignificant to the attacks<ref>{{Web citation|author=Steven Musil|newspaper=CNET|title=Anonymous hackers plead guilty to 2010 PayPal cyberattack|date=2013-12-08|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/privacy/anonymous-hackers-plead-guilty-to-2010-paypal-cyberattack/}}</ref>.<br />
====Pre-Occupy operations====<br />
In January 2011, many Anon cells would come out in support of [[Arab Spring]] movements. This would culminate in "Operation Tunisia", which would lead to attacks on Tunisian government websites and would result in a concerted effort by Anonymous to help tunisian citizens overcome internet censorship measures<ref name=":0" />.<br />
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During the month of February, a cell that would later form into the hacker group "LulzSec" launched a cyber attack against Aaron Barr, of HBGary federal, which had been threatening to expose Anons. Barr's e-mails would be released, and his Twitter account would be vandalized with racist messages. The group would later realize that the identities Barr had collected were not from members of Anonymous, but instead from innocent bystanders which had been put on a list due to coincidences between the logoff times of Anons in IRC chats and their login times on Facebook<ref name=":0" />.<br />
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In April, Anonymous cells worked to take down Sony's PlayStation Network service for a month<ref name=":0" />, mostly due to Sony's hostility against pirated content and their constant effort to develop DRM solutions.<br />
====Occupy Wall Street====<br />
It has been rumored that the embryo for the [[Occupy movement]] was thought up by participants of an Anon cell, which proposed a "Manhattan invasion"<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Quinterna Comunista|title=Occupy the World together|date=2011|url=https://www.quinterna.org/lingue/english/articles_en/occupy_the_world_together.htm|quote=It may be a urban legend, but someone says that there was the hacktivist group Anonymous behind the idea of the "Manhattan invasion" and of occupying Wall Street. In fact, the group invited all his militants to support the movement furnishing technical information.}}</ref>. Occupy truly pushed the Anonymous moniker onto mainstream political activism, bringing attention to the group from other, non-internet activist groups. Anons worldwide helped organize protests, with the most famous one being the May 1 rally in front of the London Stock Exchange<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Occupy movement takes over parts of London Stock Exchange|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/may/01/occupy-movement-london-stock-exchange}}</ref>.<br />
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The bulk of Anonymous supported Occupy Wall Street from the origin of the movement until its collapse. It is suspected that Anons helped set up the "Freedom Towers" across many of the protests, which acted as open computer labs and wi-fi hotspots used to coordinate social media action and circumvent internet censorship in some nations.<br />
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Occupy represents a shifting point in the history of Anonymous, as the heavy infiltration by federal and corporate assets within the movement also affected Anonymous, to the point where the AnonOps IRC network became known as a hive of FBI agents<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Leftypedia|title=Hacktivism|url=https://wiki.leftypol.org/wiki/Hacktivism|quote=Just a quick note here, Anonymous was infiltrated and crushed by US federal law enforcement in 2011 and 2012. Do not join "Anonymous" IRC chat rooms, etc. today unless you want to be put on a list. Use other methods and venues for meeting/recruiting like-minded people. The original members of Anonymous mostly went to prison or quit, what remains today are largely US law enforcement and other state actors claiming the label}}</ref>.<br />
===Late Peak (2012 - 2013)===<br />
====Relevant operations in 2012====<br />
One of the last major DDoS attacks collectively ran via the AnonOps network happened in January of 2012, when Anons attacked the websites of the RIAA, MPAA, and of the Justice Department of the United States. The attack utilized a clever method in which bystanders' computers would be used to attack the targets via a piece of Javascript code embedded on a webpage that contained a supposed information leaflet against the SOPA and PIPA bills<ref>{{Web citation|author=Quinn Norton|newspaper=Wired|title=Anonymous Tricks Bystanders Into Attacking Justice Department|date=2012-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124153438/https://www.wired.com/2012/01/anons-rickroll-botnet/}}</ref>.<br />
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In November of 2012, Anonymous attempted to launch coordinated cyberattacks against Israel in retaliation for the genocide against palestinians, however, experts widely regarded the attacks as a failure. During that time, internet infrastructure was maturing, and it was no longer feasible to take down government websites with coordinated DDoS attacks led by individuals, which meant that cells of Anons had to search for people who would provide them with powerful botnets. Such providers were not found, and services were seldom disrupted<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ellen Messmer|newspaper=Computerworld|title=Anonymous cyberattack on Israel finds disputed impact|date=2013-07-04|archive-url=https://archive.ph/20130703162034/http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/security/anonymous-cyberattack-on-israel-finds-disputed-impact}}</ref>.<br />
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In December, Anonymous cell "KnightSec" received attention in the United States for revealing the identities of perpetrators involved in a rape case in Steubenville High School. The group also defaced a website, replacing its main page with demands for justice directed at school and city officials<ref>{{Web citation|author=Alexander Abad-Santos|title=Everything You Need to Know About Steubenville High's Football 'Rape Crew'|date=2013-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730065852/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/01/steubenville-high-football-rape-crew/60554/}}</ref>. The events would trigger one of the last relatively sizeable protests organized by Anons, featuring many city locals.<br />
====Involvement in the 2013 protests in Brazil====<br />
Anonymous was pivotal in leading the social media frenzy that accompanied the 2013 protests in Brazil, which started as general unrest against rising public transport fares. Research suggests that tags related to the group dominated brazilian social media on many pivotal days of the protests<ref>{{Web citation|author=Fernando do Valle|newspaper=Zona Curva|title=Anonymous foi o nó que desatou os protestos em 2013|url=https://www.zonacurva.com.br/anonymous-foi-o-no-que-desatou-os-protestos-em-2013/}}</ref>, with many Anons being present on the ground.<br />
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The participation of Anonymous was also important in attempting to unify the demands of the protestors. A video released by the cell "Anonymous Brasil" on the 19th of June, 2013, contained a list of demands which were widely reverberated through mainstream media, and would end up becoming more-or-less the "canonical list" of demands for the entirety of the protests<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=O Tempo|title=Grupo 'Anonymous Brasil' divulga vídeo defendendo cinco causas para manifestações|date=2013-06-19|url=https://www.otempo.com.br/brasil/grupo-anonymous-brasil-divulga-video-defendendo-cinco-causas-para-manifestacoes-1.666650}}</ref>.<br />
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Cells of the group also attacked the website of the right-wing Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement twice, defacing it, once in August and once in September, publicizing their demands both times and asking then-president Dilma Rousseff to speak in their favor<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=UOL|title=Na véspera de protesto, Anonymous invade site, critica veto a mascarados e cobra Dilma|date=2013-09-06|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2013/09/06/na-vespera-de-protestos-anonymous-invade-site-do-pmdb-critica-veto-a-mascarados-e-cobra-dilma.htm}}</ref>.<br />
====Million Mask March====<br />
After the Million Mask March of 2013, which was a part of an annual protest carried out by Anonymous sympathizers, cells in the United Kingdom managed to get in contact with mutual aid networks throughout the country. This led to the creation of Operation Safe Winter, which aimed to rally sympathizers of the group towards donating food and clothing to the homeless<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=OpSafeWinter|title=Anonymous #OpSafeWinter Engaged|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110105231/http://opsafewinter.org/?p=140}}</ref>.<br />
===Decline (2014 - 2018)===<br />
Cells of anons led multiple successful attacks in 2014, mainly against police brutality. Members of the collective disrupted the e-mail servers of Fergunson, Missouri, after the shooting of Michael Brown by police officers. Anonymous also publicized the identities of multiple members of the Klu Klux Klan and of Timothy Loehmann, a police officer involved in the shooting of Tamir Rice<ref>{{Web citation|author=Lindsey Bever|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Amid Ferguson protests, hacker collective Anonymous wages cyberwar|date=2014-08-13|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813170428/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/08/13/amid-ferguson-protests-anonymous-hacktivists-wage-cyberwar/}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Gabriella Coleman|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous|date=2014-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606050822/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/19/hacker-hoaxer-whistleblower-spy-many-faces-anonymous-gabriella-coleman-review}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Ryllie Danylko|newspaper=Cleveland.com|title=Anonymous begins looking into past of Timothy Loehmann, cop who fatally shot Tamir Rice|date=2014-11-26|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2014/11/anonymous_begins_looking_into.html}}</ref>.<br />
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Activity from Anonymous-related cells started to sharply decline at the start of 2015. Despite minor successes, the group was quickly losing credibility, as, with many previously-existing cells out of the picture, rallying cries often fell to deaf ears, and new "Operations" often amounted to nothing but empty threats. This resulted in the creation of many anti-anon jokes that were popular at the time, such as "Waiting for Anonymous to act is like waiting for your dad to return from getting cigarettes". Anonymous had gone from a powerful network of cells to a laughing stock, and such a change was quickly becoming visible.<br />
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Anons were becoming quick to join in on failed attacks. Particularly, a wave of attacks against the Islamic State proved to have a disastrous effect, as the identities of many claimed ISIS sympathizers turned out to be the identities of innocent people<ref>{{Web citation|author=Grace Dean|newspaper=BBC News|title=Anonymous 'anti-Islamic State list' features Obama and BBC News|date=2015-11-26|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-34919781}}</ref>. With the ongoing conflict against the KKK dying down, Anonymous was quickly shifting towards becoming completely sterile in its actions.<br />
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The group's situation wasn't helped by a massive PR blunder triggered by cell "AnonSec", which had gained access to part of NASA's computer network via a prolonged phishing campaign, and claimed to hold over 200GB of data, mostly relating to drone experiments. The group only released a slice of the data, which was later found to be composed mostly of data already released to the public domain. NASA later denied the hack, and the group seems to not have issued a response. The space agency claimed that their drone control systems remained unaffected<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=El Pescador|title=Como um golpe de phishing ajudou hackers a invadirem a NASA|date=2016-02-04|url=https://www.elpescador.com.br/blog/index.php/como-um-golpe-de-phishing-ajudou-hackers-a-invadirem-a-nasa/}}</ref>.<br />
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During 2018, the pro-Trump QAnon conspiracy theory movement started co-opting Anonymous branding, particularly via their use of the "We are legion" tagline. After the release of a video calling for an operation against QAnon by communicator "anon2world", an Anonymous cell coordinated a response by divulging the identity of Q adherents and by taking over Q-related hashtags on Twitter<ref>{{Web citation|author=Violet Blue|newspaper=Endgadget|title=Anonymous deals with its QAnon branding problem|date=2018-08-10|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018-08-10-anonymous-deals-with-its-qanon-branding-problem.html}}</ref>. This would be the last sizeable attack by the group until the George Floyd protests started in 2020.<br />
===Revival (2020 -)===<br />
====George Floyd protests====<br />
The 2020 protests against police brutality in the United States launched Anonymous into a new political landscape. It is speculated that, during the protests, Anonymous cells coordinated a DDoS attack against the website of the Minneapolis Police Department. Later, a cell published confidential documents from police stations around the US<ref>{{Web citation|author=Nicole Karlis|newspaper=Salon|title=Inside "Blue Leaks," a trove of hacked police documents released by Anonymous|date=2020-06-22|url=https://www.salon.com/2020/06/22/inside-blue-leaks-a-trove-of-hacked-police-documents-released-by-anonymous/}}</ref>.<br />
====Operation Jane====<br />
The name "Anonymous" would not go back into the halls of mainstream media until September 2021, when the State of Texas passed the Heartbeat Act, a law that forbid abortions after six weeks of pregnancy. This led to the creation of "Operation Jane", which targeted the Republican Party of Texas and accessories to the enforcement of anti-abortion laws.<br />
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In their initial stages, attacks involved filling report forms on websites with fake, but credible information, which would turn the entire dataset of reported abortions useless, as it would no longer be reliable to use it for investigations. Actions quickly escalated, and on the anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, the Texas Republican Party website was defaced with links to Planned Parenthood, memes, pornography and protest<ref>{{Web citation|author=Carly Novell|newspaper=Daily Dot|title=Anonymous hacks Texas GOP website, floods it with memes|date=2021-09-11|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911204719/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-hacks-texas-gop-website-floods-it-with-memes/}}</ref>.<br />
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The attacks culminated on the release of confidential data sourced from right-wing website host Epik, along with confidential documents of the Republican Party<ref>{{Web citation|author=Mikael Thalen|title=Anonymous releases data on Texas GOP in latest Epik hack dump|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-texas-gop-epik/}}</ref>. While the attacks died down by the end of October, they pretty much erased most third-party "abortion watchdog" reporting sites from the internet.<br />
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==== Reunification of Anonymous in Brazil ====<br />
In 2020, Anon cell "EterSec" started efforts to bring together old adherents to Anonymous, particularly the ones that had been part of the group during the 2013 protests. It more or less succeeded, and by 2021, EterSec became one of the biggest hacktivist cells in the world, having tens of participants spread throughout different "layers" of the group. The cell also attracted support from many anon communicators. It is a self-proclaimed anarchist group<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXkkuOuxubU|channel=TecMundo|title=Entrevista com Anonymous: ataques, hackers, Brasil, governo Bolsonaro e Lula|date=2023-01-15}}</ref>.<br />
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The cell gained wide media attention in 2023 for publishing the personal information of brazilian right-wing politician Carla Zambelli, and for revealing that she resided in a SPA while one of the districts that voted for her were suffering from calamities due to floods and rain. EterSec also revealed the identities of individuals who financed the 8 January coup attempt in Brazil, and continues to recruit members and call awareness to social issues<ref>{{Web citation|author=Celimar de Meneses|newspaper=Metrópoles|title=Hackers que expuseram dados de Carla Zambelli pedem foco em denúncias|date=2023-02-23|url=https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/hackers-que-expuseram-dados-de-carla-zambelli-pedem-foco-em-denuncias}}</ref>.<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Anonymous%27_Message_to_Scientology.webm&diff=47890
File:Anonymous' Message to Scientology.webm
2023-05-21T14:04:11Z
<p>SovietPasiune: First Anon "media release", published 2008.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
First Anon "media release", published 2008.</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Brazilian_National-Socialist_Party&diff=47382
Brazilian National-Socialist Party
2023-05-08T01:03:03Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Add stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party|name=Brazilian National-Socialist Party|native_name=Partido Nacional-Socialista Brasileiro|founded=1988|abbreviation=PNSB|leader=Armando Zanini Junior|banned=1989|membership_year=1994|membership=~1000|political_orientation=[[Nazism|Nazism]]}}<br />
<br />
The '''Brazilian National-Socialist Party''' (Portuguese: ''Partido Nacional-Socialista Brasileiro'', PNSB), also known as the '''Brazilian Nationalist Revolutionary Party''' (Portuguese: ''Partido Nacionalista Revolucionário Brasileiro'', PNRB) is a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-nazi]] political party in Brazil. The party acts clandestinely, as brazilian laws strictly forbid the formation of nazi organizations and the public expousing of nazism<ref>{{Citation|author=CALDEIRA NETO, Odilon|year=2020|title=Neofascismo, "Nova República" e a ascenção das direitas no Brasil|title-url=https://revistas.uece.br/index.php/revistaconhecer/article/download/2060/2420/10009}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:AnonLogo.png&diff=45609
File:AnonLogo.png
2023-03-28T22:22:04Z
<p>SovietPasiune: A depiction of the Anonymous logo.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
A depiction of the Anonymous logo.</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Infrared&diff=45347
Infrared
2023-03-19T12:49:26Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Haz Al-Din is merely another pseudonym, so I'm changing this section.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox youtuber|name=Infrared|Ideology=[[Patriotic socialism]]<br><br />
* [[Marxism-Leninism]] (claimed)<br />
* [[MAGA communism]]<br />
* [[Nationalism|Bourgeois nationalism]]<br />
* [[Reactionary|Chauvinism]]<br />
* [[Fascism|Cryptofascism]]<br />
* [[Fourth Political Theory|Duginism]]<br />
* [[Settler colonialism]]<br />
|logo=Infrared channel logo.png|nationality=[[Statesian]]|website=[https://www.infrared.gg/ INFRARED]|years_active=2020–present|subscribers=23,000|views=2,330,000|associated_acts=[[Jackson Hinkle|''The Dive'']]<br>|stats_update=19 march 2023|pseudonym=Haz Al-Din}}<br />
<br />
'''Infrared''' is a media collective led by '''Haz Al-Din''', a self-described [[Marxist-Leninist]] and [[Patriotic socialism|patriotic socialist]] based in Detroit, Michigan, [[United States of America|USA]]. As of 2022, the channel has about 20,000 subscribers and over 2,000,000 views.<ref>{{News citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=Youtube|title=About|url=https://www.youtube.com/c/InfraredShow/about|retrieved=2022-7-12}}</ref> His community is based on a mixture of Marxism-Leninism, [[populism]], and esotericism.<ref>{{News citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=YouTube|title=What Infrared Is All About|date=2022-07-13|url=https://youtu.be/jwyqM8VcHR0}}</ref><br />
== Content ==<br />
The Infrared collective is dominated by Haz, in regards to their content. Their youtube channel largely contains entire livestreams, mostly of Haz, or clips of livestreams, such as notable parts of debates. Such content often includes, on its thumbnail, exaggerated or even fabricated quotes of what the other person in the debate said, along with other attention-grabbing pictures.<ref>{{News citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=Youtube|url=https://www.youtube.com/c/InfraredShow/videos|retrieved=2022-7-28}}</ref><br />
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In October 2022, following [[ProleWiki]]'s purge of patsocs, the Infrared community started [[InfraWiki]] to promote MAGA communism and patriotic socialism.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title=InfraWiki|date=2022-11-21|url=https://infrawiki.us/index.php/InfraWiki|retrieved=2022-11-25}}</ref><br />
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== Distortion of Marxism ==<br />
Haz described [[Feudalism|feudal]] countries including the [[Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)|Ottoman Empire]], [[Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)|Tsardom of Russia]], and [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]] as examples of "[[Actually Existing Socialism|actual socialism]]."<ref>{{Web citation|author=@InfraHaz|newspaper=Twitter|title=Example of Actual Socialism:|date=2022-01-10|url=https://twitter.com/InfraHaz/status/1480351807838699521|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811223508/https://twitter.com/InfraHaz/status/1480351807838699521|archive-date=2022-08-11|retrieved=2022-08-12}}</ref> On a Twitch stream, he claimed the United States is already a [[Socialism|socialist]] country.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title="We already live in socialism"|url=https://infrawiki.us/index.php/%27%27We_already_live_in_socialism%27%27|retrieved=2022-11-26|quote=''We already live in socialism'' is a phrase used by Infrared to signify that the process of achieving socialism has already begun. The phrase was first introduced during a Twitch stream discussing the controversial tweet by Haz on the matter.}}</ref><br />
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== Ideology ==<br />
Haz and his community hold many "socially conservative views," upholding the [[American Revolution]] as a force of [[anti-imperialism]], and rapidly inherited the vestiges of the [[United States imperialism|empire]] in the aftermath of [[WWII]], when [[British]] [[capital]] was used to subvert the American republic through transnational and unconstitutional institutions,<ref>{{News citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=Youtube|title=In Defense of the American Revolution|date=2022-07-04|url=https://youtu.be/yOIzZCnpXaY?t=9975|retrieved=2022-07-20|quote="what most people think of when they think of American imperialism is after World War II...<br />
<br />
I make the argument that after World War II you see a merger at best and more realistically a takeover by the architects of the new British empire...[of] the American state so America's you know global system and you know, it's crimes around the world, I mean that is coming from this new British empire like the Iraq war for example..."|archive-url=https://youtu.be/yOIzZCnpXaY?t=9975|archive-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> and taking a heavily unorthodox approach to disseminating ideology, most commonly adopting esoteric jargon like "mecha-[[Tankie|tankies]]" and "[[Stalinism|Stalinist]] Futurism" to distinguish themselves and their positions from what they consider to be the "[[Baizuo]]" and the "synthetic left."<ref>{{News citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=Youtube|title=Rise of the Mecha-Tankies|date=2022-7-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPojH2KtLks|retrieved=2022-7-20|quote=[From video description] Mecha-Tankies are finally taking form as the ultimate Infrared hyperstition, which was the original intention of the collective from the very beginning. In today's stream, I will briefly explain and go over my recent article 'on the PatSoc' split to better explain what Mecha-Tankies are, the threat posed by social-democracy, and the recent controversy surrounding productive and unproductive labor.}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hostility to planned economies ===<br />
Haz views [[Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong's]] collaboration with the [[United States of America]] during the 1970s as a positive thing. He furthermore is highly critical of the Soviet [[planned economy]].<br />
<br />
=== Reformism ===<br />
Haz, during an online debate, claimed that attempting to establish a [[Dictatorship of the proletariat|proletarian dictatorship]] via a [[Revolution|revolutionary action]] was inherently false and undesirable for the simple fact that it is not legal according to a [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois government's]] own laws. He further claimed:<blockquote>"Here's what you tell the people: You tell the people [that] you follow the laws, and ''if'' they, the government [of the [[United States of America]]] starts violating its own laws <ref group="note">Ignoring that the government of the United States of America has, ever since it existed, violated it own legal code, via its many genocides, acts of war, exploitation, mass imprisonment of ethnic minorities, etc.</ref> and effectively collapses at that point, our [[Liberalism|bourgeois democracy]] collapses, then, as our Founding Fathers<ref group="note">In the context of [[Statesian]] ultranationalist parlance, the "founding fathers" refers to a group of wealthy slave owners and plutocrats who staged a [[Bourgeois revolution]] which created the United States of America.</ref> told us, you have a right to [use revolutionary action]."<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Youtube|title=Haz vs Jason Unruhe {{!}} InfraredShow Debate|date=2021-9-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp3SGniPMH4&t=4795s|retrieved=2022-8-7}}</ref></blockquote>Infrared, in a video, actively endorsed a USA Senate Candidate by the name of Diane Sare, a [[reactionary]] [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] figure. The justification for this blatant [[Opportunism|right-opportunist]] support for [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois-liberals]] being that this Senate Candidate was "[[Austerity|rescuing the decaying U.S. economy]]" and "promoting peace & cooperation with [[Russian Federation|Russia]] and [[China]]".<ref>{{Web citation|author=Infrared|newspaper=Youtube|title=Interview With US Senate Candidate Diane Sare|date=2022-8-9|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsL6Bf_Ekgo|retrieved=2022-8-10|quote=''[from video description]'' Diane Sare is running as an independent on the New York November 8th, 2022 midterm ballot running for US Senate. She hopes to take on the two-party duopoly and create a workable platform for rescuing the decaying American economy and promoting peace & cooperation with Russia and China.}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Settler colonialism ===<br />
Haz rejected indigenous claims to U.S. land and said there was no dispute for U.S. territory between [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] and indigenous peoples.<ref>{{Web citation|author=@InfraHaz|newspaper=Twitter|title=Thread|date=2021-09-09|url=https://twitter.com/InfraHaz/status/1436086573385371649?s=20|quote=Saying America is "Occupied Indigenous Land" is like saying America is "Occupied CHAZ Land." You can't just claim land on the basis of morality and then call it occupied. America isn't, as a whole, disputed territory in any meaningful political sense. Beyond your own morality.}}</ref> He believes the United States was not originally an empire and that the British forced the U.S. to become imperialist.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp3SGniPMH4&t=4097s|channel=Black Lenin|title=Haz vs Jason Unruhe {{!}} InfraredShow Debate|quote=[The United States] has become [an empire], also because we have allowed the British intelligence to conquer our country. Well, the British ruling class conquered our deep state and our country and became our ruling class, so yeah, we became an empire. But that's not how the republic was founded.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Slogans and hashtags ==<br />
<br />
=== ''#CPUSA 2036'' ===<br />
The Infrared community has popularized the [[Twitter]] hashtag and internet meme [[CPUSA 2036]] which describes their aim to take control of the [[Communist Party of the United States of America|CPUSA]], remove its [[liberal]] components (or, in other words, turn it into their patriotic socialist pet project), and win in the 2036 presidential election.<ref>[https://future.fandom.com/f/p/4400000000000244029 "What is Communist Party 2036?" on Fandom]</ref><br />
<br />
=== ''#MAGACommunism'' ===<br />
{{Main article|MAGACommunism}}<br />
"MAGACommunism" is a [[Tailism|tailist]] internet slogan commonly promoted by Infrared and other patriotic socialists. It calls for the political and ideological unification with the highly [[anti-communist]] and [[reactionary]] [[Trumpism|Trumpist]] movement, which is viewed by Infrared as being a "working-class movement" which could aid in defeating the "globalist beast."<ref>{{Web citation|author=Haz Al-Din|newspaper=[[Infrared]]|title=THE RISE OF MAGA COMMUNISM|date=2022-9-18|url=https://showinfrared.substack.com/p/the-rise-of-maga-communism?sd=pf|retrieved=2022-9-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/c/InfraredShow/featured Youtube]<br />
*[https://www.infrared.gg/ Website]<br />
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/ShowInfrared/ Reddit]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Caleb Maupin]]<br />
*[[Aleksandr Dugin|Alexander Dugin]]<br />
*[[National Bolshevism]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="note" /><br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Reactionaries]]<br />
[[Category:YouTube channels]]</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:SovietPasiune&diff=45324
Comrade:SovietPasiune
2023-03-18T22:47:04Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Xenia.jpg|thumb|Xenia, the Linux fox, is the best operating system mascot ever. Sadly, she has been forgotten by history.]]<br />
Hi, my name is Leah. I am the First Secretary of the [[Revolutionary Technical Committee]]. I normally enjoy editing articles about technology and its history, focusing on critical aspects. I am an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] Marxist-Leninist, and follow the line of the Popular Unity party in Brazil, though I left the party because, as a trans woman, gender dysphoria made it impossible for me to attend meetings.<br />
<br />
Being the overseer of the RTC, I am knowledgeable at programming, though I'm nowhere near a programming goddess nor near someone with full formal education. However, if you're a beginner and need help, especially with the C programming language, I'm available. And pssst - no matter your skill level - you should probably organize within the RTC (shameless promotion, I know).<br />
<br />
I have autism, somewhere on the mid-to-lower range of "high-functioning". I may have trouble understanding social norms, language cues and some specific forms of sarcasm.{{Userbox|id=[[File:Computer_with_h&s_grapthic.jpg|75px]]|info=This comrade likes<br>C O M P U T E R S|border-s=10|border-c=green|info-c=black|info-fc=green|info-s=10|id-c=green|id2=y}}{{Userbox|info=This comrade is female|id=she/her|info-c=black|id-c=pink|info-fc=white}}{{Userbox|info=This comrade is a trans girl, proud to be who she is!|id=[[File:Trans communist logo.png|80px]]|info-s=9|usercategory=Trans comrades}}{{Userbox|info=This comrade is from the Revolutionary Technical Committee|info-c=white|info-fc=black|border-s=3|border-c=black|id=[[File:NewRTCLogo.png|75px]]|info-s=12|id-c=white}}{{Userbox|info=https://revteccom.tk/join.html|info-s=10|border-s=3|border-c=red}}</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Party_of_the_Worker%27s_Cause&diff=44555
Party of the Worker's Cause
2023-03-06T22:06:09Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Add basic stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party|name=Party of the Worker's Cause|native_name=Partido da Causa Operária|founded=1995|president=Rui Costa Pimenta|registered=1997|split=Worker's Party}}<br />
<br />
The '''Party of the Worker's Cause''' (In Portuguese: '''Partido da Causa Operária''') (PCO) is a Brazilian [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] political party. It was founded in 1995 by dissidents from the Worker's Cause, a current that was expelled from the Workers' Party (PT) in 1992. The party is de-facto the smallest legalized political party in [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]], holding the electoral number 29, with a very high membership rotation. While the official number of members stands at 4883<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Supreme Electoral Court|title=Electorate Statistics - Affiliates|url=https://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/estatisticas/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados}}</ref>, former members estimate the number of active cadres to be at around 300.<ref>{{Web citation|title=PCO: reflexões críticas de egressos do Partido|url=https://hackmd.io/@mariopedrosa/HyIUFBNrU}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=ProleWiki:Essays/Archive&diff=44419
ProleWiki:Essays/Archive
2023-03-02T16:10:23Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Add new RTC essay to list</p>
<hr />
<div>{{changetitle|''Essays''}}<br />
This is a hub to promote original works made by our comrades. These are not officially endorsed by the whole of our comradeship, but anything with particularly egregious inaccuracies or problems might be subject for deletion. <br />
<br />
Share your texts, analyses, critiques, etc. <br />
<br />
It is '''generally not recommended''' to edit others' essays unless for simple copyediting and typos. Unless you've explicitly established some kind of collaborative partnership with someone, it's best to build upon others' works by copying it and citing it in your own original works.<br />
<br />
Discussion pages are useful for critique. <br />
<br />
== List of works ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Author<br />
!Work<br />
|-<br />
|Public Domain<br />
<br />
(free to edit)<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:The guide to talk to police by country|''The guide to talk to police by country'']]<br />
*[[Essay:The American Crisis of Capital: The Nazification of the United States|''The American Crisis of Capital: The Nazification of the United States'']]<br />
*[[Essay:Encrypting messages with PGP|[RTC] Encrypting messages with PGP]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Camarada.Forte|Camarada Forte]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:On drug use|''On drug use'']]<br />
* ''[[Essay:Art and the Juche idea|Art and the Juche idea]]''<br />
* ''[[Essay:A biological odyssey|A biological odyssey]]''<br />
* [[Essay:Comment on the Russo-Ukranian conflict|''Comment on the Russo-Ukranian conflict'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Certified Red G*mer|Certified Red G*mer]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Stalin wears Green and a Red Star|''Stalin wears green and a red star'']]<br />
* ''[[Essay:What is imperialism?|What is imperialism?]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:ComradeBirdyBird|ComradeBirdyBird]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Socialism is not a parrot concept, personal or governmental|''Socialism is not a parrot concept, personal or governmental'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Every communist must support China|''Every communist must support China'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Communists in the west and their internal struggles|''Communists in the west and their internal struggles'']]<br />
*[[Essay:Patriotic socialism is not socialist patriotism|''Patriotic socialism is not socialist patriotism'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Deogeo|Deogeo]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:The Pen is a Major Tool|''The Pen is a Major Tool'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Be Bold: Polite or Aggressive? Experiment!|''Be Bold: Polite or Aggressive? Experiment!'']]<br />
* [[Essay:What Are the Other Variants of Marxism?|''What Are the Other Variants of Marxism?'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Capital_Gotta_capital_and_others_poems|''Capital Gotta capital and other poems'']]<br />
* [[Essay:A_Statesian_Marxists'_Guide_to_Learning_Mandarin|''A Statesian Marxists' Guide to Learning Mandarin'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Incremental games for listening to Marxist literature|Incremental games for listening to Marxist literature]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Jucheguevara|Jucheguevara]]<br />
|<br />
* ''[[Essay:Abandon That Which You Cannot Defend|Abandon that which you cannot defend]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:The Mysterious Destruction of Productive Forces|The Mysterious Destruction of Productive Forces]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Savoy|Savoy]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:On Social Media: The Commodification of Human Connection|''On Social Media: The Commodification of Human Connection'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Wisconcom|Wisconcom]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Socialism and the vacuum: an opportunity|''Socialism and the vacuum: an opportunity'']]<br />
*''[[Essay:A model for a Digital Age Marxist-Leninist Society|A model for a Digital Age Marxist-Leninist Society]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:A Hoxhaist critique on the modern Social Imperialists|A Hoxhaist critique on the modern Social Imperialists]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:Remarks on the Mar-a-Lago incident|Remarks on the Mar-a-Lago incident]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|Anonymous [[Communist Party of the United States of America|CPUSA]] member, published via [[Comrade:Jucheguevara|Jucheguevara]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:On the Webbite Tendency in CPUSA|''On the Webbite Tendency in CPUSA'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Annamarx|Annamarx]]<br />
|<br />
* ''[[Essay:Dogmatism, An Anti-Marxist Tendency|Dogmatism, An Anti-Marxist Tendency]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:Problems with Maoism|Problems with Maoism]]''<br />
*[[Essay:What even is "dengism"?|''What even is "dengism"?'']]<br />
|-<br />
|Collective Stewardship and the CA of the Revolutionary Technical Committee (via [[Comrade:SovietPasiune|SovietPasiune]])<br />
|<br />
*[[Essay:Resolution of the First Congress on artistic works generated by artificial intelligence|Resolution of the First Congress on artistic works generated by artificial intelligence]]<br />
*[[Essay:The myth of legalistic software socialization|The myth of legalistic software socialization]]<br />
*[[Essay:When it comes to anti-trans legislation, form communist leagues!|When it comes to anti-trans legislation, form communist leagues!]]<br />
|}</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:SovietPasiune&diff=44417
Comrade:SovietPasiune
2023-03-02T02:42:45Z
<p>SovietPasiune: updated the rtc logo and infobox on my user page</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Xenia.jpg|thumb|Xenia, the Linux fox, is the best operating system mascot ever. Sadly, she has been forgotten by history.]]<br />
Hi, my name is Leah. I am the First Secretary of the [[Revolutionary Technical Committee]]. I normally enjoy editing articles about technology and its history, focusing on critical aspects. I am an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] Marxist-Leninist, and follow the line of the Popular Unity party in Brazil, though I left the party because, as a trans woman, gender dysphoria made it impossible for me to attend meetings.<br />
<br />
Being the overseer of the RTC, I am knowledgeable at programming, though I'm nowhere near a programming goddess nor near someone with full formal education. However, if you're a beginner and need help, especially with the C programming language, I'm available. And pssst - no matter your skill level - you should probably organize within the RTC (shameless promotion, I know).<br />
<br />
I have autism, somewhere on the mid-to-lower range of "high-functioning". I may have trouble understanding social norms, language cues and some specific forms of sarcasm.{{Userbox|id=[[File:Computer_with_h&s_grapthic.jpg|75px]]|info=This comrade likes<br>C O M P U T E R S|border-s=10|border-c=green|info-c=black|info-fc=green|info-s=10|id-c=green|id2=y}}{{Userbox|info=This comrade is female|id=she/her|info-c=black|id-c=pink|info-fc=white}}{{Userbox|info=This comrade is a trans girl, proud to be who she is!|id=[[File:Trans communist logo.png|80px]]|info-s=9|usercategory=Trans comrades}}{{Userbox|info=This comrade is from the Revolutionary Technical Committee|info-c=white|info-fc=black|border-s=3|border-c=black|id=[[File:NewRTCLogo.png|75px]]|info-s=12|usercategory=Comrades of the RTC|id-c=white}}{{Userbox|info=https://revteccom.tk/join.html|info-s=10|border-s=3|border-c=red}}</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:NewRTCLogo.png&diff=44415
File:NewRTCLogo.png
2023-03-02T02:02:37Z
<p>SovietPasiune: RTC Logo adopted in March 2023</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
RTC Logo adopted in March 2023</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Communist_International_(Stalinists-Hoxhaists)&diff=42287
Communist International (Stalinists-Hoxhaists)
2023-01-18T09:51:38Z
<p>SovietPasiune: start a rework</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party|name=Communist International (Stalinists-Hoxhaists)|logo=Hoxhaist flag.png|founded=1997 (As the Communist Party of Germany / Marxist Leninist)|leader=Wolfgang Eggers|split=United Socialist Party|political_orientation=[[Hoxhaism]]<br>[[Internationalism]]|position=Far-left|website=http://ciml.250x.com/aboutus.html}}<br />
<br />
{{Distinguish|the [[Communist International (1919–1943)]].}}<br />
<br />
The '''Communist International (Stalinists-Hoxhaists)''', also known as the '''Comintern (SH)''', is an international organization of [[Hoxhaism|Hoxhaists]]. They adhere to a new Marxist theory, which they call "Stalinism-Hoxhaism".<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The Comintern (SH) started as a late reaction to the merger between the Communist Party of Germany/Marxist-Leninist (KPD/ML) and the trotskyist International Marxist Group<ref>{{Web citation|author=F. J.|newspaper=Roter Morgen|title=Die KPD/ML – gegründet vor 54 Jahren als revolutionäre kommunistische Partei der deutschen Arbeiterklasse|url=https://rotermorgen.eu/54-jahre-kpd-ml/|quote=Erst Aust sagte 1987, nach der Zerschlagung der KPD durch die Trotzkisten, und kurz vor seinem Tode, dass die Zeit gekommen ist, wieder völlig von vorne an zu fangen. Das ist trotz mehrerer Versuche bisher nicht gelungen. Also packen wir es an! Vorwärts auf den Weg zur Schaffung einer neuen Partei der deutschen Arbeiterklasse im Sinne von Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin und Thälmann.}}</ref>. The party was founded by Wolfgang Eggers, who was a member of the KPD/ML for around two decades until the merger. After an 11-year wait, the internet made it possible for Eggers to organize once again, and thus, in 1997, he started up a website where he attempted to build a continuation of the KPD/ML<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Communist Party of Germany (Marxist-Leninist)|title=Homepage|date=1998-12-05|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205114753/http://members.xoom.com/cpgerml/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205114753/http://members.xoom.com/cpgerml/|quote=Copyright © 1997 , KPD/ML}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Pre-International (1997-2000) ===<br />
For his new successor party, Eggers reverted to the 1976 programme of the KPD/ML, which set the organization foward on an anti-revisionist path. Overall, the early years of the party's operation remained quiet, with a barely-active mailing list that contained discussion threads in both english and german. The most notable action of the party during this time was that it hosted an archive which contained english and german-language works by Lenin, Stalin and Hoxha, making it one of the earliest websites for marxist literature in history<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Wolfgang Eggers' Private Pages|title=Archive|date=1999-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990302024642/http://www.lueneburg.net/privatseiten/Eggers_Wolfgang/eng/archive.html}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Censorship==<br />
In late 2022, members of the Comintern (SH) where subjected to censorship on social media, particularly on the platforms of [[Facebook]] and [[Instagram]], with a large amount of Stalinist-Hoxhaist content being taken down on labeled "spam", and the party symbol of the hammer-sickle-rifle <ref group="note">Which is commonly used as a symbol of Hoxhaism in general.</ref> being branded as a "terrorist emblem". Other Comintern (SH) content on those platforms, especially those which were protesting the [[Queen Elizabeth II|British monarchy]], [[Zionism]], and others were similarly removed.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Comintern (S-H)|title=On the Censorship of the Party Emblem by the Bourgeoisie|date=2022-9-14|url=http://ciml.250x.com/sections/german_section/rfb/the_red_world_front.html|retrieved=2022-10-8|quote=[[File:2022 facebook censorship against Comintern (S-H).jpg|100px]]|image-caption=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references group="note" /><br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Communist parties]]<br />
[[Category:Hoxhaist organisations]]<br />
[[Category:Targets of censorship]]<br />
[[Category:International communist organizations]]</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=ProleWiki:Essays/Archive&diff=41744
ProleWiki:Essays/Archive
2023-01-11T19:31:42Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{changetitle|''Essays''}}<br />
This is a hub to promote original works made by our comrades. These are not officially endorsed by the whole of our comradeship, but anything with particularly egregious inaccuracies or problems might be subject for deletion. <br />
<br />
Share your texts, analyses, critiques, etc. <br />
<br />
It is '''generally not recommended''' to edit others' essays unless for simple copyediting and typos. Unless you've explicitly established some kind of collaborative partnership with someone, it's best to build upon others' works by copying it and citing it in your own original works.<br />
<br />
Discussion pages are useful for critique. <br />
<br />
== List of works ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Author<br />
!Work<br />
|-<br />
|Public Domain<br />
<br />
(free to edit)<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:The guide to talk to police by country|''The guide to talk to police by country'']]<br />
*[[Essay:The American Crisis of Capital: The Nazification of the United States|''The American Crisis of Capital: The Nazification of the United States'']]<br />
*[[Essay:Encrypting messages with PGP|[RTC] Encrypting messages with PGP]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Camarada.Forte|Camarada Forte]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:On drug use|''On drug use'']]<br />
* ''[[Essay:Art and the Juche idea|Art and the Juche idea]]''<br />
* ''[[Essay:A biological odyssey|A biological odyssey]]''<br />
* [[Essay:Comment on the Russo-Ukranian conflict|''Comment on the Russo-Ukranian conflict'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Certified Red G*mer|Certified Red G*mer]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Stalin wears Green and a Red Star|''Stalin wears green and a red star'']]<br />
* ''[[Essay:What is imperialism?|What is imperialism?]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:ComradeBirdyBird|ComradeBirdyBird]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Socialism is not a parrot concept, personal or governmental|''Socialism is not a parrot concept, personal or governmental'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Every communist must support China|''Every communist must support China'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Communists in the west and their internal struggles|''Communists in the west and their internal struggles'']]<br />
*[[Essay:Patriotic socialism is not socialist patriotism|''Patriotic socialism is not socialist patriotism'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Deogeo|Deogeo]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:The Pen is a Major Tool|''The Pen is a Major Tool'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Be Bold: Polite or Aggressive? Experiment!|''Be Bold: Polite or Aggressive? Experiment!'']]<br />
* [[Essay:What Are the Other Variants of Marxism?|''What Are the Other Variants of Marxism?'']]<br />
* [[Essay:Capital_Gotta_capital_and_others_poems|''Capital Gotta capital and other poems'']]<br />
* [[Essay:A_Statesian_Marxists'_Guide_to_Learning_Mandarin|''A Statesian Marxists' Guide to Learning Mandarin'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Jucheguevara|Jucheguevara]]<br />
|<br />
* ''[[Essay:Abandon That Which You Cannot Defend|Abandon that which you cannot defend]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:The Mysterious Destruction of Productive Forces|The Mysterious Destruction of Productive Forces]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Savoy|Savoy]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:On Social Media: The Commodification of Human Connection|''On Social Media: The Commodification of Human Connection'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:Wisconcom|Wisconcom]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:Socialism and the vacuum: an opportunity|''Socialism and the vacuum: an opportunity'']]<br />
*''[[Essay:A model for a Digital Age Marxist-Leninist Society|A model for a Digital Age Marxist-Leninist Society]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:A Hoxhaist critique on the modern Social Imperialists|A Hoxhaist critique on the modern Social Imperialists]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:Remarks on the Mar-a-Lago incident|Remarks on the Mar-a-Lago incident]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|Anonymous [[Communist Party of the United States of America|CPUSA]] member, published via [[Comrade:Jucheguevara|Jucheguevara]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Essay:On the Webbite Tendency in CPUSA|''On the Webbite Tendency in CPUSA'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Comrade:GopnikAward|GopnikAward]]<br />
|<br />
* ''[[Essay:Dogmatism, An Anti-Marxist Tendency|Dogmatism, An Anti-Marxist Tendency]]''<br />
*''[[Essay:Problems with Maoism|Problems With Maoism]]''<br />
*[[Essay:What even is "dengism"?|''What even is "dengism"?'']]<br />
|-<br />
|Collective Stewardship and the CA of the Revolutionary Technical Committee (via [[Comrade:SovietPasiune|SovietPasiune]])<br />
|<br />
*[[Essay:Resolution of the First Congress on artistic works generated by artificial intelligence|Resolution of the First Congress on artistic works generated by artificial intelligence]]<br />
*[[Essay:The myth of legalistic software socialization|The myth of legalistic software socialization]]<br />
|}</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step11-RM.png&diff=41740
File:Step11-RM.png
2023-01-11T19:17:37Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step10-RM.png&diff=41739
File:Step10-RM.png
2023-01-11T19:17:20Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step9-RM.png&diff=41738
File:Step9-RM.png
2023-01-11T19:17:05Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step8-RM.png&diff=41737
File:Step8-RM.png
2023-01-11T19:16:54Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step7-RM.png&diff=41735
File:Step7-RM.png
2023-01-11T19:03:59Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step6-RM.png&diff=41733
File:Step6-RM.png
2023-01-11T18:53:49Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step5-RM.png&diff=41730
File:Step5-RM.png
2023-01-11T18:42:39Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step4-RM.png&diff=41727
File:Step4-RM.png
2023-01-11T17:59:32Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step3-RM.png&diff=41726
File:Step3-RM.png
2023-01-11T17:59:16Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step2-RM.png&diff=41725
File:Step2-RM.png
2023-01-11T17:59:02Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Step1-RM.png&diff=41724
File:Step1-RM.png
2023-01-11T17:58:46Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Manual1Illust.png&diff=41723
File:Manual1Illust.png
2023-01-11T17:41:37Z
<p>SovietPasiune: How PGP encryption works</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
How PGP encryption works</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Party_for_Reclamation_and_Survival&diff=41555
Party for Reclamation and Survival
2023-01-06T12:41:23Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party|name=The Party for Reclamation and Survival|logo=RAS_logo.jpg|political_orientation=[[Anti-imperialism]]<br>[[Eco-Socialist]]<br>[[Marxist]]<br>[[Marxist-Leninist]]<br>Placeholder|international=Placeholder}}{{Message box/Stub}}<br />
The '''Party for Reclamation and Survival''' ('''RAS''') is a revolutionary Marxist political party in the [[United States of America|United States]]. They are semi-underground, consisting mostly of feminists that adhere to [[dialectical materialism]]. The party takes a pro-decolonization stance<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Party for Reclamation and Survival|newspaper=Twitter|title=What makes the RAS different from other Communist organizations in the United States empire?|date=2021-06-05|url=https://twitter.com/Reclaim_Survive/status/1401316373242859522?cxt=HHwWhMCi0aT0vPImAAAA}}</ref>. They position themselves as defending [[Actually Existing Socialism|actually existing socialism]]<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Party for Reclamation and Survival|newspaper=Twitter|date=2022-08-02|url=https://twitter.com/Reclaim_Survive/status/1554478098845949956?cxt=HHwWiICzzYnmzpIrAAAA|quote=}}</ref>. Due to a series of well-documented errors, the organization is in the process of collapse. <ref>{{Web citation|author=Former party membership|newspaper=|date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222095208/https://docs.google.com/document/d/1T_FkuvyEfSL-FUi3nv73vFRJBqom6oDHrvmX9mfySyk/edit|quote=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://twitter.com/Reclaim_Survive Twitter]<br />
* [https://linktr.ee/Reclaim_Survive Linktree]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[[Category:Statesian communist parties]]<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Communist parties]]<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:RTC_sled.png&diff=41494
File:RTC sled.png
2023-01-05T03:36:44Z
<p>SovietPasiune: An RTC text editor running on Linux.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
An RTC text editor running on Linux.</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Red_Star_OS_Logo.png&diff=41434
File:Red Star OS Logo.png
2023-01-04T00:25:07Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Logo of Red Star OS</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Logo of Red Star OS</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:SovietPasiune/InfoboxSandbox&diff=41423
Comrade:SovietPasiune/InfoboxSandbox
2023-01-03T18:44:13Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox<br />
| bodyclass = vevent<br />
| bodystyle = {{{bodystyle|}}}<br />
| title = {{#if:{{{title|{{{name|}}}}}}|{{{title|{{{name|}}}}}}|<includeonly>{{PAGENAMEBASE}}</includeonly>}}<br />
| titleclass = summary<br />
| labelstyle = white-space: nowrap;<br />
| subheader = {{#if:{{{version_of|{{{version of|}}}}}}|Version of the {{{version_of|{{{version of|}}}}}} operating system}}<br />
| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{logo|}}}|size={{{logo_size|{{{logo size|}}}}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{logo_alt|{{{logo alt|}}}}}}}}<br />
| caption = {{{logo_caption|{{{logo caption|}}}}}}<br />
| image2 = {{#if:{{{collapsible|}}}|{{hidden begin|title=Screenshot|titlestyle=text-align:center|contentstyle=text-align:center}}}}{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{screenshot|}}}|size={{{screenshot_size|}}}|sizedefault=300px|alt={{{screenshot_alt|}}}}}<br />
| caption2 = {{{caption|}}}{{#if:{{{collapsible|}}}|{{hidden end}}}}<br />
| label1 = [[Programmer|Developer]]<br />
| data1 = {{{developer|}}}<br />
| label2 = [[programming language|Written in]]<br />
| data2 = {{{programmed_in|{{{programmed in|{{{prog_language|{{{prog language|}}}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label3 = OS family<br />
| data3 = {{{family|}}}<br />
| label4 = Working state<br />
| data4 = {{{working_state|{{{working state|}}}}}}<br />
| label5 = Source model<br />
| data5 = {{{source_model|{{{source model|}}}}}}<br />
| label6 = Initial release<br />
| data6 = {{#if:{{{RTM_date|{{{RTM date|{{{first_release_date|{{{first release date|}}}}}}}}}}}}{{{GA_date|{{{GA date|}}}}}}||{{{released|}}}}}<br />
| label7 = [[Software release life cycle#RTM|Released to <br />manufacturing]]<br />
| data7 = {{{RTM_date|{{{RTM date|{{{first_release_date|{{{first release date|}}}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{RTM_url|{{{RTM url|}}}}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{{RTM_url|{{{RTM url|}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label8 = [[Software release life cycle#General availability (GA)|General<br />availability]]<br />
| data8 = {{{GA_date|{{{GA date|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{GA_url|{{{GA url|}}}}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{{GA_url|{{{GA url|}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label9 = [[Software release life cycle|{{#if:{{{discontinued|}}}|Final release|Latest release}}]]<br />
| data9 = {{#if:{{{latest release version|{{{latest_release_version|{{{release_version|{{{release version|}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{{latest release version|{{{latest_release_version|{{{release_version|{{{release version|}}}}}}}}}}}} {{#if:{{{latest release date|{{{latest_release_date|{{{release_date|{{{release date|}}}}}}}}}}}}|/ {{{latest release date|{{{latest_release_date|{{{release_date|{{{release date|}}}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{release_url|{{{release url|}}}}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{{release_url|{{{release url|}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{#ifexist:Template:Latest stable software release/{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{Latest stable software release/{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label10 = [[Software release life cycle|{{#if:{{{discontinued|}}}|Final preview|Latest preview}}]]<br />
| data10 = {{#if:{{{latest preview version|{{{latest_preview_version|{{{preview_version|{{{preview version|}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{{latest preview version|{{{latest_preview_version|{{{preview_version|{{{preview version|}}}}}}}}}}}} {{#if:{{{latest preview date|{{{latest_preview_date|{{{preview_date|{{{preview date|}}}}}}}}}}}}|/ {{{latest preview date|{{{latest_preview_date|{{{preview_date|{{{preview date|}}}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{preview_url|{{{preview url|}}}}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{{preview_url|{{{preview url|}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{#ifexist:Template:Latest preview software release/{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{Latest preview software release/{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label11 = [[Repository (version control)|Repository]]<br />
| data11 = {{#if:{{{repo|}}}<br />
|{{{repo|}}}<br />
|{{#if: {{#property:P1324}}<br />
|{{#ifeq: {{wikidata|property|P1324|best|format=%p}} | none<br />
|{{wikidata|property|P1324|best|format=%p}}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P1324}}<br />
|{{Plainlist|<ul><li>{{URL|{{wikidata|property|P1324|best|format=%p}}}}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P1324}}</li></ul>}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| label12 = Marketing target<br />
| data12 = {{{marketing_target|{{{marketing target|}}}}}}<br />
| label13 = [[Natural language|Available in]]<br />
| data13 = {{#if:{{{language count|}}}|{{{language count}}} languages|{{{language|{{{human_language|{{{human language|}}}}}}}}}}}{{{language footnote|}}}<br />
| data14 = {{#if:{{{language count|}}}|{{#if:{{{language|{{{human_language|{{{human language|}}}}}}}}}|{{hidden top|title=List of languages|titlestyle=background-color: transparent;}}{{{language|}}}{{hidden bottom}}}}}}<br />
| label15 = Update method<br />
| data15 = {{{updatemodel|{{{update_model|{{{update model|}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label16 = [[Package manager]]<br />
| data16 = {{{package_manager|{{{package manager|}}}}}}<br />
| label17 = Platforms<br />
| data17 = {{{supported_platforms|{{{supported platforms|}}}}}}<br />
| label18 = [[Kernel (operating system)|Kernel]] type<br />
| data18 = {{{kernel_type|{{{kernel type|}}}}}}<br />
| label19 = [[User space and kernel space|Userland]]<br />
| data19 = {{{userland|}}}<br />
| label20 = Influenced<br />
| data20 = {{{influenced|}}}<br />
| label21 = Influenced by<br />
| data21 = {{{influenced_by|{{{influenced by|}}}}}}<br />
| label22 = [[user interface|Default<br />user interface]]<br />
| data22 = {{{ui|}}}<br />
| label23 = [[Software license|License]]<br />
| data23 = {{{license|}}}<br />
| label24 = Preceded by<br />
| data24 = {{{preceded_by|{{{preceded by|}}}}}}<br />
| label25 = Succeeded by<br />
| data25 = {{{succeeded_by|{{{succeeded by|}}}}}}<br />
| label26 = Official website<br />
| data26 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}<br />
|{{#ifeq:{{{website|}}}|hide||{{{website|}}} }}<br />
|{{#if:{{#property:P856}}<br />
|{{URL|{{#property:P856}}}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| label27 = Tagline<br />
| data27 = {{{tagline|}}}<br />
| header28 = {{#if:{{{support_status|{{{support status|}}}}}}|Support status}}<br />
| data29 = {{{support_status|{{{support status|}}}}}}<br />
| header30 = {{#if:{{{other_articles|{{{other articles|}}}}}}|Articles in the series}}<br />
| below = {{{other_articles|{{{other articles|}}}}}}<br />
| belowstyle = text-align: center<br />
}}<br />
<noinclude><br />
{{Documentation}}<!-- Please add interwikis to the /doc page, not here --><br />
</noinclude></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:RTC_test_graphic.png&diff=41421
File:RTC test graphic.png
2023-01-03T18:35:44Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Test graphic. Tests transparency and color range</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Test graphic. Tests transparency and color range</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:SovietPasiune/InfoboxSandbox&diff=41420
Comrade:SovietPasiune/InfoboxSandbox
2023-01-03T18:14:20Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox<br />
| bodyclass = vevent<br />
| bodystyle = {{{bodystyle|}}}<br />
| title = {{#if:{{{title|{{{name|}}}}}}|{{{title|{{{name|}}}}}}|<includeonly>{{PAGENAMEBASE}}</includeonly>}}<br />
| titleclass = summary<br />
| labelstyle = white-space: nowrap;<br />
| subheader = {{#if:{{{version_of|{{{version of|}}}}}}|Version of the {{{version_of|{{{version of|}}}}}} operating system}}<br />
| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{logo|}}}|size={{{logo_size|{{{logo size|}}}}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{logo_alt|{{{logo alt|}}}}}}}}<br />
| caption = {{{logo_caption|{{{logo caption|}}}}}}<br />
| image2 = {{#if:{{{collapsible|}}}|{{hidden begin|title=Screenshot|titlestyle=text-align:center|contentstyle=text-align:center}}}}{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{screenshot|}}}|size={{{screenshot_size|}}}|sizedefault=300px|alt={{{screenshot_alt|}}}}}<br />
| caption2 = {{{caption|}}}{{#if:{{{collapsible|}}}|{{hidden end}}}}<br />
| label1 = [[Programmer|Developer]]<br />
| data1 = {{{developer|}}}<br />
| label2 = [[programming language|Written in]]<br />
| data2 = {{{programmed_in|{{{programmed in|{{{prog_language|{{{prog language|}}}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label3 = OS family<br />
| data3 = {{{family|}}}<br />
| label4 = Working state<br />
| data4 = {{{working_state|{{{working state|}}}}}}<br />
| label5 = Source model<br />
| data5 = {{{source_model|{{{source model|}}}}}}<br />
| label6 = Initial release<br />
| data6 = {{#if:{{{RTM_date|{{{RTM date|{{{first_release_date|{{{first release date|}}}}}}}}}}}}{{{GA_date|{{{GA date|}}}}}}||{{{released|}}}}}<br />
| label7 = [[Software release life cycle#RTM|Released to <br />manufacturing]]<br />
| data7 = {{{RTM_date|{{{RTM date|{{{first_release_date|{{{first release date|}}}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{RTM_url|{{{RTM url|}}}}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{{RTM_url|{{{RTM url|}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label8 = [[Software release life cycle#General availability (GA)|General<br />availability]]<br />
| data8 = {{{GA_date|{{{GA date|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{GA_url|{{{GA url|}}}}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{{GA_url|{{{GA url|}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label9 = [[Software release life cycle|{{#if:{{{discontinued|}}}|Final release|Latest release}}]]<br />
| data9 = {{#if:{{{latest release version|{{{latest_release_version|{{{release_version|{{{release version|}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{{latest release version|{{{latest_release_version|{{{release_version|{{{release version|}}}}}}}}}}}} {{#if:{{{latest release date|{{{latest_release_date|{{{release_date|{{{release date|}}}}}}}}}}}}|/ {{{latest release date|{{{latest_release_date|{{{release_date|{{{release date|}}}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{release_url|{{{release url|}}}}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{{release_url|{{{release url|}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{#ifexist:Template:Latest stable software release/{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{Latest stable software release/{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label10 = [[Software release life cycle|{{#if:{{{discontinued|}}}|Final preview|Latest preview}}]]<br />
| data10 = {{#if:{{{latest preview version|{{{latest_preview_version|{{{preview_version|{{{preview version|}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{{latest preview version|{{{latest_preview_version|{{{preview_version|{{{preview version|}}}}}}}}}}}} {{#if:{{{latest preview date|{{{latest_preview_date|{{{preview_date|{{{preview date|}}}}}}}}}}}}|/ {{{latest preview date|{{{latest_preview_date|{{{preview_date|{{{preview date|}}}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{preview_url|{{{preview url|}}}}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{{preview_url|{{{preview url|}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{#ifexist:Template:Latest preview software release/{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{Latest preview software release/{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label11 = [[Repository (version control)|Repository]]<br />
| data11 = {{#if:{{{repo|}}}<br />
|{{{repo|}}}<br />
|{{#if: {{#property:P1324}}<br />
|{{#ifeq: {{wikidata|property|P1324|best|format=%p}} | none<br />
|{{wikidata|property|P1324|best|format=%p}}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P1324}}<br />
|{{Plainlist|<ul><li>{{URL|{{wikidata|property|P1324|best|format=%p}}}}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P1324}}</li></ul>}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| label12 = Marketing target<br />
| data12 = {{{marketing_target|{{{marketing target|}}}}}}<br />
| label13 = [[Natural language|Available in]]<br />
| data13 = {{#if:{{{language count|}}}|{{{language count}}} languages|{{{language|{{{human_language|{{{human language|}}}}}}}}}}}{{{language footnote|}}}<br />
| data14 = {{#if:{{{language count|}}}|{{#if:{{{language|{{{human_language|{{{human language|}}}}}}}}}|{{hidden top|title=List of languages|titlestyle=background-color: transparent;}}{{{language|}}}{{hidden bottom}}}}}}<br />
| label15 = Update method<br />
| data15 = {{{updatemodel|{{{update_model|{{{update model|}}}}}}}}}<br />
| label16 = [[Package manager]]<br />
| data16 = {{{package_manager|{{{package manager|}}}}}}<br />
| label17 = Platforms<br />
| data17 = {{{supported_platforms|{{{supported platforms|}}}}}}<br />
| label18 = [[Kernel (operating system)|Kernel]] type<br />
| data18 = {{{kernel_type|{{{kernel type|}}}}}}<br />
| label19 = [[User space and kernel space|Userland]]<br />
| data19 = {{{userland|}}}<br />
| label20 = Influenced<br />
| data20 = {{{influenced|}}}<br />
| label21 = Influenced by<br />
| data21 = {{{influenced_by|{{{influenced by|}}}}}}<br />
| label22 = [[user interface|Default<br />user interface]]<br />
| data22 = {{{ui|}}}<br />
| label23 = [[Software license|License]]<br />
| data23 = {{{license|}}}<br />
| label24 = Preceded by<br />
| data24 = {{{preceded_by|{{{preceded by|}}}}}}<br />
| label25 = Succeeded by<br />
| data25 = {{{succeeded_by|{{{succeeded by|}}}}}}<br />
| label26 = Official website<br />
| data26 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}<br />
|{{#ifeq:{{{website|}}}|hide||{{{website|}}} }}<br />
|{{#if:{{#property:P856}}<br />
|{{URL|{{#property:P856}}}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| label27 = Tagline<br />
| data27 = {{{tagline|}}}<br />
| header28 = {{#if:{{{support_status|{{{support status|}}}}}}|Support status}}<br />
| data29 = {{{support_status|{{{support status|}}}}}}<br />
| header30 = {{#if:{{{other_articles|{{{other articles|}}}}}}|Articles in the series}}<br />
| below = {{{other_articles|{{{other articles|}}}}}}<br />
| belowstyle = text-align: center<br />
}}<br />
}}<noinclude><br />
{{Documentation}}<!-- Please add interwikis to the /doc page, not here --><br />
</noinclude></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:SovietPasiune/InfoboxSandbox&diff=41419
Comrade:SovietPasiune/InfoboxSandbox
2023-01-03T18:13:37Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Created page with "{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__|$B= {{Infobox | bodyclass = vevent | bodystyle = {{{bodystyle|}}} | title = {{#if:{{{title|{{{name|}}}}}}|{{{title|{{{name|}}}}}}|<includeonly>{{PAGENAMEBASE}}</includeonly>}} | titleclass = summary | labelstyle = white-space: nowrap; | subheader = {{#if:{{{version_of|{{{version of|}}}}}}|Version of the {{{version_of|{{{version of|}}}}}} operating system}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__|$B=<br />
{{Infobox<br />
| bodyclass = vevent<br />
| bodystyle = {{{bodystyle|}}}<br />
| title = {{#if:{{{title|{{{name|}}}}}}|{{{title|{{{name|}}}}}}|<includeonly>{{PAGENAMEBASE}}</includeonly>}}<br />
| titleclass = summary<br />
| labelstyle = white-space: nowrap;<br />
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{{Documentation}}<!-- Please add interwikis to the /doc page, not here --><br />
</noinclude></div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=International_Communist_Party&diff=41418
International Communist Party
2023-01-03T11:25:08Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''International Communist Party''' is a [[Ultra-leftism|left-communist]] [[political party]] founded in 1973. It originated from the faction that opposed [[Gramsci]] in the italian communist movement. The party rejects core [[Leninism|leninist]] organization and strategies such as participation in [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] elections and [[democratic centralism]], instead defending "organic centralism", a form of party technocracy where cadres lead by contribution.{{Infobox political party|name=International Communist Party|logo=ICP Flag.png|founded=1973 (de-facto)<br>1943 (de-jure)|logo_upright=ICP_Flag.png|split=International Communist Party (The Communist Programme)|newspaper=The Communist Party|blank1_title=Country|blank1=Italy, some cells in:<br>United States, United Kingdom, Croatia, France, Germany, Turkey, Portugal, Pakistan.<br>Exerts influence over groups in Venezuela.|website=https://international-communist-party.org|political_orientation=[[Left-Communism|Left-Communism]]}}<br />
==Origins==<br />
In 1919, an internal struggle began in the Italian Socialist Party (later, the Communist Party of Italy) over if soviets should be estabilished in [[Italian Republic|Italy]] to serve as the basis for revolution. This discussion later evolved into a debate on if the ISP should participate in bourgeois elections. The ultra-leftist members of the party rejected the leninist position, alledging that the party should solely exist clandestinely. These members then sabotaged the party by creating the "abstentionist faction". By the mid-1920s, the party opposed the continuation of the [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Third International]], arguing instead for the creation of a single communist party with cells in every country. The faction's ultra-leftist positions began to become more and more unpopular, and eventually, they were voted out of their roles in party leadership.<br />
<br />
Until around 1930, the faction collaborated with [[Moscow trials|saboteur]] [[Leon Trotsky]], however, relations between both groups soured and became untennable. This partnership had the side effect of leading the party to completly reject the advancements made in the Soviet Union. During the Second World War, they organized with other small ultra-leftist groups around the world to form the International Communist Left. By 1940, the ICL became the Internationalist Communist Party.<br />
<br />
After the Second World War, the Internationalist Communist Party split twice, creating a party of the same name, whose newspaper was The Communist Programme, the party soon renamed to the International Communist Party, however, this would not be the same party of today. A few years later, in 1973, a large swathe of the Florence section of the ICP (The Communist Programme) split to create the modern ICP, which started publishing their own newspaper, The Communist Party.<br />
==Positions==<br />
The ICP defines itself as anti-democratic. Specifically, against [[bourgeois democracy]] and the attempt to implant some of its institutions in the proletarian movement. As such, they are opposed the idea of revolutionary theory being the product of a democratic process of pluralist views, and are also opposed to any tactics that aim to even briefly unite the revolutionary left.<br />
<br />
In a show of needless semantics, the party uses the term "socialism" to mean something closer to the origin of the phrase in the term "lower-phase communism", where, in their definition of socialism, it is a society without money, states, and markets, but where a given amount of labor in one form is exchanged for an equal amount of labor in another form. In contrast, for the ICP, communism is only reached when production and consumption would both be subjugates to the specific needs of society.<br />
===On Fascism===<br />
Some Marxist-Leninists have understandably misunderstood some positions of the ICP, especially on the question of anti-fascism. It is often argued that, due to its rejection of a broad front with the bourgeoise as a means to defeat fascism (which the party brands as the "anti-fascist movement"), the ICP engaged with fascist collaboration. However, this is not the case, as the party understood the defeat of the axis to lead to a more favourable historical scenario. The party's does, however, hold that the permanence of fascism quickens the contradictions within capitalism, because it is a mode of government unable to save capitalism from decay due to impeding the arrival of a bourgeois-democratic normalcy essential for the maintenance of capitalist doctrine. This has led party intellectuals to use wording that is dangerously close to sounding like fascist advocacy.<br />
==In the modern day==<br />
The ICP is often derisively called the "Internet Communist Party" by former members and sympathizers, as, since their focus has never been revolutionary agitation, the party has progressively backed into being a gigantic mailing list of newspaper editors. The party refuses to adopt any new symbols or carry out any promotional action, as they hold the idealistic view that propaganda undermines programmatic content.<br />
<br />
The party is indeed international, however, its action is restricted mostly to the United Kingdom, Croatia, Italy and the United States, with the Croatian group being essentially a library club. The Italian and Statesian groups have had limited success in delving into union politics, with the capilarity of the latter being mostly restricted to one or two people in certain fields of endeavour.<br />
<br />
It is speculated that the party is involved in the socialist opposition inside Venezuela.</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=International_Communist_Party&diff=41417
International Communist Party
2023-01-03T11:19:50Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''International Communist Party''' is a [[Ultra-leftism|left-communist]] [[political party]] founded in 1973. It originated from the faction that opposed [[Gramsci]] in the italian communist movement. The party rejects core [[Leninism|leninist]] organization and strategies such as participation in [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] elections and [[democratic centralism]], instead defending "organic centralism", a form of party technocracy where cadres lead by contribution.{{Infobox political party|name=International Communist Party|logo=ICP Flag.png|founded=1973 (de-facto)<br>1943 (de-jure)|logo_upright=ICP_Flag.png|split=International Communist Party (The Communist Programme)|newspaper=The Communist Party|blank1_title=Country|blank1=Italy, some cells in:<br>United States, United Kingdom, Croatia, France, Germany, Turkey, Portugal, Pakistan.<br>Exerts influence over groups in Venezuela.|website=https://international-communist-party.org|political_orientation=[[Left-Communism|Left-Communism]]}}<br />
==Origins==<br />
In 1919, an internal struggle began in the Italian Socialist Party (later, the Communist Party of Italy) over if soviets should be estabilished in [[Italian Republic|Italy]] to serve as the basis for revolution. This discussion later evolved into a debate on if the ISP should participate in bourgeois elections. The ultra-leftist members of the party rejected the leninist position, alledging that the party should solely exist clandestinely. These members then sabotaged the party by creating the "abstentionist faction". By the mid-1920s, the party opposed the continuation of the [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Third International]], arguing instead for the creation of a single communist party with cells in every country. The faction's ultra-leftist positions began to become more and more unpopular, and eventually, they were voted out of their roles in party leadership.<br />
<br />
Until around 1930, the faction collaborated with [[Moscow trials|saboteur]] [[Leon Trotsky]], however, relations between both groups soured and became untennable. This partnership had the side effect of leading the party to completly reject the advancements made in the Soviet Union. During the Second World War, they organized with other small ultra-leftist groups around the world to form the International Communist Left. By 1940, the ICL became the Internationalist Communist Party.<br />
<br />
After the Second World War, the Internationalist Communist Party split twice, creating a party of the same name, whose newspaper was The Communist Programme, the party soon renamed to the International Communist Party, however, this would not be the same party of today. A few years later, a large swathe of the Florence section of the ICP (The Communist Programme) split to create the modern ICP, which started publishing their own newspaper, The Communist Party.<br />
==Positions==<br />
The ICP defines itself as anti-democratic. Specifically, against [[bourgeois democracy]] and the attempt to implant some of its institutions in the proletarian movement. As such, they are opposed the idea of revolutionary theory being the product of a democratic process of pluralist views, and are also opposed to any tactics that aim to even briefly unite the revolutionary left.<br />
<br />
In a show of needless semantics, the party uses the term "socialism" to mean something closer to the origin of the phrase in the term "lower-phase communism", where, in their definition of socialism, it is a society without money, states, and markets, but where a given amount of labor in one form is exchanged for an equal amount of labor in another form. In contrast, for the ICP, communism is only reached when production and consumption would both be subjugates to the specific needs of society.<br />
===On Fascism===<br />
Some Marxist-Leninists have understandably misunderstood some positions of the ICP, especially on the question of anti-fascism. It is often argued that, due to its rejection of a broad front with the bourgeoise as a means to defeat fascism (which the party brands as the "anti-fascist movement"), the ICP engaged with fascist collaboration. However, this is not the case, as the party understood the defeat of the axis to lead to a more favourable historical scenario. The party's does, however, hold that the permanence of fascism quickens the contradictions within capitalism, because it is a mode of government unable to save capitalism from decay due to impeding the arrival of a bourgeois-democratic normalcy essential for the maintenance of capitalist doctrine. This has led party intellectuals to use wording that is dangerously close to sounding like fascist advocacy.<br />
==In the modern day==<br />
The ICP is often derisively called the "Internet Communist Party" by former members and sympathizers, as, since their focus has never been revolutionary agitation, the party has progressively backed into being a gigantic mailing list of newspaper editors. The party refuses to adopt any new symbols or carry out any promotional action, as they hold the idealistic view that propaganda undermines programmatic content.<br />
<br />
The party is indeed international, however, its action is restricted mostly to the United Kingdom, Croatia, Italy and the United States, with the Croatian group being essentially a library club. The Italian and Statesian groups have had limited success in delving into union politics, with the capilarity of the latter being mostly restricted to one or two people in certain fields of endeavour.<br />
<br />
It is speculated that the party is involved in the socialist opposition inside Venezuela.</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=International_Communist_Party&diff=41416
International Communist Party
2023-01-03T11:14:50Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''International Communist Party''' is a [[Ultra-leftism|left-communist]] [[political party]] founded in 1973. It originated from the faction that opposed [[Gramsci]] in the italian communist movement. The party rejects core [[Leninism|leninist]] organization and strategies such as participation in [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] elections and [[democratic centralism]], instead defending "organic centralism", a form of party technocracy where cadres lead by contribution.{{Infobox political party|name=International Communist Party|logo=ICP Flag.png|founded=1973 (de-facto)<br>1943 (de-jure)|logo_upright=ICP_Flag.png|split=International Communist Party (The Communist Programme)|newspaper=The Communist Party|blank1_title=Country|blank1=Italy, some cells in:<br>United States, United Kingdom, Croatia, France, Germany, Turkey, Portugal, Pakistan.<br>Exerts influence over groups in Venezuela.|website=https://international-communist-party.org|political_orientation=[[Left-Communism|Left-Communism]]}}<br />
==Origins==<br />
In 1919, an internal struggle began in the Italian Socialist Party (later, the Communist Party of Italy) over if soviets should be estabilished in [[Italian Republic|Italy]] to serve as the basis for revolution. This discussion later evolved into a debate on if the ISP should participate in bourgeois elections. The ultra-leftist members of the party rejected the leninist position, alledging that the party should solely exist clandestinely. These members then sabotaged the party by creating the "abstentionist faction". By the mid-1920s, the party opposed the continuation of the [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Third International]], arguing instead for the creation of a single communist party with cells in every country. The faction's ultra-leftist positions began to become more and more unpopular, and eventually, they were voted out of their roles in party leadership.<br />
<br />
Until around 1930, the faction collaborated with [[Moscow trials|saboteur]] [[Leon Trotsky]], however, relations between both groups soured and became untennable. This partnership had the side effect of leading the party to completley reject the advancements made in the Soviet Union. During the Second World War, they organized with other small ultra-leftist groups around the world to form the International Communist Left. By 1940, the ICL became the Internationalist Communist Party.<br />
<br />
After the Second World War, the Internationalist Communist Party split twice, creating a party of the same name, whose newspaper was The Communist Programme, the party soon renamed to the International Communist Party, however, this would not be the same party of today. A few years later, a large swathe of the Florence section of the ICP (The Communist Programme) split to create the modern ICP, which started publishing their own newspaper, The Communist Party.<br />
==Positions==<br />
The ICP defines itself as anti-democratic. Specifically, against [[bourgeois democracy]] and the attempt to implant some of its institutions in the proletarian movement. As such, they are opposed the idea of revolutionary theory being the product of a democratic process of pluralist views, and are also opposed to any tactics that aim to even briefly unite the revolutionary left.<br />
<br />
In a show of needless semantics, the party uses the term "socialism" to mean something closer to the origin of the phrase in the term "lower-phase communism", where, in their definition of socialism, it is a society without money, states, and markets, but where a given amount of labor in one form is exchanged for an equal amount of labor in another form. In contrast, for the ICP, communism is only reached when production and consumption would both be subjugates to the specific needs of society.<br />
===On Fascism===<br />
Some Marxist-Leninists have understandably misunderstood some positions of the ICP, especially on the question of anti-fascism. It is often argued that, due to its rejection of a broad front with the bourgeoise as a means to defeat fascism (which the party brands as the "anti-fascist movement"), the ICP engaged with fascist collaboration. However, this is not the case, as the party understood the defeat of the axis to lead to a more favourable historical scenario. The party's does, however, hold that the permanence of fascism quickens the contradictions within capitalism, because it is a mode of government unable to save capitalism from decay due to impeding the arrival of a bourgeois-democratic normalcy essential for the maintenance of capitalist doctrine. This has led party intellectuals to use wording that is dangerously close to sounding like fascist advocacy.<br />
==In the modern day==<br />
The ICP is often derisively called the "Internet Communist Party" by former members and sympathizers, as, since their focus has never been revolutionary agitation, the party has progressively backed into being a gigantic mailing list of newspaper editors. The party refuses to adopt any new symbols or carry out any promotional action, as they hold the idealistic view that propaganda undermines programmatic content.<br />
<br />
The party is indeed international, however, its action is restricted mostly to the United Kingdom, Croatia, Italy and the United States, with the Croatian group being essentially a library club. The Italian and Statesian groups have had limited success in delving into union politics, with the capilarity of the latter being mostly restricted to one or two people in certain fields of endeavour.<br />
<br />
It is speculated that the party is involved in the socialist opposition inside Venezuela.</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=International_Communist_Party&diff=41415
International Communist Party
2023-01-03T11:11:41Z
<p>SovietPasiune: Create this article. I have made no citations, but this is mostly because this come from direct experience and previous interaction with the ICP and their work. I believe having an extensive article that documents ultra-leftism is more important than having a stagnant page.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party|name=International Communist Party|logo=ICP Flag.png|founded=1973 (de-facto)<br>1943 (de-jure)|logo_upright=ICP_Flag.png|split=International Communist Party (The Communist Programme)|newspaper=The Communist Party|blank1_title=Country|blank1=Italy, some cells in:<br>United States, United Kingdom, Croatia, France, Germany, Turkey, Portugal, Pakistan.<br>Exerts influence over groups in Venezuela.|website=https://international-communist-party.org|political_orientation=[[Left-Communism|Left-Communism]]}}<br />
==Origins==<br />
In 1919, an internal struggle began in the Italian Socialist Party (later, the Communist Party of Italy) over if soviets should be estabilished in [[Italian Republic|Italy]] to serve as the basis for revolution. This discussion later evolved into a debate on if the ISP should participate in bourgeois elections. The ultra-leftist members of the party rejected the leninist position, alledging that the party should solely exist clandestinely. These members then sabotaged the party by creating the "abstentionist faction". By the mid-1920s, the party opposed the continuation of the [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Third International]], arguing instead for the creation of a single communist party with cells in every country. The faction's ultra-leftist positions began to become more and more unpopular, and eventually, they were voted out of their roles in party leadership.<br />
<br />
Until around 1930, the faction collaborated with [[Moscow trials|saboteur]] [[Leon Trotsky]], however, relations between both groups soured and became untennable. This partnership had the side effect of leading the party to completley reject the advancements made in the Soviet Union. During the Second World War, they organized with other small ultra-leftist groups around the world to form the International Communist Left. By 1940, the ICL became the Internationalist Communist Party.<br />
<br />
After the Second World War, the Internationalist Communist Party split twice, creating a party of the same name, whose newspaper was The Communist Programme, the party soon renamed to the International Communist Party, however, this would not be the same party of today. A few years later, a large swathe of the Florence section of the ICP (The Communist Programme) split to create the modern ICP, which started publishing their own newspaper, The Communist Party.<br />
==Positions==<br />
The ICP defines itself as anti-democratic. Specifically, against [[bourgeois democracy]] and the attempt to implant some of its institutions in the proletarian movement. As such, they are opposed the idea of revolutionary theory being the product of a democratic process of pluralist views, and are also opposed to any tactics that aim to even briefly unite the revolutionary left.<br />
<br />
In a show of needless semantics, the party uses the term "socialism" to mean something closer to the origin of the phrase in the term "lower-phase communism", where, in their definition of socialism, it is a society without money, states, and markets, but where a given amount of labor in one form is exchanged for an equal amount of labor in another form. In contrast, for the ICP, communism is only reached when production and consumption would both be subjugates to the specific needs of society.<br />
===On Fascism===<br />
Some Marxist-Leninists have understandably misunderstood some positions of the ICP, especially on the question of anti-fascism. It is often argued that, due to its rejection of a broad front with the bourgeoise as a means to defeat fascism (which the party brands as the "anti-fascist movement"), the ICP engaged with fascist collaboration. However, this is not the case, as the party understood the defeat of the axis to lead to a more favourable historical scenario. The party's does, however, hold that the permanence of fascism quickens the contradictions within capitalism, because it is a mode of government unable to save capitalism from decay due to impeding the arrival of a bourgeois-democratic normalcy essential for the maintenance of capitalist doctrine. This has led party intellectuals to use wording that is dangerously close to sounding like fascist advocacy.<br />
==In the modern day==<br />
The ICP is often derisively called the "Internet Communist Party" by former members and sympathizers, as, since their focus has never been revolutionary agitation, the party has progressively backed into being a gigantic mailing list of newspaper editors. The party refuses to adopt any new symbols or carry out any promotional action, as they hold the idealistic view that propaganda undermines programmatic content.<br />
<br />
The party is indeed international, however, its action is restricted mostly to the United Kingdom, Croatia, Italy and the United States, with the Croatian group being essentially a library club. The Italian and Statesian groups have had limited success in delving into union politics, with the capilarity of the latter being mostly restricted to one or two people in certain fields of endeavour.<br />
<br />
It is speculated that the party is involved in the socialist opposition inside Venezuela.</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Line_editor&diff=41405
Line editor
2023-01-03T09:23:58Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>A '''line editor''' is a type of text editor in which editing is done via inputing commands that apply to one or more lines of text. That is, typing, editing and document display is not a simultaneous process. In contrast, common screen-based editors allow the user to interactively and directly navigate, select, and modify portions of a document. Line numbers or search functions are generally utilized for navigating the text, and, in editor that support it, making changes within lines.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kunal Dhyani|newspaper=GeeksForGeeks|title=Editors and Its types in System Programming|url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/editors-types-system-programming/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Line editors were the first kind of text editor, as not only memory limitations, but also the fact that most computers only had printers as their output method, meant that such programs were ideal for their time.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=FIPP Technology Museum|title=Impressora de linha Burroughs|url=http://sites.unoeste.br/museu/burroughs-line-printer/}}</ref> The first line editor is, possibly, a program named "Colossal Typewriter"<ref>{{Citation|author=John McCarthy and Roland Silver|year=1960|title=Memorandum - Colossal Typewriter Program|title-url=https://www.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/_media/pdf/DEC.pdp_1.1960.102650331.pdf}}</ref>, which was implemented on the computers of the Bolt, Beranek and Newman company by December 1960. The program inspired the creation of more editors, such as Expensive Typewriter in 1961<ref>{{Citation|author=US Government|year=1972|title=Expensive Typewriter|title-url=https://www.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/_media/pdf/DEC.pdp_1.1972.102650079.pdf}}</ref>, and QED, which was implemented in 1968<ref>{{Web citation|title=Q. E. D Time-Sharing Editor|url=https://begriffs.com/pdf/qed-editor.pdf}}</ref>. In 1971, <code>ed</code>, one of the most iconic line editors, which would be included in every version of [[UNIX]] up to this day, was created by Ken Thompson.<ref>{{Web citation|title=UNIX Version 1 Manual Pages (man12)|url=https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man12.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
Line editors are still used in the modern day, mostly for accessibility reasons (as the sequential editing style is more welcoming to screen reader software), and for system recovery, as they tend to not rely on the graphics and user interface stacks of most text editors.<br />
<br />
=== Soviet advancements ===<br />
Soviet researchers implemented their own version of UNIX <code>ed</code> in 1983, with the advent of the MNOS Unix-like operating system. The editor, much like the whole OS, supported the U-code cyrillic character set, making it the first fully bilingual text editor in computing history<ref>{{Web citation|title=Soviet Unix Clone DEMOS|url=https://astr0baby.wordpress.com/2016/10/17/soviet-unix-clone-demos/}}</ref>. In contrast, the Unicode specification would not be created until 1988, and it would not be implemented until 1991, with Unicode support for many text editors coming much later.<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Unicode Consortium|title=History of Unicode Release and Publication Dates|url=https://unicode.org/history/publicationdates.html}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Computing]]</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Line_editor&diff=41404
Line editor
2023-01-03T09:23:36Z
<p>SovietPasiune: soviet advancements</p>
<hr />
<div>A '''line editor''' is a type of text editor in which editing is done via inputing commands that apply to one or more lines of text. That is, typing, editing and document display is not a simultaneous process. In contrast, common screen-based editors allow the user to interactively and directly navigate, select, and modify portions of a document. Line numbers or search functions are generally utilized for navigating the text, and, in editor that support it, making changes within lines.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kunal Dhyani|newspaper=GeeksForGeeks|title=Editors and Its types in System Programming|url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/editors-types-system-programming/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Line editors were the first kind of text editor, as not only memory limitations, but also the fact that most computers only had printers as their output method, meant that such programs were ideal for their time.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=FIPP Technology Museum|title=Impressora de linha Burroughs|url=http://sites.unoeste.br/museu/burroughs-line-printer/}}</ref> The first line editor is, possibly, a program named "Colossal Typewriter"<ref>{{Citation|author=John McCarthy and Roland Silver|year=1960|title=Memorandum - Colossal Typewriter Program|title-url=https://www.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/_media/pdf/DEC.pdp_1.1960.102650331.pdf}}</ref>, which was implemented on the computers of the Bolt, Beranek and Newman company by December 1960. The program inspired the creation of more editors, such as Expensive Typewriter in 1961<ref>{{Citation|author=US Government|year=1972|title=Expensive Typewriter|title-url=https://www.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/_media/pdf/DEC.pdp_1.1972.102650079.pdf}}</ref>, and QED, which was implemented in 1968<ref>{{Web citation|title=Q. E. D Time-Sharing Editor|url=https://begriffs.com/pdf/qed-editor.pdf}}</ref>. In 1971, <code>ed</code>, one of the most iconic line editors, which would be included in every version of [[UNIX]] up to this day, was created by Ken Thompson.<ref>{{Web citation|title=UNIX Version 1 Manual Pages (man12)|url=https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man12.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
Line editors are still used in the modern day, mostly for accessibility reasons (as the sequential editing style is more welcoming to screen reader software), and for system recovery, as they tend to not rely on the graphics and user interface stacks of most text editors.<br />
<br />
=== Soviet advancements ===<br />
Soviet researchers implemented their own version of UNIX <code>ed</code> in 1983, with the advent of the MNOS Unix-like operating system. The editor, much like the whole OS, supported the U-code cyrillic character set, making it the first fully bilingual text editor in computing history<ref>{{Web citation|title=Soviet Unix Clone DEMOS|url=https://astr0baby.wordpress.com/2016/10/17/soviet-unix-clone-demos/}}</ref>. In contrast, the Unicode specification would not be created until 1988, and it would not be implemented until 1991, with unicode support for many text editors coming much later.<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Unicode Consortium|title=History of Unicode Release and Publication Dates|url=https://unicode.org/history/publicationdates.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Computing]]</div>
SovietPasiune
https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:SovietPasiune&diff=41394
Comrade:SovietPasiune
2023-01-03T02:05:34Z
<p>SovietPasiune: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Xenia.jpg|thumb|Xenia, the Linux fox, is the best operating system mascot ever. Sadly, she has been forgotten by history.]]<br />
Hi, my name is Leah. I am the First Secretary of the [[Revolutionary Technical Committee]]. I normally enjoy editing articles about technology and its history, focusing on critical aspects. I am an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] Marxist-Leninist, and follow the line of the Popular Unity party in Brazil, though I left the party because, as a trans woman, gender dysphoria made it impossible for me to attend meetings.<br />
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Being the overseer of the RTC, I am knowledgeable at programming, though I'm nowhere near a programming goddess nor near someone with full formal education. However, if you're a beginner and need help, especially with the C programming language, I'm available. And pssst - no matter your skill level - you should probably organize within the RTC (shameless promotion, I know).<br />
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I have autism, somewhere on the mid-to-lower range of "high-functioning". I may have trouble understanding social norms, language cues and some specific forms of sarcasm.{{Userbox|id=[[File:Computer_with_h&s_grapthic.jpg|75px]]|info=This comrade likes<br>C O M P U T E R S|border-s=10|border-c=green|info-c=black|info-fc=green|info-s=10|id-c=green|id2=y}}{{Userbox|info=This comrade is female|id=she/her|info-c=black|id-c=pink|info-fc=white}}{{Userbox|info=This comrade is a trans girl, proud to be who she is!|id=[[File:Trans communist logo.png|80px]]|info-s=9|usercategory=Trans comrades}}{{Userbox|info=This comrade is from the Revolutionary Technical Committee|info-c=red|info-fc=white|border-s=3|border-c=black|id=[[File:RTC logo.png|75px]]|info-s=12|usercategory=Comrades of the RTC|id-c=red}}{{Userbox|info=https://revteccom.tk/join.html|info-s=10|border-s=3|border-c=red}}</div>
SovietPasiune