https://en.prolewiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Sparkingcircuit&feedformat=atomProleWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T14:01:27ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.41.0https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:Sparkingcircuit&diff=60720Comrade:Sparkingcircuit2023-12-13T22:37:56Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox person|name=SparkingCircuit|nationality=United States of America}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
I am a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] an advocate for [[Free and open-source software|Free and Open Source Software]]. I use [[Linux|Debian]] for my computer, and am currently using XFCE4 as my desktop environment, though I have also used Mate, Gnome43, and i3 in the past. I also like anime, educational videos and written content (within reason). Unfortunately I live in the [[United States of America|"''United''" States of Amerikkka]], and not exactly with much capital at that. I have a limited understanding of the C programming language, and GDScript. Furthermore, I like resource management and logistics games such as [https://rimworldgame.com/ RimWorld], [https://www.factorio.com/ Factorio], and [https://www.openttd.org/ OpenTTD].<br />
<br />
<br />
He/Him 🇨🇳 🇨🇺 🇰🇵 🇱🇦 🇻🇳 ☭<br />
<br />
{{TOC}}<br />
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== Social Media ==<br />
[https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad]<br />
<br />
[https://toots.matapacos.dog/@sparkingcircuitc Mastodon]<br />
<br />
== Admission Answers ''(Deprecated as of January 28<sup>th</sup>, 2023)'' ==<br />
<br />
==== 1.Where did you find ProleWiki? ====<br />
While I'm not sure anymore, I believe that I have found it through Lemmygrad.<br />
<br />
==== 2.What current of Marxist thought do you uphold? Describe as thoroughly as needed your path towards your current political perspective. ====<br />
I am a Marxist-Leninist. When I was little I had a strange mixture of liberal (by United States standards) and conservative ideas. By my early teens I had figured out most of the conservative garbage I had subscribed to was garbage due to my interest in the sciences. By fourteen was firmly in the Soc-Dem camp but found that many things still didn't quite fit together as they were supposed to. Later a series of rather personal and unfortunate events happened side to side that lead me to, in a sequence I can't quite remember, stumbling into a variety of communist online spaces. At first most of it was very foreign, but as time past, and my curiosity got the best of me, I kept finding sources that eventually lead me to my current believes.<br />
<br />
==== 3.Have you read [[ProleWiki:Principles|our principles]]? Comment your agreements or objections to our principles ====<br />
Political Line:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-imperialism:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-oppression:<br />
Agreed<br />
Free to users / Governed by its contributors:<br />
Agreed<br />
Collectively owned:<br />
Agreed<br />
Democratic:<br />
Agreed<br />
Transparency:<br />
Agreed<br />
Critique and self-critique:<br />
Agreed<br />
Philosophical outlook:<br />
Agreed<br />
For the advancement of class consciousness:<br />
Agreed<br />
<br />
==== 4.What is your position on China? Do you believe China is a socialist country? Why so, or why not? ====<br />
I generally view the PRC positively, believing it to be a socialist nation (as flawed as it may be in some aspects). I believe this to be the case due to it's manner democratic participation and ruling party. It's democratic participation being carried out in such a way as to give as much power to the people as is reasonably possible given the conditions of the country.<br />
<br />
==== 5.What is your position on Joseph Stalin? How would you describe his historical role? ====<br />
Joseph Stalin has been, in my opinion, a remarkable force for good in this world. While far from perfect, his role in the formation and ideological composition of the USSR and many other socialist nations has been remarkable for the proletarian struggle.<br />
<br />
==== 6.What is your understanding of gender? Should Marxists support the LGBT community? ====<br />
Whilst my understanding of it is admittedly little, the LGBTQ+ community has my full support. Furthermore, I believe that all Marxist groups should support them in their struggle against their oppression.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
''SparkingCircuit''</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:Sparkingcircuit&diff=50255Comrade:Sparkingcircuit2023-06-22T19:00:35Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Removed mastodon under social media.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person|name=SparkingCircuit|nationality=United States of America}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
I am a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] an advocate for [[Free and open-source software|Free and Open Source Software]]. In accordance with the [[Revolutionary Technical Committee|RTC's]] new party line, I now consider [[Common Software]] deprecated. I use [[Linux|Debian]] for my computer, and am currently using XFCE4 as my desktop environment, though I have also used Mate, Gnome43, and i3 in the past. I also like anime, educational videos and written content (within reason). Unfortunately I live in the [[United States of America|"''United''" States of Amerikkka]], and not exactly with much capital at that. I have a limited understanding of the C programming language, and GDScript. Furthermore, I like resource management and logistics games such as [https://rimworldgame.com/ RimWorld], [https://www.factorio.com/ Factorio], and [https://www.openttd.org/ OpenTTD].<br />
<br />
<br />
He/Him 🇨🇳 🇨🇺 🇰🇵 🇱🇦 🇻🇳 ☭<br />
<br />
{{TOC}}<br />
<br />
== Social Media ==<br />
[https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad]<br />
<br />
== Admission Answers ''(Deprecated as of January 28<sup>th</sup>, 2023)'' ==<br />
<br />
==== 1.Where did you find ProleWiki? ====<br />
While I'm not sure anymore, I believe that I have found it through Lemmygrad.<br />
<br />
==== 2.What current of Marxist thought do you uphold? Describe as thoroughly as needed your path towards your current political perspective. ====<br />
I am a Marxist-Leninist. When I was little I had a strange mixture of liberal (by United States standards) and conservative ideas. By my early teens I had figured out most of the conservative garbage I had subscribed to was garbage due to my interest in the sciences. By fourteen was firmly in the Soc-Dem camp but found that many things still didn't quite fit together as they were supposed to. Later a series of rather personal and unfortunate events happened side to side that lead me to, in a sequence I can't quite remember, stumbling into a variety of communist online spaces. At first most of it was very foreign, but as time past, and my curiosity got the best of me, I kept finding sources that eventually lead me to my current believes.<br />
<br />
==== 3.Have you read [[ProleWiki:Principles|our principles]]? Comment your agreements or objections to our principles ====<br />
Political Line:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-imperialism:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-oppression:<br />
Agreed<br />
Free to users / Governed by its contributors:<br />
Agreed<br />
Collectively owned:<br />
Agreed<br />
Democratic:<br />
Agreed<br />
Transparency:<br />
Agreed<br />
Critique and self-critique:<br />
Agreed<br />
Philosophical outlook:<br />
Agreed<br />
For the advancement of class consciousness:<br />
Agreed<br />
<br />
==== 4.What is your position on China? Do you believe China is a socialist country? Why so, or why not? ====<br />
I generally view the PRC positively, believing it to be a socialist nation (as flawed as it may be in some aspects). I believe this to be the case due to it's manner democratic participation and ruling party. It's democratic participation being carried out in such a way as to give as much power to the people as is reasonably possible given the conditions of the country.<br />
<br />
==== 5.What is your position on Joseph Stalin? How would you describe his historical role? ====<br />
Joseph Stalin has been, in my opinion, a remarkable force for good in this world. While far from perfect, his role in the formation and ideological composition of the USSR and many other socialist nations has been remarkable for the proletarian struggle.<br />
<br />
==== 6.What is your understanding of gender? Should Marxists support the LGBT community? ====<br />
Whilst my understanding of it is admittedly little, the LGBTQ+ community has my full support. Furthermore, I believe that all Marxist groups should support them in their struggle against their oppression.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
''SparkingCircuit''</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Market_socialism&diff=48842Market socialism2023-06-05T03:22:43Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Correcting Market Socialism page to include more variations.</p>
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<div>'''Market Socialism''', is the concept of a market based economy within a socialist mode of production. Key examples of this include [[Socialism with Chinese Characteristics|China's Socialism with Chinese Characteristics]], [[Socialist-oriented market economy|Vietnam's Socialist-oriented Market Economy]], [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba's recent market reforms]], and [[New Economic Mechanism|Laos's New Economic Mechanism]].</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Market_socialism&diff=48840Market socialism2023-06-05T03:13:54Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Created simple redirect page.</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Socialist-oriented market economy]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Apple_Inc.&diff=47019Apple Inc.2023-04-27T23:15:11Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Added Infobox, and some basic information/formatting.</p>
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<div>{{stub}}{{Infobox company|name=Apple Inc.|image=Apple logo black.svg|founding_name=Apple Computer Company (1976-1977)|founding_date=April 1, 1976|founding_place=Los Altos, California|founder=Steve Jobs<br />
Steve Wozniak<br />
Ronald Wayne<br />
Mike Markkula|industry=Computers, Consumer Electronics, Mobile Phones, Music Appliances|headquarters=1 Apple Park Way, Cupertino, California|key_people=Tim Cook (CEO)|employee_number=164,000 (2022)|revenue=$394.33 billion (2022)|net_income=$99.80 billion (2022)|total_assets=$352.76 billion (2022)}}<br />
<br />
[[Apple Inc.]] is a capitalist corporation, known for the sale of luxury consumer electronics (primarily) in the western hemisphere. <br />
<br />
=== History ===<br />
<br />
=== Controversies ===<br />
Apple's locked down ecosystem, and proprietary hardware/software is known for trapping people into using their products, due to increased difficulty transitioning to other systems.<br />
[[Category:Big tech]]<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Computing]]<br />
[[Category:Companies]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Apple_logo_black.svg&diff=47018File:Apple logo black.svg2023-04-27T23:04:41Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Logo of Apple Inc. (Black version)</p>
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<div>== Summary ==<br />
Logo of Apple Inc. (Black version)</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Achievements_of_socialism&diff=45186Achievements of socialism2023-03-16T06:05:46Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Minor grammar correction.</p>
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<div>The [[Bourgeoisie|ruling class]] which owns the [[corporate media]] regularly demonizes the notions of [[socialism]] and [[communism]] to serve their own profit-seeking interests. They promote the idea that "socialism has failed everywhere it's been tried." (without mentioning the fact that these failures are oftentimes brought about through [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] coups) <br />
<br />
In addition to raising the basic living conditions of citizens,<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Marcida Dodson|date=1986-06-07|title=Quality of Life Higher in Socialist Nations, Study Says|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-06-07-me-10010-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Hakim]]|date=2021-09-22|title=Socialism is just better, scientifically|url=https://youtu.be/FEHYeeRCtVI}}</ref> [[Socialist state|socialist states]] have also produced valuable advances in the fields of science and technology, debunking the false claims that socialism cannot produce innovation. <br />
<br />
== USSR ==<br />
The broad masses of pre-revolutionary [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]] were deeply poor and lacked basic necessities, while only the upper class had access to education and healthcare.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Commiedad|date=2016-11-25|title=The Successes of Socialism in the USSR|url=https://writetorebel.com/2016/11/25/the-successes-of-socialism-in-the-ussr/|newspaper=Write to Rebel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://writetorebel.com/2016/11/25/the-successes-of-socialism-in-the-ussr/|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref> Under the rule of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]], the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|USSR]] increased living standards faster than any previous country in history and worked relentlessly to combat [[racism]], [[sexism]], and national oppression.<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|author=J. Sykes|newspaper=[[Fight Back! News]]|title=Red Theory: The achievements of socialism in the Soviet Union|date=2022-12-11|url=https://www.fightbacknews.org/2022/12/11/red-theory-achievements-socialism-soviet-union|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226140813/https://www.fightbacknews.org/2022/12/11/red-theory-achievements-socialism-soviet-union|archive-date=2022-12-26|retrieved=2023-02-05}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Following the establishment of the USSR, the following rights were introduced to all citizens: <br />
<br />
* The right to eight-hour work day.<br />
* The right to annual paid leave.<br />
* The right to three-year maternity leave.<br />
* The right to free general and professional education, including higher education.<br />
* The right to [[Universal healthcare|free health care]].<br />
* The right to use nurseries, kindergartens, summer camps — free of charge.<br />
* The right to free sanatorium-and-spa treatment.<br />
* The right to free housing.<br />
* Equal rights for women.<br />
<br />
Many of these rights forced Western bourgeois countries to [[Social democracy|adopt similar policies]] to stave off the risk of a [[proletarian revolution]].<br />
<br />
=== Living standards ===<br />
Housing and basic food were subsidized in the USSR. Rent took up only 2–3% of a family's income and utilities only 4–5%. All citizens had the right to free education in arts and sciences.<ref name=":3" /> Life expectancy increased from 30 years in 1900 to 62 in 1953. By 1975, Soviet life expectancy reached 71 years, within a year of the [[United States of America|United States]], and was more than two years longer than the non-white life expectancy in the U.S.<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=Economic Rights|page=136–137|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Economic development ===<br />
Industrial production in [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russia]] increased 151 times from 1913 to 1984 and 17 times from 1940 to 1984. It increased by more than 200 times in [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Kazakhstan]] and over 300 times in [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Kyrgyzstan]] since the [[First World War]].<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=The Asian Nationalities in the USSR|page=39|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref> In 50 years, industrial production rose from 12% to 80% of the U.S. amount and agricultural production rose to 85% of the U.S. level. The wealthiest people in the USSR earned only 10 times as much as the poorest, while corporate executives in the U.S. made hundreds of times more than their employees.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
=== Space Race ===<br />
[[File:Space Race Meme.png|thumb|355x355px|Chart of "firsts" achieved by the participants in the space race, illustrating the US propaganda's attempt to paint the US as the winner of the space race. ]]<br />
During the Space Race between the two cold war superpowers, the USSR and the USA, the USSR achieved many great leaps before the US did. <br />
<br />
* First artificial satellite - [[Sputnik 1]]<br />
* First animal in space - [[Laika]]<br />
* First photographs of the far side of the moon - [[Luna 3]]<br />
* First person in space - [[Yuri Gagarin]]<br />
* First woman in space - [[Valentina Tereshkova]]<br />
* First spacewalk - [[Alexei Leonov]]<br />
* First spacecraft landing on the moon - [[Luna 9]]<br />
* First spacecraft landing on another planet (Venus) - [[Venera 7]]<br />
* First space station - [[Salyut 1]]<br />
* First spacecraft landing on Mars - [[Mars 3]]<br />
<br />
=== Notable technologies invented ===<br />
The following are technologies not already listed in the space race section above<br />
<br />
* Life support machine called the Autojektor, invented in 1926.<ref name=":0">[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-greastest-inventions-made-by-the-soviet-union.html 10 Greastest Inventions Made By The Soviet Union]</ref><br />
* Human anthrax vaccine in 1930, predated by a French invention of an anthrax vaccine for animals.<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Artificial heart in 1937<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Mobile phone in 1957 (20 years before Motorola, the first non-Soviet mobile phone producer)<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== China ==<br />
At the beginning of the 20th century, [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|China]] was deeply impoverished due to external [[Colonialism|colonization]] and internal [[Feudalism|feudal]] relations which held back economic development. During this period, China was referred to as the "sick man of Asia." <br />
<br />
When the [[Communist Party of China]] came to power in 1949, its leaders' fundamental long-range goals were to transform [[People's Republic of China|China]] into a modern, powerful, socialist nation. In economic terms these objectives meant [[industrialization]], improvement of [[Living standard|living standards]], narrowing of [[Income inequality metrics|income differences]], and production of modern [[military equipment]]. The immense economic rise of China in the 21st century is, according to the Communist Party of China, the result of the application of Marxist theory to the material conditions of China.<br />
<br />
At the time of the [[Chinese Revolution|Chinese revolution]], a fifth of land was devoted to opium production. The CPC eliminated drug addiction within two years of coming to power.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=[[Harpal Brar]]|newspaper=[[Proletarian (newspaper)|Proletarian]]|title=Greetings to the Communist Party of China on its 100th anniversary|date=2021-06-30|url=https://thecommunists.org/2021/06/30/news/harpal-brar-communist-party-china-100th-anniversary/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529123605/https://thecommunists.org/2021/06/30/news/harpal-brar-communist-party-china-100th-anniversary/|archive-date=2022-05-29|retrieved=2022-12-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== End of warlordism ===<br />
By 1952, the CPC cleared mainland China of bandits and warlords.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Economic development ===<br />
Between 1950 and 1952, agricultural production increased by 15% and the economy grew by an average of 25% every year. Heavy industry increased by 30 times between 1952 and 1979. Rural consumption of electricity increased by 71 times up to 1965. Since 1978, the Chinese economy has grown an additional 37 times<ref name=":1" /> with an average growth rate of 9.5%.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|author=J. Sykes|newspaper=[[Fight Back! News]]|title=Red Theory: The achievements of socialism in China|date=2022-12-24|url=https://www.fightbacknews.org/2022/12/24/red-theory-achievements-socialism-china|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123044644/https://www.fightbacknews.org/2022/12/24/red-theory-achievements-socialism-china|archive-date=2023-01-23|retrieved=2023-02-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Living standards ===<br />
Under the leadership of [[Mao Zedong|Chairman Mao]], China's life expectancy rose from 38 to 68 years. It continued to increase after Mao's death and surpassed the U.S. to reach 78.2 years by 2022.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
In 1949, less than 20% of China's population was literate. Adult literacy rose to 57% by 1959 and now stands at 99.8% while the U.S. only has a literacy rate of 79%.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==== Poverty alleviation ====<br />
In the past 40 years, China has lifted 800 million people out of extreme poverty, accounting for three-quarters of global poverty reduction.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Korea ==<br />
Following the division of [[Korea]], northern authorities shortened the work day to eight hours (seven for dangerous jobs), banned [[child labor]], and established social security, paid vacations of two weeks to a month, and gender equality. Before the rise of socialism, workers worked 15-hour days with no paid vacations.<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=Stephen Gowans|year=2018|title=Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom|chapter=The Patriot State|page=88–93|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=Montreal|publisher=Baraka Books|isbn=9781771861427|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8435F6FF91279531705764823FDC2A7F}}</ref> Despite abolishing [[Tax|taxes]] in 1974 and suffering severe [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]] from the [[Imperial core|West]], the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] continues to provide [[Universal healthcare|free healthcare]] and [[education]] to its citizens, and housing and food are very cheap.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Zak Brown|newspaper=Anti-Imperialism.org|title=Towards a concrete analysis of the DPRK|date=2023-11-18|url=https://anti-imperialism.org/2013/11/18/towards-a-concrete-analysis-of-the-dprk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118135119/https://anti-imperialism.org/2013/11/18/towards-a-concrete-analysis-of-the-dprk/|archive-date=2020-01-18|retrieved=2023-03-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Germany ==<br />
The [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|German Democratic Republic]] had 100% employment and very cheap higher education.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Post-Mortem Comparison of Communist and Capitalist Societies Using the German Case as an Illustration|page=94–102|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref> Rent took up less than 10% of total income and evictions were illegal.<ref name=":32">{{Web citation|author=Victor Grossman|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=My seventy years and the departed GDR|date=2022-08-24|url=https://mronline.org/2022/08/24/my-seventy-years-and-the-departed-gdr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825143732/https://mronline.org/2022/08/24/my-seventy-years-and-the-departed-gdr/|archive-date=2022-08-25|retrieved=2022-08-26}}</ref> Between 1951 and 1989, its economy grew slightly faster than [[Federal Republic of Germany|West Germany]]'s with an annual growth rate of 4.5% to 4.3%.<ref>{{Citation|author=Karl Mai|year=2009|title=GDR - FRG in an economic-statistical comparison 1950 to 1989 - On new results by Prof. Gerhard Heske|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613132353/http://www.memo.uni-bremen.de/docs/m3309.pdf|trans-title=DDR – BRD im ökonomisch-statistischen Vergleich 1950 bis 1989 - Zu neuen Ergebnissen von Prof. Gerhard Heske|trans-lang=German}}</ref> The GDR had 24 doctors per 10,000 people by 1989, higher than the USA or [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=‘Socialism Is the Best Prophylaxis’: The German Democratic Republic’s Health Care System|date=2023-02-14|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-2-ddr-health-care-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214134923/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-2-ddr-health-care-2/#_Toc113466469|archive-date=2023-02-14|retrieved=2023-02-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Latin America ==<br />
<br />
=== Nicaragua ===<br />
<br />
* [[Nicaragua]], under the socialist [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Sandinista]] government, has diversified away from colonial-era cash crops and monocultures, delivered sustained economic growth, and alleviated poverty.<ref>[https://www.telesurenglish.net/opinion/Nicaraguan-Sandinista-Economic-Model-Consolidates-Its-Success-20160130-0005.html Nicaraguan Sandinista Economic Model Consolidates Its Success] by [[TeleSur]]</ref><br />
<br />
=== Cuba ===<br />
<br />
* Despite the [[United States embargo against Cuba|US blockade]], [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is still able to boast having the highest quality healthcare system for its national income range.<ref>Mostly Anti-Cuba article that is forced to report cold hard facts: [https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/11/cuba-health/508859/ How Cubans Live as Long as Americans at a Tenth of the Cost] by [[The Atlantic]]</ref><br />
* Cuba has a far higher standard of living than most of its neighbors, according to the very CIA which has plotted to destroy the communist Cuban government countless times.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Ben Cohen|date=2018-10-09|title=Cuba and the Success of Socialism|url=https://thedailybanter.com/2010/10/01/cuba-and-the-success-of-socialism/|newspaper=The Daily Banter|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Failures of capitalism]]<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Library:Simple_Sabotage_Field_Manual&diff=44434Library:Simple Sabotage Field Manual2023-03-03T06:30:14Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: /* (1) Personal Motives */ Correcting typo.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{changetitle|''Simple Sabotage Field Manual'', by Department of Strategic Services (Provisional)}}<br />
{{Library work<br />
| title = Simple Sabotage Field Manual<br />
| written by = [[Department of Strategic Services (Provisional)]]<br />
| written in = 1963<br />
| published = 1963<br />
| type = Book<br />
| source = [https://archive.org/details/SimpleSabotageFieldManualStrategicServicesProvisional/page/n21/mode/2up Archive.org]<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| image_upright =<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== SIMPLE SABOTAGE FIELD MANUAL ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Strategic Services (Provisional)<br />
<br />
17 January 1944<br />
<br />
Prepared under direction of The Director of Strategic Services<br />
<br />
STRATEGIC SERVICES FIELD MANUAL No. 3<br />
<br />
DSS REPRODUCTION BRANCH<br />
----This Simple Sabotage Field Manual — Strategic Services (Provisional) — is published for the information and guidance of all concerned and will be used as the basic doctrine for Strategic Services training for this subject.<br />
<br />
The contents of this Manual should be carefully controlled and should not be allowed to come into unauthorized hands.<br />
<br />
The instructions may be placed in separate pamphlets or leaflets according to categories of operations but should be distributed with care and not broadly. They should be used as a basis of radio broadcasts only for local and special cases and as directed by the theater commander.<br />
<br />
AR 380-5, pertaining to handling of secret documents, will be complied with in the handling of this Manual.<br />
<br />
''William J. Donovan''<br />
----<br />
<br />
== CONTENTS ==<br />
<br />
# INTRODUCTION<br />
# POSSIBLE EFFECTS<br />
# MOTIVATING THE SABOTEUR<br />
# TOOLS, TARGETS, AND TIMING<br />
# SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS FOR SIMPLE SABOTAGE<br />
<br />
----SIMPLE SABOTAGE<br />
<br />
== 1. INTRODUCTION ==<br />
a. The purpose of this paper is to characterize simple sabotage, to outline its possible effects, and to present suggestions for inciting and executing it.<br />
<br />
b. Sabotage varies from highly technical coup to main acts that require detailed planning and the use of specially trained operatives, to innumerable simple acts which the ordinary individual citizen-saboteur can perform. This paper is primarily concerned with the latter type. Simple sabotage does not require specially prepared tools or equipment; it is executed by an ordinary citizen who may or may not act individually and without the necessity for active connection with an organized group; and it is carried out in such a way as to involve a minimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal.<br />
<br />
c. Where destruction is involved, the weapons of the citizen-saboteur are salt, nails, candles, pebbles, thread, or any other materials he might normally be expected to possess as a householder or as a worker in his particular occupation. His arsenal is the kitchen shelf, the trash pile, his own usual kit of tools and supplies. The targets of his sabotage are usually objects to which he has normal and inconspicuous access in everyday life.<br />
<br />
d. A second type of simple sabotage requires no destructive tools whatsoever and produces physical damage, if any, by highly indirect means. It is based on universal opportunities to make faulty decisions, to adopt a non- cooperative attitude, and to induce others to follow suit. Making a faulty decision may be simply a matter of placing tools in one spot instead of another. A non-cooperative attitude may involve nothing more than creating an unpleasant situation among one’s fellow workers, engaging in bickering, or displaying surliness and stupidity.<br />
<br />
e. This type of activity, sometimes referred to as the “human element,” is frequently responsible for accidents, delays, and general obstruction even under normal conditions. The potential saboteur should discover what types of faulty decisions and non-cooperation are ''normally'' found in this kind of work and should then devise his sabotage so as to enlarge that “margin for error.”<br />
<br />
== 2. POSSIBLE EFFECTS ==<br />
a. Acts of simple sabotage are occurring throughout Europe. An effort should be made to add to their efficiency, lessen their detectability, and increase their number. Acts of simple sabotage, multiplied by thousands of citizen- saboteurs, can be an effective weapon against the enemy. Slashing tires, draining fuel tanks, starting fires, starting arguments, acting stupidly, short-circuiting electric systems, abrading machine parts will waste materials, man-power, and time. Occurring on a wide scale, simple sabotage will be a constant and tangible drag on the war effort of the enemy.<br />
<br />
b. Simple sabotage may also have secondary results of more or less value. Widespread practice of simple sabotage will harass and demoralize enemy administrators and police. Further, success may embolden the citizen-saboteur eventually to find colleagues who can assist him in sabotage of greater dimensions. Finally, the very practice of simple sabotage by natives in enemy or occupied territory may make these individuals identify themselves actively with the United Nations war effort, and encourage them to assist openly in periods of Allied invasion and occupation.<br />
<br />
== 3. MOTIVATING THE SABOTEUR ==<br />
a. To incite the citizen to the active practice of simple sabotage and to keep him practicing that sabotage over sustained periods is a special problem.<br />
<br />
b. Simple sabotage is often an act which the citizen performs according to his own initiative and inclination. Acts of destruction do not bring him any personal gain and may be completely foreign to his habitually conservationist attitude toward materials and tools. Purposeful stupidity is contrary to human nature. He frequently needs pressure, stimulation or assurance, and information and suggestions regarding feasible methods of simple sabotage.<br />
<br />
=== (1) Personal Motives ===<br />
(a) The ordinary citizen very probably has no immediate personal motive for committing simple sabotage. Instead, he must be made to anticipate indirect personal gain, such as might come with enemy evacuation or destruction of the ruling government group. Gains should be stated as specifically as possible for the area addressed: simple sabotage will hasten the day when Commissioner X and his deputies Y and Z will be thrown out, when particularly obnoxious decrees and restrictions will be abolished, when food will arrive, and so on. Abstract verbalization about personal liberty, freedom of the press, and so on, will not be convincing in most parts of the world. In many areas they will not even be comprehensible.<br />
<br />
(b) Since the effect of his own acts is limited, the saboteur may become discouraged unless he feels that he is a member of a large, though unseen, group of saboteurs operating against the enemy or the government of his own country and elsewhere. This can be conveyed indirectly: suggestions which he reads and hears can include observations that a particular technique has been successful in this or that district. Even if the technique is not applicable to his surroundings, another’s success will encourage him to attempt similar acts. It also can be conveyed directly: statements praising the effectiveness of simple sabotage can be contrived which will be published by white radio, freedom stations, and the subversive press. Estimates of the proportion of the population engaged in sabotage can be disseminated. Instances of successful sabotage already are being broadcast by white radio and freedom stations, and this should be continued and expanded where compatible with security.<br />
<br />
(c) More important than (a) or (b) would be to create a situation in which the citizen-saboteur acquires a sense of responsibility and begins to educate others in simple sabotage.<br />
<br />
=== (2) Encouraging Destructiveness ===<br />
It should be pointed out to the saboteur where the circumstances are suitable, that he is acting in self-defense against the enemy, or retaliating against the enemy for other acts of destruction. A reasonable amount of humor in the presentation of suggestions for simple sabotage will relax tensions of fear.<br />
<br />
(a) The saboteur may have to reverse his thinking, and he should be told this in so many words. Where he formerly thought of keeping his tools sharp, he should now let them grow dull; surfaces that formerly were lubricated now should be sanded; normally diligent, he should now be lazy and care-less; and so on. Once he is encouraged to think backwards about himself and the objects of his everyday life, the saboteur will see many opportunities in his immediate environment which cannot possibly be seen from a distance. A state of mind should be encouraged that anything can be sabotaged.<br />
<br />
(b) Among the potential citizen-saboteurs who are to engage in physical destruction, two extreme types may be distinguished. On the one hand, there is the man who is not technically trained and employed. This man needs specific suggestions as to what he can and should destroy as well as details regarding the tools by means of which destruction is accomplished.<br />
<br />
(c) At the other extreme is the man who is a technician, such as a lathe operator or an automobile mechanic. Presumably this man would be able to devise methods of simple sabotage which would be appropriate to his own facilities. However, this man needs to be stimulated to re-orient his thinking in the direction of destruction. Specific examples, which need not be from his own field, should accomplish this.<br />
<br />
(d) Various media may be used to disseminate suggestions and information regarding simple sabotage. Among the media which may be used, as the immediate situation dictates, are: freedom stations or radio, false or official leaflets may be directed toward specific geographic or occupational areas, or they may be general in scope. Finally, agents may be trained in the art of simple sabotage, in anticipation of a time when they may be able to communicate this information directly.<br />
<br />
=== (3) Safety Measures ===<br />
(a) The amount of activity carried on by the saboteur will be governed not only by the number of opportunities he sees, but also by the amount of danger he feels. Bad news travels fast, and simple sabotage will be discouraged if too many simple saboteurs are arrested.<br />
<br />
(b) It should not be difficult to prepare leaflets and other media for the saboteur about the choice of weapons, time, and targets which will insure the saboteur against detection and retaliation. Among such suggestions might be the following:<br />
<br />
(1) Use materials which appear to be innocent. A knife or a nail file can be carried normally on your person; either is a multi-purpose instrument for creating damage. Matches, pebbles, hair, salt, nails, and dozens of other destructive agents can be carried or kept in your living quarters without exciting any suspicion what- ever. If you are a worker in a particular trade or industry you can easily carry and keep such things as wrenches, hammers, emery paper, and the like.<br />
<br />
(2) Try to commit acts for which large numbers of people could be responsible. For instance, if you blow out the wiring in a factory at a central fire box, almost anyone could have done it. On-the-street sabotage after dark, such as you might be able to carry out against a military car or truck, is another example of an act for which it would be impossible to blame you.<br />
<br />
(3) Do not be afraid to commit acts for which you might be blamed directly, so long as you do so rarely, and as long as you have a plausible excuse: you dropped your wrench across an electric circuit because an air raid had kept you up the night before and you were half-dozing at work. Always be profuse in your apologies. Frequently you can “get away” with such acts under the cover of pretending stupidity, ignorance, over-caution, fear of being suspected of sabotage, or weakness and dullness due to undernourishment.<br />
<br />
(4) After you have committed an act of easy sabotage, resist any temptation to wait around and see what happens. Loiterers arouse suspicion. Of course, there are circumstances when it would be suspicious for you to leave. If you commit sabotage on your job, you should naturally stay at your work.<br />
<br />
== 4. TOOLS, TARGETS, AND TIMING ==<br />
a. The citizen-saboteur cannot be closely controlled. Nor is it reasonable to expect that simple sabotage can be precisely concentrated on specific types of target according to the requirements of a concrete military situation. Attempts to control simple sabotage according to developing military factors, moreover, might provide the enemy with intelligence of more or less value in anticipating the date and area of notably intensified or notably slackened military activity.<br />
<br />
b. Sabotage suggestions, of course, should be adapted to fit the area where they are to be practiced. Target priorities for general types of situations likewise can be specified, for emphasis at the proper time by the underground press, freedom stations, and cooperating propaganda.<br />
<br />
=== (1) Under General Conditions ===<br />
(a) Simple sabotage is more than malicious mischief, and it should always consist of acts whose results will be detrimental to the materials and man-power of the enemy.<br />
<br />
(b) The saboteur should be ingenious in using his every-day equipment. All sorts of weapons will present themselves if he looks at his surroundings in a different light. For example, emery dust a powerful weapon may at first seem unobtainable, but if the saboteur were to pulverize’ an emery knife sharpener or emery wheel with a hammer, he would find himself with a plentiful supply.<br />
<br />
(c) The saboteur should never attack targets beyond his capacity or the capacity of his instruments. An inexperienced person should not, for ex- ample, attempt to use explosives, but should confine himself to the use of matches or other familiar weapons.<br />
<br />
(d) The saboteur should try to damage only objects and materials known to be in use by the enemy or to be destined for early use by the enemy. It will be safe for him to assume that almost any product of heavy industry is destined for enemy use, and that the most efficient fuels and lubricants also are destined for enemy use. Without special knowledge, however, it would be undesirable for him to attempt destruction of food crops or food products.<br />
<br />
(e) Although the citizen-saboteur may rarely have access to military objects, he should give these preference above all others.<br />
<br />
=== (2) Prior to a Military Offensive ===<br />
During periods which are quiescent in a military sense, such emphasis as can be given to simple sabotage might well center on industrial production, to lessen the flow of materials and equipment to the enemy. Slashing a rubber tire on an Army truck may be an act of value; spoiling a batch of rubber in the production plant is an act of still more value.<br />
<br />
=== (3) During a Military Offensive ===<br />
(a) Most significant sabotage for an area which is, or is soon destined to be, a theater of combat operations is that whose effects will be direct and immediate. Even if the effects are relatively minor and localized, this type of sabotage is to be preferred to activities whose effects, while widespread, are in-direct and delayed.<br />
<br />
(1) The saboteur should be encouraged to attack transportation facilities of all kinds. Among such facilities are roads, railroads, auto- mobiles, trucks, motor-cycles, bicycles, trains, and trams.<br />
<br />
(2) Any communications facilities which can be used by the authorities to transmit instructions or morale material should be the objects of simple sabotage. These include telephone, telegraph and power systems, radio, newspapers, placards, and public notices.<br />
<br />
(3) Critical materials, valuable in themselves or necessary to the efficient functioning of transportation and communication, also should become targets for the citizen-saboteur. These may include oil, gasoline, tires, food, and water.<br />
<br />
== 5. SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS FOR SIMPLE SABOTAGE ==<br />
a. It will not be possible to evaluate the desirability of simple sabotage in an area without having in mind rather specifically what individual acts and results are embraced by the definition of simple sabotage.<br />
<br />
b. A listing of specific acts follows, classified according to types of target. This list is presented as a growing rather than a complete outline of the methods of simple sabotage. As new techniques are developed, or new fields explored, it will be elaborated and expanded.<br />
<br />
=== (1) Buildings ===<br />
Warehouses, barracks, offices, hotels, and factory buildings are outstanding targets for simple sabotage. They are extremely susceptible to damage, especially by fire; they offer opportunities to such untrained people as janitors, charwomen, and casual visitors; and, when damaged, they present a relatively large handicap to the enemy.<br />
<br />
==== (a) Fires ====<br />
Fires can be started wherever there is an accumulation of inflammable material. Warehouses are obviously the most promising targets but incendiary sabotage need not be confined to them alone.<br />
<br />
(1) Whenever possible, arrange to have the fire start after you have gone away. Use a candle and paper combination; setting it as close as possible to the inflammable material you want to burn: From a sheet of paper, tear a strip three or four centimeters wide and wrap it around the base of the candle two or three times. Twist more sheets of paper into loose ropes and place them around the base of the candle. When the candle flame reaches the encircling strip, it will be ignited and in turn will ignite the surrounding paper. The size, heat, and duration of the resulting flame will depend on how much paper you use and how much of it you can cramp in a small space.<br />
<br />
(2) With a flame of this kind, do not attempt to ignite any but rather inflammable materials, such as cotton sacking. To light more resistant materials, use a candle plus tightly rolled or twisted paper which has been soaked in gasoline. To create a briefer but even hotter flame, put celluloid such as you might find in an old comb, into a nest of plain or saturated paper which is to be fired by a candle.<br />
<br />
(3) To make another type of simple fuse, soak one end of a piece of string in grease. Rub a generous pinch of gunpowder over the inch of string where greasy string meets clean string. Then ignite the clean end of the string. It will burn slowly without a flame (in much the same way that a cigarette burns) until it reaches the grease and gunpowder; it will then flare up suddenly. The grease-treated string will then burn with a flame. The same effect may be achieved by using matches instead of the grease and gunpowder. Run the string over the match heads, taking care that the string is not pressed or knotted. They too will produce a sudden flame. The advantage of this type of fuse is that string burns at a set speed. You can time your fire by the length and thickness of the string you chose.<br />
<br />
(4) Use a fuse such as! the ones suggested above to start a fire in an office after hours. The destruction of records and other types of documents would be a serious handicap to the enemy.<br />
<br />
(5) In basements where waste is kept, janitors should accumulate oily and greasy waste. Such waste sometimes ignites spontaneously, but it can easily be lit with a cigarette or match. If you are a janitor on night duty, you can be the first to report the fire, but don’t report it too soon.<br />
<br />
(6) A clean factory is not susceptible to fire, but a dirty one is. Workers should be careless with refuse and janitors should be inefficient in cleaning. If enough dirt and trash can be accumulated an otherwise fireproof building will become inflammable.<br />
<br />
(7) Where illuminating gas is used in a room which is vacant at night, shut the windows tightly, turn on the gas, and leave a candle burning in the room, closing the door tightly behind you. After a time, the gas will explode, and a fire may or may not follow.<br />
<br />
==== (b) Water and miscellaneous ====<br />
(1) Ruin warehouse stock by setting the automatic sprinkler system to work. You can do this by tapping the sprinkler heads sharply with a hammer or by holding a match under them.<br />
<br />
(2) Forget to provide paper in toilets; put tightly rolled paper, hair, and other obstructions in the W. C. Saturate a sponge with a thick starch or sugar solution. Squeeze it tightly into a ball, wrap it with string, and dry. Remove the string when fully dried. The sponge will be in the form of a tight hard ball. Flush down a W. C. or otherwise introduce into a sewer line. The sponge will gradually expand to its normal size and plug the sewage system.<br />
<br />
(3) Put a coin beneath a bulb in a public building during the daytime, so that fuses will blow out when lights are turned on at night. The fuses themselves may be rendered ineffective by putting a coin behind them or loading them with heavy wire. Then a short-circuit may either start a fire, damage transformers, or blow out a central fuse which will interrupt distribution of electricity to a large area.<br />
<br />
(4) Jam paper, bits of wood, hairpins, and anything else that will fit, into the locks of all unguarded entrances to public buildings.<br />
<br />
=== (2) Industrial Production: Manufacturing ===<br />
<br />
==== (a) Tools ====<br />
(1) Let cutting tools grow dull. They will be inefficient, will slow down production, and may damage the materials and parts you use them on.<br />
<br />
(2) Leave saws slightly twisted when you are not using them. After a while, they will break when used.<br />
<br />
(3) Using a very rapid stroke will wear out a file before its time. So will dragging a file in slow strokes under heavy pressure. Exert pres- sure on the backward stroke as well as the for- ward stroke.<br />
<br />
(4) Clean files by knocking them against the vise or the workplace; they are easily broken this way.<br />
<br />
(5) Bits and drills will snap under heavy pressure.<br />
<br />
(6) You can put a press punch out of order by putting in it more material than it is adjusted for — two blanks instead of one, for example.<br />
<br />
(7) Power-driven tools like pneumatic drills, riveters, and so on, are never efficient when dirty. Lubrication points and electric contacts can easily be fouled by normal accumulations of dirt or the insertion of foreign matter.<br />
<br />
==== (b) Oil and lubrication systems ====<br />
Oil and lubrication systems are not only vulnerable to easy sabotage, but are critical in every machine with moving parts. Sabotage of oil and lubrication will slow production or stop work entirely at strategic points in industrial processes.<br />
<br />
(1) Put metal dust or filings, fine sand, ground glass, emery dust (get it by pounding up an emery knife sharpener) and similar hard, gritty substances directly into lubrication systems. They will scour smooth surfaces, ruining pistons, cylinder walls, shafts, and bearings. They will overheat and stop motors which will need overhauling, new parts, and extensive re- pairs. Such materials, if they are used, should be introduced into lubrication systems past any filters which otherwise would strain them out.<br />
<br />
(2) You can cause wear on any machine by uncovering a filter system, poking a pencil or any other sharp object through the filter mesh, then covering it up again. Or, if you can dispose of it quickly, simply remove the filter.<br />
<br />
(3) If you cannot get at the lubrication system or filter directly, you may be able to lessen the effectiveness of oil by diluting it in storage. In this case, almost any liquid will do which will thin the oil. A small amount of sulfuric acid, varnish, water-glass, or linseed oil will be especially effective.<br />
<br />
(4) Using a thin oil where a heavy oil is prescribed will break down a machine or heat up a moving shaft so that it will “freeze” and stop.<br />
<br />
(5) Put any clogging substance into lubrication systems or, if it will float, into stored oil. Twisted combings of human hair, pieces of string, dead insects, and many other common objects will be effective in stopping or hindering the flow of oil through feed lines and filters.<br />
<br />
(6) Under some circumstances, you may be able to destroy oil outright rather than interfere with its effectiveness, by removing stop-plugs from lubricating systems or by puncturing the drums and cans in which it is stored.<br />
<br />
==== (c) Cooling Systems ====<br />
(1) A water cooling system can be put out of commission in a fairly short time, with considerable damage to an engine or motor, if you put into it several pinches of hard grain, such as rice or wheat. They will swell up and choke the circulation of water, and the cooling system will have to be torn down to remove the obstruction. Sawdust or hair may also be used to clog a water cooling system.<br />
<br />
(2) If very cold water is quickly introduced into the cooling system of an overheated motor, contraction and considerable strain on the engine housing will result. If you can repeat the treatment a few times, cracking and serious damage will result.<br />
<br />
(3) You can ruin the effectiveness of an air cooling system by plugging dirt and waste into intake or exhaust valves. If a belt-run fan is used in the system, make a jagged cut at least half way through the belt; it will slip and finally part under strain and the motor will overheat.<br />
<br />
==== (d) Gasoline and Oil Fuel ====<br />
Tanks and fueling engines usually are accessible and easy to open. They afford a very vulnerable target for simple sabotage activities.<br />
<br />
(1) Put several pinches of sawdust or hard grain, such as rice or wheat, into the fuel tank of a gasoline engine. The particles will choke a feed line so that the engine will stop. Some time will be required to discover the source of the trouble. Although they will be hard to get, crumbs of natural rubber, such as you might find in old rubber bands and pencil erasers, are also effective.<br />
<br />
(2) If you can accumulate sugar, put it in the fuel tank of a gasoline engine. As it burns together with the gasoline, it will turn into a sticky mess which will completely mire the engine and necessitate extensive cleaning and repair. Honey and molasses are as good as sugar. Try to use about 75-100 grams for each 10 gallons of gasoline.<br />
<br />
(3) Other impurities which you can introduce into gasoline will cause rapid engine wear and eventual breakdown. Fine particles of pumice, sand, ground glass, and metal dust can easily be introduced into a gasoline tank. Be sure that the particles are very fine, so that they will be able to pass through the carburetor jet.<br />
<br />
(4) Water, urine, wine, or any other simple liquid you can get in reasonably large quantities Will dilute gasoline fuel to a point where no combustion will occur in the cylinder and the engine will not move. One pint to 20 gallons of gasoline is sufficient. If salt water is used, it will cause corrosion and permanent motor damage.<br />
<br />
(5) In the case of Diesel engines, put low flash-point oil into the fuel tank; the engine will not move. If there already is proper oil in the tank when the wrong kind is added, the engine will only limp and sputter along.<br />
<br />
(6) Fuel lines to gasoline and oil engines frequently pass over the exhaust pipe. When the machine is at rest, you can stab a small hole in the fuel line and plug the hole with wax. As the engine runs and the exhaust tube becomes hot, the wax will be melted; fuel will drip onto the exhaust and a blaze will start.<br />
<br />
(7) If you have access to a room where gasoline is stored, remember that gas vapor accumulating in a closed room will explode after a time if you leave a candle burning in the room. A good deal of evaporation, however, must occur from the gasoline tins into the air of the room. If removal of the tops of the tins does not expose enough gasoline to the air to ensure copious evaporation, you can open lightly constructed tins further with a knife, ice pick or sharpened nail file. Or puncture a tiny hole in the tank which will permit gasoline to leak out on the floor. This will greatly increase the rate of evaporation. Before you light your candle, be sure that windows are closed and the room is as air-tight as you can make it. If you can see that windows in a neighboring room are opened wide, you have a chance of setting a large fire which will not only destroy the gasoline but anything else nearby; when the gasoline explodes, the doors of the storage room will be blown open, a draft to the neighboring windows will be created which will whip up a fine conflagration.<br />
<br />
==== (e) Electric Motors ====<br />
Electric motors (including dynamos) are more restricted than the targets so far discussed. They cannot be sabotaged easily or without risk of injury by unskilled persons who may otherwise have good opportunities for destruction.<br />
<br />
(1) Set the rheostat to a high point of resistance in all types of electric motors. They will overheat and catch fire.<br />
<br />
(2) Adjust the overload relay to a very high value beyond the capacity of the motor. Then overload the motor to a point where it will over-heat and break down.<br />
<br />
(3) Remember that dust, dirt, and moisture are enemies of electrical equipment. Spill dust and dirt onto the points where the wires in electric motors connect with terminals, and onto insulating parts. Inefficient transmission of cur- rent and, in some cases, short circuits will result. Wet generator motors to produce short circuits.<br />
<br />
(4) “Accidentally” bruise the insulation on wire, loosen nuts on connections, make faulty splices and faulty connections in wiring, to waste electric current and reduce the power of electric motors.<br />
<br />
(5) “Damage to commutator and reduce” the power output or cause short circuiting in direct-current motors: Loosen or remove commutator holding rings. Sprinkle carbon, graphite, or metal dust on commutators. Put a little grease or oil at the contact points of commutators. Where commutator bars are close together bridge the gaps between them with metal dust, or sawtooth their edges with a chisel so that the teeth on adjoining bars meet or nearly meet and current can pass from one to the other.<br />
<br />
(6) Put a piece of finely grained emery paper half the size of a postage stamp in a place where it will wear away rotating brushes. The emery paper — and the motor — will be destroyed in the resulting fire.<br />
<br />
(7) Sprinkle carbon, graphite or metal dust on slip-rings so that the current will leak or short circuits will occur. When a motor is idle, nick the slip-rings with a chisel.<br />
<br />
(8) Cause motor stoppage or inefficiency by applying dust mixed with grease to the face of the armature so that it will not make proper contact.<br />
<br />
(9) To overheat electric motors, mix sand with heavy grease and smear it between the stater and rotor, or wedge thin metal pieces between them. To prevent the efficient generation of current, put floor sweepings, oil, tar, or paint between them.<br />
<br />
(10) In motors using three-phase current, deeply nick one of the lead-in wires with a knife or file when the machine is at rest, or replace one of the three fuses with a blown-out fuse. In the first case, the motor will stop after running awhile, and in the second, it will not start.<br />
<br />
==== (f) Transformers ====<br />
(1) Transformers of the oil-filled type can be put out of commission if you pour water, salt-water, coolant, or kerosene, into the oil tank.<br />
<br />
(2) In air-cooled transformers, block the ventilation by piling debris around the transformer.<br />
<br />
(3) In all types of transformers, throw carbon, graphite or metal dust over the outside bushings and other exposed electrical parts.<br />
<br />
==== (g) Turbines ====<br />
Turbines for the most part are heavily built, stoutly housed, and difficult of access. Their vulnerability to simple sabotage is very low.<br />
<br />
(1) After inspecting or repairing a hydro turbine, fasten the cover insecurely so that it will blow off and flood the plant with water. A loose cover on a steam turbine will cause it to leak and slow down.<br />
<br />
(2) In water turbines, insert a large piece of scrap iron in the head of the penstock, just beyond the screening, so that water will carry the damaging material down to the plant equipment.<br />
<br />
(3) When the steam line to a turbine is opened for repair, put pieces of scrap iron into it, to be blasted into the turbine machinery when steam is up again.<br />
<br />
(4) Create a leak in the line feeding oil to the turbine, so that oil will fall on the hot steam pipe and cause a fire.<br />
<br />
==== (h) Boilers ====<br />
(1) Reduce the efficiency of steam boilers any way you can. Put too much water in them to make them slow-starting, or keep the fire under them low to keep them inefficient. Let them dry and turn the fire up; they will crack and be ruined. An especially good trick is to keep put- ting limestone or water containing lime in the boiler; it will deposit lime on the bottom and sides. This deposit will provide very good insulation against heat; after enough of it has collected, the boiler will be completely worthless.<br />
<br />
=== (3) Production: Metals ===<br />
<br />
==== (a) Iron and Steel ====<br />
(1) Keep blast furnaces in a condition where they must be frequently shut down for repair. In making fire-proof bricks for the inner lining of blast furnaces, put in an extra proportion of tar so that they will wear out quickly and necessitate constant re-lining.<br />
<br />
(2) Make cores for casting so that they are filled with air bubbles and an imperfect cast results.<br />
<br />
(3) See that the core in a mold is not properly supported, so that the core gives way or the casting is spoiled because of the incorrect position of the core.<br />
<br />
(4) In tempering steel or iron, apply too much heat, so that the resulting bars and ingots are of poor quality.<br />
<br />
==== (b) Other Metals ====<br />
No suggestions available.<br />
<br />
=== (4) Production: Mining and Mineral Extraction ===<br />
<br />
==== (a) Coal ====<br />
(1) A slight blow against your Davy oil lamp will extinguish it, and to light it again you will have to find a place where there is no fire damp. Take a long time looking for the place. (2) Blacksmiths who make pneumatic picks should not harden them properly, so that they will quickly grow dull.<br />
<br />
(3) You can easily put your pneumatic pick out of order. Pour a small amount of water through the oil lever and your pick will stop working. Coal dust and improper lubrication will also put it out of order.<br />
<br />
(4) Weaken the chain that pulls the bucket conveyors carrying coal. A deep dent in the chain made with blows of a pick or shovel will cause it to part under normal strain. Once a chain breaks, normally or otherwise take your time about reporting the damage; be slow about taking the chain up for repairs and bringing it back down after repairs.<br />
<br />
(5) Derail mine cars by putting obstructions on the rails and in switch points. If possible, pick a gallery where coal cars have to pass each other, so that traffic will be snarled up.<br />
<br />
(6) Send up quantities of rock and other useless material with the coal.<br />
<br />
=== (5) Production: Agriculture ===<br />
<br />
==== (a) Machinery ====<br />
(1) See par. 5 b. (2) (c), (d), (e).<br />
<br />
==== (b) Crops and livestock ====<br />
Crops and livestock probably will be destroyed only in areas where there are large food surpluses or where the enemy (regime) is known to be requisitioning food. (1) Feed crops to livestock. Let crops harvest too early or too late. Spoil stores of grain, fruit and vegetables by soaking them in water so that they will rot. Spoil fruit and vegetables by leaving them in the sun.<br />
<br />
=== (6) Transportation: Railways ===<br />
<br />
==== (a) Passengers ====<br />
(1) Make train travel as inconvenient as possible for enemy personnel. Make mistakes in issuing train tickets, leaving portions of the journey uncovered by the ticket book; issue two tickets for the same seat in the train, so that an interesting argument will result; near train time, instead of issuing printed tickets write them out slowly by hand, prolonging the process until the train is nearly ready to leave or has left the station. On station bulletin boards announcing train arrivals and departures, see that false and misleading information is given about trains bound for enemy destinations.<br />
<br />
(2) In trains bound for enemy destinations, attendants should make life as uncomfortable as possible for passengers. See that the food is especially bad, take up tickets after midnight, call all station stops very loudly during the night, handle baggage as noisily as possible during the night, and so on.<br />
<br />
(3) See that the luggage of enemy personnel is mislaid or unloaded at the wrong stations. Switch address labels on enemy baggage.<br />
<br />
(4) Engineers should see that trains run slow or make unscheduled stops for plausible reasons.<br />
<br />
==== (b) Switches, Signals and Routing ====<br />
(1) Exchange wires in switchboards containing signals and switches, so that they connect to the wrong terminals.<br />
<br />
(2) Loosen push-rods so that signal arms do not work; break signal lights; exchange the colored lenses on red and green lights.<br />
<br />
(3) Spread and spike switch points in the track so that they will not move, or place rocks or close-packed dirt between the switch points.<br />
<br />
(4) Sprinkle rock salt or ordinary salt profusely over the electrical connections of switch points and on the ground nearby. When it rains, the switch will be short-circuited.<br />
<br />
(5) See that cars are put on the wrong trains. Remove the labels from cars needing repair and put them on cars in good order. Leave couplings between cars as loose as possible.<br />
<br />
==== (c) Road-beds and Open Track ====<br />
(1) On a curve, take the bolts out of the tie-plates connecting to sections of the outside rail, and scoop away the gravel, cinders, or dirt for a few feet on each side of the connecting joint.<br />
<br />
(2) If by disconnecting the tie-plate at a joint and loosening sleeper nails on each side of the joint, it becomes possible to move a section of “rail, spread to sections of rail and drive a spike vertically between” them.<br />
<br />
==== (d) Oil and Lubrication ====<br />
(1) See 5 b. (2) (b).<br />
<br />
(2) Squeeze lubricating pipes with pincers or dent them with hammers, so that the flow of oil is obstructed.<br />
<br />
==== (e) Cooling Systems ====<br />
(1) See 5 b (2) (c).<br />
<br />
==== (f) Gasoline and Oil Fuel ====<br />
(1) See 5 b (2) (d).<br />
<br />
==== (g) Electric Motors ====<br />
(1) See 5 b (2) (e) and (f).<br />
<br />
==== (h) Boilers ====<br />
(1) See 5 b (2) (h).<br />
<br />
(2) After inspection put heavy oil or tar in the engines’ boilers, or put half a kilogram of soft soap into the water in the tender.<br />
<br />
==== (i) Brakes and Miscellaneous ====<br />
(1) Engines should run at high speeds and use brakes excessively at curves and on down-hill grades.<br />
<br />
(2) Punch holes in air-brake valves or water supply pipes.<br />
<br />
(3) In the last car of a passenger train or or a front car of a freight, remove the wadding from a journal box and replace it with oily rags.<br />
<br />
=== (7) Transportation: Automotive ===<br />
<br />
==== (a) Roads ====<br />
Damage to roads [(3) below] is slow, and therefore impractical as a D-day or near D-day activity.<br />
<br />
(1) Change sign posts at intersections and forks; the enemy will go the wrong way and it may be miles before he discovers his mistakes. In areas where traffic is composed primarily of enemy autos, trucks, and motor convoys of various kinds, remove danger signals from curves and intersections.<br />
<br />
(2) When the enemy asks for directions, give him wrong information. Especially when enemy convoys are in the neighborhood, truck drivers can spread rumors and give false information about bridges being out, ferries closed, and detours lying ahead.<br />
<br />
(3) If you can start damage to a heavily traveled road, passing traffic and the elements will do the rest. Construction gangs can see that too much sand or water is put in concrete or that the road foundation has soft spots. Any- one can scoop ruts in asphalt and macadam roads which turn soft in hot weather; passing trucks will accentuate the ruts to a point where substantial repair will be needed. Dirt roads also can be scooped out. If you are a road laborer, it will be only a few minutes work to divert a small stream from a sluice so that it runs over and eats away the road.<br />
<br />
(4) Distribute broken glass, nails, and sharp rocks on roads to puncture tires.<br />
<br />
==== (b) Passengers ====<br />
(1) Bus-driver can go past the stop where the enemy wants to get off. Taxi drivers can waste the enemy’s time and make extra money by driving the longest possible route to his destination.<br />
<br />
==== (c) Oil and Lubrication ====<br />
(1) See 5 b. (2) (b).<br />
<br />
(2) Disconnect the oil pump; this will burn out the main bearings in less than 50 miles of normal driving.<br />
<br />
==== (d) Radiator ====<br />
(1) See 5 b. (2) (c).<br />
<br />
==== (e) Fuel ====<br />
(1) See 5 b. (2) (d).<br />
<br />
==== (f) Battery and Ignition ====<br />
(1) Jam bits of wood into the ignition lock; loosen or exchange connections behind the switchboard; put dirt in spark plugs; damage distributor points.<br />
<br />
(2) Turn on the lights in parked cars so that the battery will run down.<br />
<br />
(3) Mechanics can ruin batteries in a number of undetectable ways: Take the valve cap off a cell, and drive a screw driver slantwise into the exposed water vent, shattering the plates of the cell; no damage will show when you put the cap back on. Iron or copper filings put into the cells i.e., dropped into the acid, will greatly shorten its life. Copper coins or a few pieces of iron will accomplish the same and more slowly. One hundred to 150 cubic centimeters of vinegar in each cell greatly reduces the life of the battery, but the odor of the vinegar may reveal what has happened.<br />
<br />
==== (g) Gears ====<br />
(1) Remove the lubricant from or put, too light a lubricant in the transmission and other gears.<br />
<br />
(2) In trucks, tractors, and other machines with heavy gears, fix the gear case insecurely, putting bolts in only half the bolt holes. The gears will be badly jolted in use and will soon need repairs.<br />
<br />
==== (h) Tires ====<br />
(1) Slash or puncture tires of unguarded vehicles. Put a nail inside a match box or other small box, and set it vertically in front of the back tire of a stationary car; when the car starts off, the nail will go neatly through the tire.<br />
<br />
(2) It is easy to damage a tire in a tire repair shop: In fixing flats, spill glass, benzine, caustic soda, or other material inside the casing which will puncture or corrode the tube. If you put a gummy substance inside the tube, the next flat will stick the tube to the casing and make it unusable. Or, when you fix a flat tire, you can simply leave between the tube and the casing the object which caused the flat in the first place.<br />
<br />
(3) In assembling a tire after repair, pump the tube up as fast as you can. Instead of filling out smoothly, it may crease, in which case it will wear out quickly. Or, as you put a tire together, see if you can pinch the tube between the rim of the tire and the rim of the wheel, so that a blow-out will result.<br />
<br />
(4) In putting air into tires, see that they are kept below normal pressure, so that more than an ordinary amount of wear will result. In filling tires on double wheels, inflate the inner tire to a much higher pressure than the outer one; both will wear out more quickly this way. Badly aligned wheels also wear tires out quickly; you can leave wheels out of alignment when they come in for adjustment, or you can spring them out of true with a strong kick, or by driving the car slowly and diagonally into a curb.<br />
<br />
(5) If you have access to stocks of tires, you can rot them by spilling oil, gasoline, caustic acid, or benzine on them. Synthetic rubber, however, is less susceptible to these chemicals.<br />
<br />
=== (8) Transportation: Water ===<br />
<br />
==== (a) Navigation ====<br />
(1) Barge and river boat personnel should spread false rumors about the navigability and conditions of the waterways they travel. Tell other barge and boat captains to follow channels that will take extra time, or cause them to make canal detours.<br />
<br />
(2) Barge and river boat captains should navigate with exceeding caution near locks and bridges, to waste their time and to waste the time of other craft which may have to wait on them. If you don’t pump the bilges of ships and barges often enough, they will be slower and harder to navigate. Barges “accidentally” run aground are an efficient time waster too.<br />
<br />
(3) Attendants on swing, draw, or bascule bridges can delay traffic over the bridge or in the waterway underneath by being slow. Boat captains can leave unattended draw bridges open in order to hold up road traffic.<br />
<br />
(4) Add or subtract compensating magnets to the compass on cargo ships. Demagnetize the compass or maladjust it by concealing a large bar of steel or iron near to it.<br />
<br />
==== (b) Cargo ====<br />
(1) While loading or unloading, handle cargo carelessly in order to cause damage. Arrange the cargo so that the weakest and lightest crates and boxes will be at the bottom of the hold, while the heaviest ones are on top of them. Put hatch covers and tarpaulins on sloppily, so that rain and deck wash will injure the cargo. Tie float valves open so that storage tanks will overflow on perishable goods.<br />
<br />
=== (9) Communications ===<br />
<br />
==== (a) Telephone ====<br />
(1) At office, hotel and exchange switch-boards delay putting enemy calls through, give them wrong numbers, cut them off “accident- ally,” or forget to disconnect them so that the line cannot be used again.<br />
<br />
(2) Hamper official and especially military business by making at least one telephone call a day to an enemy headquarters; when you get them, tell them you have the wrong number. Call military or police offices and make anonymous false reports of fires, air raids, bombs.<br />
<br />
(3) In offices and buildings used by the enemy, unscrew the earphone of telephone receivers and remove the diaphragm. Electricians and telephone repair men can make poor connections and damage insulation so that cross-talk and other kinds of electrical interference will make conversations hard or impossible to understand.<br />
<br />
(4) Put the batteries under automatic switchboards out of commission by dropping nails, metal filings, or coins into the cells. If you can treat half the batteries in this way, the switchboard will stop working. A whole telephone system can be disrupted if you can put 10 percent of the cells in half the batteries of the central battery room out of order.<br />
<br />
==== (b) Telegraph ====<br />
(1) Delay the transmission and delivery of telegrams to enemy destinations.<br />
<br />
(2) Garble telegrams to enemy destinations so that another telegram will have to be sent or a long distance call will have to be made. Some- times it will be possible to do this by changing a single letter in a word — for example, changing “minimum” to “miximum,” so that the person receiving the telegram will not know whether “minimum” or “maximum” is meant.<br />
<br />
==== (c) Transportation Lines ====<br />
(1) Cut telephone and telegraph transmission lines. Damage insulation on power lines to cause interference.<br />
<br />
==== (d) Mail ====<br />
(1) Post office employees can see to it that enemy mail is always delayed by one day or more, that it is put in wrong sacks, and so on.<br />
<br />
==== (e) Motion Pictures ====<br />
(1) Projector operators can ruin newsreels and other enemy propaganda films by bad focusing, speeding up or slowing down the film and by causing frequent breakage in the film.<br />
<br />
(2) Audiences can ruin enemy propaganda films by applauding to drown the words of the speaker, by coughing loudly, and by talking.<br />
<br />
(3) Anyone can break up a showing of an enemy propaganda film by putting two or three dozen large moths in a paper bag. Take the bag to the movies with you, put it on the floor in an empty section of the theater as you go in and leave it open. The moths will fly out and climb into the projector beam, so that the film will be obscured by fluttering shadows.<br />
<br />
==== (f) Radio ====<br />
(1) Station engineers will find it quite easy to over-modulate transmissions of talks by persons giving enemy propaganda or instructions, so that they will sound as if they were talking through a heavy cotton blanket with a mouth full of marbles.<br />
<br />
(2) In your own apartment building, you can interfere with radio reception at times when the enemy wants everybody to listen. Take an electric light plug off the end of an electric light cord; take some wire out of the cord and tie it across two terminals of a two-prong plug or three terminals of a four-prong plug. Then take it around and put it into as many wall and floor outlets as you can find. Each time you insert the plug into a new circuit, you will blow out a fuse and silence all radios running on power from that circuit until a new fuse is put in.<br />
<br />
(3) Damaging insulation on any electrical equipment tends to create radio interference in the immediate neighborhood, particularly on large generators, neon signs, fluorescent lighting, X-ray machines, and power lines. If workmen can damage insulation on a high tension line near an enemy airfield, they will make ground- to-plane radio communications difficult and perhaps impossible during long periods of the day.<br />
<br />
=== (10) Electric Power ===<br />
<br />
==== (a) Turbines, Electric Motors, Transformers ====<br />
(1) See 5 b. (2) (e), (f),and (g).<br />
<br />
==== (b) Transmission Lines ====<br />
(1) Linesmen can loosen and dirty insulators to cause power leakage. It will be quite easy, too, for them to tie a piece of very heavy string several times back and forth between two parallel transmission lines, winding it several turns around the wire each time. Beforehand, the string should be heavily saturated with salt and then dried. When it rains, the string becomes a conductor, and a short-circuit will result.<br />
<br />
=== (11) General Interference with Organizations and Production ===<br />
<br />
==== (a) Organizations and Conferences ====<br />
(1) Insist on doing everything through “channels.” Never permit short-cuts to be taken in order to expedite decisions.<br />
<br />
(2) Make “speeches.” Talk as frequently as possible and at great length. Illustrate your “points” by long anecdotes and accounts of personal experiences. Never hesitate to make a few appropriate “patriotic” comments.<br />
<br />
(3) When possible, refer all matters to committees, for “further study and consideration.” Attempt to make the committees as large as possible — never less than five.<br />
<br />
(4) Bring up irrelevant issues as frequently as possible.<br />
<br />
(5) Haggle over precise wordings of communications, minutes, resolutions.<br />
<br />
(6) Refer back to matters decided upon at the last meeting and attempt to re-open the question of the advisability of that decision.<br />
<br />
(7) Advocate “caution.” Be “reasonable” and urge your fellow-conferees to be “reasonable” and avoid haste which might result in embarrassments or difficulties later on.<br />
<br />
(8) Be worried about the propriety of any decision — raise the question of whether such action as is contemplated lies within the jurisdiction of the group or whether it might conflict with the policy of some higher echelon.<br />
<br />
==== (b) Managers and Supervisors ====<br />
(1) Demand written orders.<br />
<br />
(2) “Misunderstand” orders. Ask endless questions or engage in long correspondence about such orders. Quibble over them when you can.<br />
<br />
(3) Do everything possible to delay the delivery of orders. Even though parts of an order may be ready beforehand, don’t deliver it until it is completely ready.<br />
<br />
(4) Don’t order new working materials until your current stocks have been virtually exhausted, so that the slightest delay in filling your order will mean a shutdown.<br />
<br />
(5) Order high-quality materials which are hard to get. If you don’t get them argue about it. Warn that inferior materials will mean inferior work.<br />
<br />
(6) In making work assignments, always sign out the unimportant jobs first. See that the important jobs are assigned to inefficient workers of poor machines.<br />
<br />
(7) Insist on perfect work in relatively unimportant products; send back for refinishing those which have the least flaw. Approve other defective parts whose flaws are not visible to the naked eye.<br />
<br />
(8) Make mistakes in routing so that parts and materials will be sent to the wrong place in the plant.<br />
<br />
(9) When training new workers, give incomplete or misleading instructions.<br />
<br />
(10) To lower morale and with it, production, be pleasant to inefficient workers; give them undeserved promotions. Discriminate against efficient workers; complain unjustly about their work.<br />
<br />
(11) Hold conferences when there is more critical work to be done.<br />
<br />
(12) Multiply paper work in plausible ways. Start duplicate files.<br />
<br />
(13) Multiply the procedures and clearances involved in issuing instructions, pay checks, and so on. See that three people have to approve everything where one would do.<br />
<br />
(14) Apply all regulations to the last letter.<br />
<br />
==== (c) Office Workers ====<br />
(1) Make mistakes in quantities of material when you are copying orders. Confuse similar names. Use wrong addresses.<br />
<br />
(2) Prolong correspondence with government bureaus.<br />
<br />
(3) Misfile essential documents.<br />
<br />
(4) In making carbon copies, make one too few, so that an extra copying job will have to be done.<br />
<br />
(5) Tell important callers the boss is busy or talking on another telephone.<br />
<br />
(6) Hold up mail until the next collection.<br />
<br />
(7) Spread disturbing rumors that sound like inside dope.<br />
<br />
==== (d) Employees ====<br />
(1) Work slowly. Think out ways to increase the number of movements necessary on your job: use a light hammer instead of a heavy one, try to make a small wrench do when a big one is necessary, use little force where considerable force is needed, and so on.<br />
<br />
(2) Contrive as many interruptions to your work as you can: when changing the material on which you are working, as you would on a lathe or punch, take needless time to do it. If you are cutting, shaping or doing other measured work, measure dimensions twice as often as you need to. When you go to the lavatory, spend a longer time there than is necessary. Forget tools so that you will have to go back after them.<br />
<br />
(3) Even if you understand the language, pretend not to understand instructions in a foreign tongue.<br />
<br />
(4) Pretend that instructions are hard to understand, and ask to have them repeated more than once. Or pretend that you are particularly anxious to do your work, and pester the foreman with unnecessary questions.<br />
<br />
(5) Do your work poorly and blame it on bad tools, machinery, or equipment. Complain that these things are preventing you from doing your job right.<br />
<br />
(6) Never pass on your skill and experience to a new or less skillful worker.<br />
<br />
(7) Snarl up administration in every possible way. Fill out forms illegibly so that they will have to be done over; make mistakes or omit requested information in forms.<br />
<br />
(8) If possible, join or help organize a group for presenting employee problems to the management. See that the procedures adopted are as inconvenient as possible for the management, involving the presence of a large number of employees at each presentation, entailing more than one meeting for each grievance, bringing up problems which are largely imaginary, and so on.<br />
<br />
(9) Misroute materials.<br />
<br />
(10) Mix good parts with unusable scrap and rejected parts.<br />
<br />
(12) General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Confusion<br />
<br />
(a) Give lengthy and incomprehensible explanations when questioned.<br />
<br />
(b) Report imaginary spies or danger to the Gestapo or police.<br />
<br />
(c) Act stupid.<br />
<br />
(d) Be as irritable and quarrelsome as possible without getting yourself into trouble.<br />
<br />
(e) Misunderstand all sorts of regulations as concerning such matters as rationing, transportation, and traffic regulations.<br />
<br />
(f) Complain against ersatz materials.<br />
<br />
(g) In public treat axis nationals or quislings coldly.<br />
<br />
(h) Stop all conversation when axis nationals or quislings enter a cafe.<br />
<br />
(i) Cry and sob hysterically at every occasion, especially when confronted by government clerks.<br />
<br />
(j) Boycott all movies, entertainments, concerts, newspapers which are in any way connected with the quisling authorities.<br />
<br />
(k) Do not cooperate in salvage schemes.<br />
[[Category:Library works by Department for Strategic Services (Provisionsal)]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-communism]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:Sparkingcircuit&diff=44433Comrade:Sparkingcircuit2023-03-03T06:08:19Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Spelling correction and slight position change.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person|name=SparkingCircuit|nationality=United States of America}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
I am a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] an advocate for [[Free and open-source software|Free and Open Source Software]]. In accordance with the [[Revolutionary Technical Committee|RTC's]] new party line, I now consider [[Common Software]] deprecated. I use [[Linux|Debian]] for my computer, and am currently using XFCE4 as my desktop environment, though I have also used Mate, Gnome43, and i3 in the past. I also like anime, educational videos and written content (within reason). Unfortunately I live in the [[United States of America|"''United''" States of Amerikkka]], and not exactly with much capital at that. I have a limited understanding of the C programming language, and GDScript. Furthermore, I like resource management and logistics games such as [https://rimworldgame.com/ RimWorld], [https://www.factorio.com/ Factorio], and [https://www.openttd.org/ OpenTTD].<br />
<br />
<br />
He/Him 🇨🇳 🇨🇺 🇰🇵 🇱🇦 🇻🇳 ☭<br />
<br />
{{TOC}}<br />
<br />
== Social Media ==<br />
[https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad]<br />
<br />
[https://toots.matapacos.dog/@sparkingcircuit Mastodon] (Following blocked, but if you for some reason want to follow me, message me on ProleWiki or [https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad] and I'll approve you.)<br />
<br />
== Admission Answers ''(Deprecated as of January 28<sup>th</sup>, 2023)'' ==<br />
<br />
==== 1.Where did you find ProleWiki? ====<br />
While I'm not sure anymore, I believe that I have found it through Lemmygrad.<br />
<br />
==== 2.What current of Marxist thought do you uphold? Describe as thoroughly as needed your path towards your current political perspective. ====<br />
I am a Marxist-Leninist. When I was little I had a strange mixture of liberal (by United States standards) and conservative ideas. By my early teens I had figured out most of the conservative garbage I had subscribed to was garbage due to my interest in the sciences. By fourteen was firmly in the Soc-Dem camp but found that many things still didn't quite fit together as they were supposed to. Later a series of rather personal and unfortunate events happened side to side that lead me to, in a sequence I can't quite remember, stumbling into a variety of communist online spaces. At first most of it was very foreign, but as time past, and my curiosity got the best of me, I kept finding sources that eventually lead me to my current believes.<br />
<br />
==== 3.Have you read [[ProleWiki:Principles|our principles]]? Comment your agreements or objections to our principles ====<br />
Political Line:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-imperialism:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-oppression:<br />
Agreed<br />
Free to users / Governed by its contributors:<br />
Agreed<br />
Collectively owned:<br />
Agreed<br />
Democratic:<br />
Agreed<br />
Transparency:<br />
Agreed<br />
Critique and self-critique:<br />
Agreed<br />
Philosophical outlook:<br />
Agreed<br />
For the advancement of class consciousness:<br />
Agreed<br />
<br />
==== 4.What is your position on China? Do you believe China is a socialist country? Why so, or why not? ====<br />
I generally view the PRC positively, believing it to be a socialist nation (as flawed as it may be in some aspects). I believe this to be the case due to it's manner democratic participation and ruling party. It's democratic participation being carried out in such a way as to give as much power to the people as is reasonably possible given the conditions of the country.<br />
<br />
==== 5.What is your position on Joseph Stalin? How would you describe his historical role? ====<br />
Joseph Stalin has been, in my opinion, a remarkable force for good in this world. While far from perfect, his role in the formation and ideological composition of the USSR and many other socialist nations has been remarkable for the proletarian struggle.<br />
<br />
==== 6.What is your understanding of gender? Should Marxists support the LGBT community? ====<br />
Whilst my understanding of it is admittedly little, the LGBTQ+ community has my full support. Furthermore, I believe that all Marxist groups should support them in their struggle against their oppression.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
''SparkingCircuit''</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=COINTELPRO&diff=43201COINTELPRO2023-01-30T03:16:31Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Reformatting and minor grammar corrections.</p>
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<div>{{Message box/Stub}}<br />
<br />
'''COINTELPRO''' (syllabic abbreviation derived from COunter INTELligence PROgram) (1956 - present) was a series of [[Covert operation|covert]] and illegal<ref name="church-final-report">{{Cite book|title=Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans – Church Committee final report|title-link=Church Committee|date=1976-04-26|publisher=United States Senate|series=II|page=10|chapter=I. Introduction and Summary|access-date=2014-07-15|chapter-url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418092233/http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/pdfs94th/94755_II.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|access-date=14 February 2018|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309125741/https://archive.org/details/CointelproTheUntoldAmericanStory|title=COINTELPRO: The Untold American Story}}</ref> projects conducted by the [[United States of America|United States]] [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI). Aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting domestic American political organizations.<ref name="Citizens">{{Cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2006/mar/08/opinion/oe-jalon8|title=A break-in to end all break-ins|last=Jalon|first=Allan M.|date=8 March 2006|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2014-07-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035850/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/mar/08/opinion/oe-jalon8|archive-date=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref name="The-Dangers-of-Domestic-Spying-by-Federal-Law-Enforcement">{{Cite report|url=https://www.aclu.org/files/FilesPDFs/mlkreport.pdf|title=The Dangers of Domestic Spying by Federal Law Enforcement|date=2002|publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]]|access-date=2017-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205173958/https://www.aclu.org/files/FilesPDFs/mlkreport.pdf|archive-date=2018-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref> FBI records show COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals the FBI deemed subversive,<ref name="Jeffreys-Jones">{{Cite book|title=The FBI: A History|last=Jeffreys-Jones|first=Rhodri|date=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14284-6|location=New Haven, CT|page=189|author-link=Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones|orig-year=2007}}</ref> including [[feminist]] organizations,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Curr%20C101/Cointelpro%20and%20Women's%20Liberation.pdf|title=The Women's Liberation Movement and COINTELPRO|website=www.freedomarchives.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724013050/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Curr%20C101/Cointelpro%20and%20Women's%20Liberation.pdf|archive-date=2015-07-24}}</ref> the [[Communist Party USA]], [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti–Vietnam War]] organizers, activists of the [[civil rights movement]] or [[Black Power movement]] (e.g. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], the [[Nation of Islam]], and the [[Black Panther Party]]), [[environmentalist]] and [[animal rights]] organizations, the [[American Indian Movement|American Indian Movement (AIM)]], independence movements (such as [[Puerto Rican independence]] groups like the [[Young Lords]]), and a variety of organizations that were part of the broader [[New Left]], in combination with unrelated groups such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK).<ref>{{Cite book|title=White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866|last=Newton|first=Michael|publisher=McFarland|year=2014|isbn=978-0-7864-7774-6|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|pages=146}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Intelligence Operations]]<br />
[[Category:FBI]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Cuba&diff=43200Communist Party of Cuba2023-01-30T03:08:41Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Reformatting to better fit ProleWiki guidelines.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party<br />
| name = Communist Party of Cuba<br />
| native_name = Partido Comunista de Cuba<br />
| logo = [[File:Logo del Partido Comunista de Cuba.svg|frameless|175px]]<br />
| colorcode = red<br />
| founder = [[Fidel Castro]]<br />
| leader1_title = First Secretary<br />
| leader1_name = Raúl Castro<br />
| foundation = 3 October 1965<br />
| newspaper = ''Granma''<br />
| political_orientation = [[Marxism-Leninism]]<br />
| website = [http://www.pcc.cu/ www.pcc.cu]<br />
| international = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties]]<br />
| youth_wing = Young Communist League<br />
| country = Cuba<br />
}}<br />
{{Communist parties}}<br />
The '''Communist Party of Cuba''' ('''PCC''') is a [[Marxism-leninism|Marxist-Leninist]], organized vanguard of the [[Republic of Cuba]], and is the political leading force of the Cuban state and society.<ref>''2019 Constitution of Republic of Cuba''. Article 5. [http://www.cubadebate.cu/cuba/constitucion-republica-cuba/ Link (Spanish)]</ref> It's the sole political party in Cuba.<br />
<br />
The PCC is a [[communist party]] organically structured under [[democratic centralism]] and holds as its main objective the building of [[socialism]].<ref>''Statute of the Communist Party of Cuba''. [https://www.pcc.cu/sites/default/files/documentos/2020-07/estatutos-pcc.pdf Link (Spanish)]</ref><br />
<br />
The highest body within the PCC is the Party Congress, which convenes every five years. When the Congress is not in session, the Central Committee becomes the highest body. Due to the Central Committee meeting twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities are vested in the Politburo. As of April 2021, the First Secretary of the Central Committee is [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.granma.cu/octavo-congreso-pcc/2021-04-19/elegido-miguel-diaz-canel-bermudez-como-primer-secretario-del-comite-central-del-partido-comunista-de-cuba-19-04-2021-10-04-18|title=Elegido Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez como Primer Secretario del Comité Central del Partido Comunista de Cuba|newspaper=Granma|date=2021-04-19|retrieval-date=23 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Cuba had a number of [[Communism|communist]] and [[Anarchism|anarchist]] organizations from the early period of the [[Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|Republic]] (founded in 1902). The original "[[Comintern|internationalised]]" Communist Party of Cuba formed in the 1920s. In 1944, it renamed itself as the [[Popular Socialist Party (Cuba)|Popular Socialist Party]] for electoral reasons. In July 1961, two years after the successful overthrow of [[Fulgencio Batista]] and the creation of a revolutionary government, the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI) was formed from the merger of:<br />
<br />
* Fidel Castro's [[26th of July Movement]]<br />
* The [[Popular Socialist Party (Cuba)|Popular Socialist Party]] led by [[Blas Roca]]<br />
*Parts of the student-based [[Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil|Revolutionary Directory]] led by [[Faure Chomón]]<br />
<br />
On 26 March 1962, the ORI became the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC), which in turn became the Communist Party of Cuba on 3 October 1965. In Article 5 of the Cuban constitution of 1976, the Communist Party is recognized as "the superior guiding force of society and of the State, that organizes and orients common efforts toward the high goals of the construction of socialism and the advancement toward communist society".<ref>{{Web citation|url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Cuba/vigente.html#mozTocId561012|title=Cuba: Constitución|website=pdba.georgetown.edu|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref> All parties, including the Communist Party, are prohibited from publicly advertising their organizations.<br />
<br />
For the first fifteen years of its formal existence, the Communist Party was almost completely inactive outside of the Politburo. The 100 person Central Committee rarely met and it was ten years after its founding that the first regular [[Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba|party Congress]] was held. In 1969, membership of the party was only 55,000 or 0.7% of the population, making the PCC the smallest ruling communist party in the world. In the 1970s, the party's apparatus began to develop. By the time of the first party Congress in 1975, the party had grown to just over two hundred thousand members, the Central Committee was meeting regularly and provided the organizational apparatus giving the party the leading role in society that ruling Communist parties generally hold. By 1980, the party had grown to over 430,000 members and it grew further to 520,000 by 1985. Apparatuses of the party had grown to ensure that its leading cadres were appointed to key government positions.<br />
<br />
==Ideology ==<br />
Compared with other ruling Communist Parties, such as in [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[Communist Party of China|China]], and [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party|Laos]], the Communist Party of Cuba retains a stricter adherence to the tradition of [[Marxism–Leninism]] and the traditional [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet model]]. The party has been more reluctant in engaging in market reforms, though it has been forced to accept some market measures in its economy due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the resultant loss of economic subsidies. The Communist Party of Cuba has often pursued an [[Interventionism (politics)|interventionist]] foreign policy, actively assisting left-wing revolutionary movements and governments abroad, including the [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|ELN]] in [[Colombia]], the [[Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front|FMLN]] in [[El Salvador]], the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Sandinistas]] in [[Nicaragua]], and [[Maurice Bishop]]'s [[New Jewel Movement]] in [[Grenada]].{{citation needed|date=February 2007}} The party's most significant international role was in the [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]] in [[Angola]], where Cuba directed a joint Angolan/Soviet/Cuban force in the [[Battle of Cuito Cuanavale]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Michael Evans|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB67/|title=Secret Cuban Documents on History of Africa Involvement|publisher=Gwu.edu|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|url=http://www.ipsterraviva.net/Africa/viewstory.asp?idnews=452|title=Cuba: Angolan War Memories Live On|date=16 June 2007|access-date=23 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070616124846/http://www.ipsterraviva.net/Africa/viewstory.asp?idnews=452|archive-date=16 June 2007}}</ref>More recently, the party has sought to support [[Pink Tide]] leaders across Latin America, such as [[Hugo Chávez]] and later [[Nicolás Maduro]] in [[Venezuela]] and [[Evo Morales]] in [[Bolivia]]. <br />
<br />
[[Medical diplomacy]] has also been a prominent feature of the Party's foreign policy. The party [[Cuban medical internationalism|maintains a policy]] of sending thousands of Cuban doctors, agricultural technicians, and other professionals to other countries throughout the developing world.<br />
<br />
Since becoming the leader of the party, Raúl Castro has campaigned to "renew" Cuba's socialist economy through incorporating new exchange and distribution systems that have been seen traditionally, as "market oriented". This has led to some speculation that Cuba may transition towards a model [[Socialist-oriented market economy|similar]] to that of [[People's Republic of China|China]] and [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=http://insight.inewsweek.cn/topic.php?tid=626|title=古巴改革:"社会主义更新"未完待续|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429205524/http://insight.inewsweek.cn/topic.php?tid=626|archive-date=29 April 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Mass organizations related to the PCC==<br />
<br />
* [[Young Communist League (Cuba)|Young Communist League]], (UJC founded in 1962 by [[Fidel Castro]]), youth group of future militants of the PCC<br />
* [[Workers' Central Union of Cuba]], (CTC, founded in 1939 by Blas Roca and Lázaro Peña), a Cuban trade union center.<br />
* [[Federation of Cuban Women]], (FMC, founded in 1960 by Fidel Castro and Vilma Espín), a centralized women's organization.<br />
* [[National Association of Small Farmers]], (ANAP, founded in 1961 by Fidel Castro), a peasant organization.<br />
* [[José Martí Pioneer Organization]], (OPJM, founded in 1977 by Fidel Castro), student organization (pioneers).<br />
* Student Federation of Secondary Education,(FEEM, founded in 1970 by Fidel Castro), student organization (pre).<br />
* University Student Federation, (FEU, founded in 1922 by [[Julio Antonio Mella]]), student organization (university).<br />
* [[Committees for the Defense of the Revolution]], (CDR, founded in 1960 by Fidel Castro), community work organization.<br />
* Association of Combatants of the Cuban Revolution, (ACRC, founded in 1993 by Fidel Castro), organization of active and retired military personnel.<br />
* [[Union of Journalists of Cuba|Union of Journalists of Cuba, (UPEC, founded in 1963 by Fidel Castro), a centralized organization of journalists.]]<br />
<br />
==Youth==<br />
The Communist Party of Cuba has a youth wing, the [[Young Communist League (Cuba)|Young Communist League]] (''Unión de Jóvenes Comunistas'', UJC) which is a member organization of the [[World Federation of Democratic Youth]]. It also has a children's group, the [[José Martí Pioneer Organization]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Communist parties]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Food_loss_and_waste&diff=43175Food loss and waste2023-01-29T19:53:01Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Replaced Infobox and corrected spelling.</p>
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<div>{{Message box/Stub}}<br />
<br />
'''Food loss and waste''' is food that is not eaten. The causes of food waste or loss are numerous and occur throughout the food system, during production, processing, distribution, retail and consumption. Overall, about one third of the world's food is thrown away.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title=UN Calls for Action to End Food Waste Culture - October 4, 2021|url=https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/10/04/un-calls-for-action-to-end-food-waste-culture/|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Daily News Brief|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[People's Republic of China|China]], the [[Socialism|socialist]] [[Communist Party of China|government]] has instituted legislation to combat food waste<ref>[https://www.ifad.org/en/web/latest/-/blog/fighting-food-waste-in-china-local-efforts-global-effects Fighting food waste in China: Local efforts, global effects]</ref><ref>[https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-01-16/Fighting-food-waste-Serving-up-just-right-portions-at-open-buffets--X48mcDBYkM/index.html Fighting food waste: Serving up 'just right' portions at all-you-can-eat buffets]</ref> to "foster a resource-conserving and environmentally-friendly society."<ref>[https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202104/1222490.shtml China adopts law against food waste; binge eating, excessive leftovers to face fines]</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[United States of America|United States]], 30-40% of food is wasted, yet laws prohibit the donation of food to those in need.<ref>[https://universe.byu.edu/2017/11/27/some-americans-go-hungry-while-others-waste-food/ Some Americans go hungry while others waste food]</ref><ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/WorkersStrikeBack/comments/qhoqad/why/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3 "Portland Police are guarding a dumpster full of food. The grocery store threw it away because the power was out for too long, and police are threatening to arrest anyone who tries to take it."] screenshot of anonymous [[Facebook, Inc.|Facebook]] status, posted to [[WorkersStrikeBack (subreddit)|/r/WorkersStrikeBack]] on Oct 28, 2021</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Social issues]]<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:Sparkingcircuit&diff=43173Comrade:Sparkingcircuit2023-01-29T19:46:45Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Added that the admission questions have changed</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person|name=SparkingCircuit|nationality=United States of America}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
I am a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] an advocate for [[Free and open-source software|Free and Open Source Software]] as well as [[Common Software]]. I use [[Linux|Debian]] for my computer, and am currently using XFCE4 as my desktop environment, though I have also used Mate, Gnome43, and i3 in the past. I also like anime and educational video and written content (within reason). Unfortunately I live in the [[United States of America|"''United''" States of Amerikkka]], and not exactly with a lot of capital at that. I have a limited understanding of the C programming language and like resource management and logistics games such as [https://rimworldgame.com/ RimWorld], [https://www.factorio.com/ Factorio], and [https://www.openttd.org/ OpenTTD].<br />
<br />
<br />
He/Him 🇨🇳 🇨🇺 🇰🇵 🇱🇦 🇻🇳 ☭<br />
<br />
{{TOC}}<br />
<br />
== Social Media ==<br />
[https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad]<br />
<br />
[https://toots.matapacos.dog/@sparkingcircuit Mastodon] (Following blocked, but if you for some reason want to follow me, message me on Prolewiki or [https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad] and I'll probably approve you.)<br />
<br />
== Admission Answers ''(Outdated)'' ==<br />
<br />
==== 1.Where did you find ProleWiki? ====<br />
While I'm not sure anymore, I believe that I have found it through Lemmygrad.<br />
<br />
==== 2.What current of Marxist thought do you uphold? Describe as thoroughly as needed your path towards your current political perspective. ====<br />
I am a Marxist-Leninist. When I was little I had a strange mixture of liberal (by United States standards) and conservative ideas. By my early teens I had figured out most of the conservative garbage I had subscribed to was garbage due to my interest in the sciences. By fourteen was firmly in the Soc-Dem camp but found that many things still didn't quite fit together as they were supposed to. Later a series of rather personal and unfortunate events happened side to side that lead me to, in a sequence I can't quite remember, stumbling into a variety of communist online spaces. At first most of it was very foreign, but as time past, and my curiosity got the best of me, I kept finding sources that eventually lead me to my current believes.<br />
<br />
==== 3.Have you read [[ProleWiki:Principles|our principles]]? Comment your agreements or objections to our principles ====<br />
Political Line:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-imperialism:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-oppression:<br />
Agreed<br />
Free to users / Governed by its contributors:<br />
Agreed<br />
Collectively owned:<br />
Agreed<br />
Democratic:<br />
Agreed<br />
Transparency:<br />
Agreed<br />
Critique and self-critique:<br />
Agreed<br />
Philosophical outlook:<br />
Agreed<br />
For the advancement of class consciousness:<br />
Agreed<br />
<br />
==== 4.What is your position on China? Do you believe China is a socialist country? Why so, or why not? ====<br />
I generally view the PRC positively, believing it to be a socialist nation (as flawed as it may be in some aspects). I believe this to be the case due to it's manner democratic participation and ruling party. It's democratic participation being carried out in such a way as to give as much power to the people as is reasonably possible given the conditions of the country.<br />
<br />
==== 5.What is your position on Joseph Stalin? How would you describe his historical role? ====<br />
Joseph Stalin has been, in my opinion, a remarkable force for good in this world. While far from perfect, his role in the formation and ideological composition of the USSR and many other socialist nations has been remarkable for the proletarian struggle.<br />
<br />
==== 6.What is your understanding of gender? Should Marxists support the LGBT community? ====<br />
Whilst my understanding of it is admittedly little, the LGBTQ+ community has my full support. Furthermore, I believe that all Marxist groups should support them in their struggle against their oppression.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
''SparkingCircuit''</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Defense&diff=43093United States Department of Defense2023-01-28T21:35:13Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Added Infobox</p>
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<div>{{Message box/Stub}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| agency_name = United States Department of Defense<br />
| seal = Seal of United States Department of Defense.svg<br />
| seal_width = 200<br />
| seal_caption = Seal<br />
| formed = 1947-9-18th<br />
| jurisdiction = [[Government_of_the_United_States_of_America]]<br />
| headquarters = [[The Pentagon]]<br />Arlington County, Virginia, [[United States|United States]]<br />
| budget = 721.5$ billion<br />
| chief1_name = Lloyd J. Austin<br />
| chief1_position = Secretary<br />
| chief2_name = Kathleen Hicks<br />
| chief2_position = Deputy Secretary<br />
| chief3_name = Mark A. Milley<br />
| chief3_position = Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff<br />
| chief4_name = Christopher W. Grady<br />
| chief4_position = Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff<br />
| child1_agency = [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]]<br />
| child2_agency = [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]]<br />
| child3_agency = [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]<br />
| child4_agency = [[National Security Agency]]<br />
| child5_agency = [[Defense Intelligence Agency]]<br />
| child6_agency = [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]<br />
| child7_agency = [[National Reconnaissance Office]]<br />
| website = https://www.defense.gov/[https://www.defense.gov/]<br />
}}<br />
The '''United States Department of Defense''' ('''DOD'''), previously known as the '''United States Department of War''' is a [[reactionary]] and [[anti-communist]] government organization responsible for the military overthrow of various governments around the world, most notably those of [[socialist]] and indigenous control.<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Imperialist organizations]]<br />
[[Category:United States of America]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:Seal_of_United_States_Department_of_Defense.svg&diff=43092File:Seal of United States Department of Defense.svg2023-01-28T21:15:25Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: The seal of the DOD.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
The seal of the DOD.</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_government_agency&diff=43089Template:Infobox government agency2023-01-28T21:08:14Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: A template for the displaying of information regarding governmental agencies.</p>
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</noinclude></div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Luna_Oi&diff=43072Luna Oi2023-01-28T20:24:47Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Added a person infobox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person|name=Luna Oi|image=LunaOi.png|nationality=Vietnam|field=Youtuber}}<br />
<br />
'''Luna Oi''' is a [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnamese]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] content creator who is prominent on [[YouTube]]. She promotes [[Socialism|socialist]] education from a Vietnamese perspective in the English language.<br />
<br />
She's covered the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in Vietnam,<ref>{{YouTube citation|title=Vietnam is Defeating COVID, why can't the West? {{!}} MOONCAST|url=https://youtu.be/SIxD0gJfCAo|channel=[https://www.youtube.com/@Lunaoi Luna Oi]}}</ref> the [[Republic of India|Indian]] farmers' protest movement,<ref>{{News citation|title=Here's how Farmers DEFEATED Neoliberalism in India!|url=https://youtu.be/0FOv9Q3x9KI}}</ref> among many other topics. She has also appeared on the [[The Deprogram|Deprogram]] podcast.<ref>{{News citation|author=The Deprogram|newspaper=Patreon|title=The Deprogram Episode 25:Viet Minh? More like Viet Win (Vietnamese Socialism Ft. Luna Oi)|date=2022-04-22|url=https://www.patreon.com/TheDeprogram|retrieved=2022-05-01}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
<br />
=== Anarchist positions ===<br />
<br />
In 2019, Luna Oi claimed that what she really wanted was [[anarchism]], with "[Marxism-Leninism] during the revolution time".<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://twitter.com/LunaOi_VN/status/1162553955039137793|title=Luna Oi claiming that she wants Anarchism|author=@LunaOi_VN (Luna Oi)|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211009222319/https://twitter.com/LunaOi_VN/status/1162553955039137793|archive-date=2021-10-09T22:23:19}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Vietnamese nationalism ===<br />
<br />
Luna Oi has frequently denounced accusations against Vietnam. This includes defending the Vietnamese occupation of [[Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979)|Cambodia]] and calling it necessary.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://twitter.com/LunaOi_VN/status/1613661614816772097|title=Luna Oi defending the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia.|author=Luna Oi|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230113003848/https://twitter.com/LunaOi_VN/status/1613661614816772097|archive-date=2023-01-13T00:38:48}}</ref> Luna Oi also called [[Deng Xiaoping]] a monster after repeating Western propaganda surrounding the [[1989 Tian'anmen Square riots]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://twitter.com/LunaOi_VN/status/1187774578921070592|title=Luna Oi calling Deng a monster|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20191025225705/https://twitter.com/LunaOi_VN/status/1187774578921070592|archive-date=2019-10-25T22:57:05|author=Luna Oi|quote=My high school history teacher told us about Tiananmen. We're shocked and shivered listening to what actually happened.<br />
All the "justification" for it is just quibble. I hope everyone, even the Dengists, have to admit that. Deng was monster and he knew it, he chose to do it.}}</ref><br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/lunaoi YouTube]<br />
* [https://twitter.com/LunaOi_VN Twitter]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:LunaOi.png&diff=43071File:LunaOi.png2023-01-28T20:19:46Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Image of the ML Youtuber "Luna Oi".</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Image of the ML Youtuber "Luna Oi".</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_weapon&diff=43019Nuclear weapon2023-01-28T01:42:38Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Created "Nuclear Weapon" page.</p>
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<div>{{Message box/Externalarticlecleanup}}<br />
<br />
A '''Nuclear weapon''', is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either [[Nuclear fission|fission]] (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and [[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a [[nuclear explosion]]. Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.<br />
<br />
The first test of a fission (atomic) bomb released an amount of energy approximately equal to 20 kilo-tons of TNT. The first thermonuclear (hydrogen) bomb test released energy approximately equal to 10 mega-tons of TNT. Nuclear bombs have had yields between 10 tons TNT and 50 megatons for the [[Tsar Bomba]]. A thermonuclear weapon weighing as little as 600 pounds (270 kg) can release energy equal to more than 1.2 mega-tonnes of TNT.<br />
<br />
A nuclear device no larger than a conventional bomb can devastate an entire city by blast, fire, and radiation. Since they are [[Weapons of Mass Destruction|weapons of mass destruction]], the proliferation of nuclear weapons is a focus of international relations policy. Nuclear weapons have been deployed twice in war, by the [[United States of America|United States]] against the [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japanese]] cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 during [[Second World War|World War II]].<br />
<br />
== Testing and deployment ==<br />
Nuclear weapons have only twice been used in war, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] detonated a uranium fission bomb nicknamed "Little Boy" over the Japanese city of Hiroshima; three days later, on August 9, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a plutonium fission bomb nicknamed "Fat Man" over the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These bombings caused injuries that resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel.<br />
<br />
Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have been detonated over 2,000 times for testing and demonstration. Only a few nations possess such weapons or are suspected of seeking them. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons—and acknowledge possessing them—are (chronologically) the United States, the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] (succeeded by [[Russian Federation|Russia]]), the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[French Republic|France]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Republic of India|India]], [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]], and the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]]. [[State of Israel|Israel]] is believed to possess nuclear weapons, though, in a policy of deliberate ambiguity, it does not acknowledge having them. [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]], [[Italian Republic|Italy]], [[Republic of Turkey|Turkey]], [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]] and the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]] are nuclear weapons sharing states. [[Republic of South Africa|South Africa]] is the only country to have independently developed and then renounced and dismantled its nuclear weapons.<br />
<br />
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons aims to reduce the spread of nuclear weapons, but its effectiveness has been questioned. Modernisation of weapons continues to this day.<br />
<br />
== Types ==<br />
The [[Trinity (Nuclear Test)|Trinity test]] of the [[Manhattan Project]] was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, which led [[Robert Oppenheimer]] to recall verses from the Hindu scripture ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'': "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one "... "I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds".<br />
<br />
Robert Oppenheimer, principal leader of the Manhattan Project, often referred to as the "father of the atomic bomb".<br />
<br />
There are two basic types of nuclear weapons: those that derive the majority of their energy from nuclear fission reactions alone, and those that use fission reactions to begin nuclear fusion reactions that produce a large amount of the total energy output.<br />
<br />
=== Fission weapons ===<br />
All existing nuclear weapons derive some of their explosive energy from nuclear fission reactions. Weapons whose explosive output is exclusively from fission reactions are commonly referred to as '''atomic bombs''' or '''atom bombs''' (abbreviated as '''A-bombs''').<br />
<br />
In fission weapons, a mass of fissile material (enriched uranium or plutonium) is forced into supercriticality—allowing an exponential growth of nuclear chain reactions—either by shooting one piece of sub-critical material into another (the "gun" method) or by compression of a sub-critical sphere or cylinder of fissile material using chemically fueled explosive lenses. The latter approach, the "implosion" method, is more sophisticated and more efficient (smaller, less massive, and requiring less of the expensive fissile fuel) than the former.<br />
<br />
All fission reactions generate fission products, the remains of the split atomic nuclei. Many fission products are either highly radioactive (but short-lived) or moderately radioactive (but long-lived), and as such, they are a serious form of [[Nuclear waste|radioactive contamination]]. Fission products are the principal radioactive component of nuclear fallout. Another source of radioactivity is the burst of free neutrons produced by the weapon. When they collide with other nuclei in the surrounding material, the neutrons transmute those nuclei into other isotopes, altering their stability and making them radioactive.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used fissile materials for nuclear weapons applications have been uranium-235 and plutonium-239. Less commonly used has been uranium-233. Neptunium-237 and some isotopes of americium may be usable for nuclear explosives as well, but it is not clear that this has ever been implemented, and their plausible use in nuclear weapons is a matter of dispute.<br />
<br />
=== Fusion weapons ===<br />
The other basic type of nuclear weapon produces a large proportion of its energy in nuclear fusion reactions. Such fusion weapons are generally referred to as '''thermonuclear weapons''' or more colloquially as '''hydrogen bombs''' (abbreviated as '''H-bombs'''), as they rely on fusion reactions between isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium). All such weapons derive a significant portion of their energy from fission reactions used to "trigger" fusion reactions, and fusion reactions can themselves trigger additional fission reactions.<br />
<br />
Only six countries—United States, Russia (Formally the USSR), United Kingdom, China, France, India and the DPRK—have conducted thermonuclear weapon tests. Whether India has detonated a "true" multi-staged thermonuclear weapon is controversial. Thermonuclear weapons are considered much more difficult to successfully design and execute than comparatively primitive fission weapons. Almost all of the nuclear weapons deployed today use the thermonuclear design because it is more efficient.<br />
<br />
Thermonuclear bombs work by using the energy of a fission bomb to compress and heat fusion fuel. In the Teller-Ulam design, which accounts for all multi-megaton yield hydrogen bombs, this is accomplished by placing a fission bomb and fusion fuel (tritium, deuterium, or lithium deuteride) in proximity within a special, radiation-reflecting container. When the fission bomb is detonated, gamma rays and X-rays emitted first compress the fusion fuel, then heat it to thermonuclear temperatures. The ensuing fusion reaction creates enormous numbers of high-speed neutrons, which can then induce fission in materials not normally prone to it, such as depleted uranium. Each of these components is known as a "stage", with the fission bomb as the "primary" and the fusion capsule as the "secondary". In large, megaton-range hydrogen bombs, about half of the yield comes from the final fissioning of depleted uranium.<br />
<br />
Virtually all thermonuclear weapons deployed today use the "two-stage" design described above, but it is possible to add additional fusion stages—each stage igniting a larger amount of fusion fuel in the next stage. This technique can be used to construct thermonuclear weapons of arbitrarily large yield. This is in contrast to fission bombs, which are limited in their explosive power due to criticality danger (premature nuclear chain reaction caused by too-large amounts of pre-assembled fissile fuel). The largest nuclear weapon ever detonated, the Tsar Bomba of the USSR, which released an energy equivalent of over 50 megatons of TNT, was a three-stage weapon. Most thermonuclear weapons are considerably smaller than this, due to practical constraints from missile warhead space, weight requirements, and technical complications.<br />
<br />
Fusion reactions do not create fission products, and thus contribute far less to the creation of nuclear fallout than fission reactions, but because all thermonuclear weapons contain at least one fission stage, and many high-yield thermonuclear devices have a final fission stage, thermonuclear weapons can generate at least as much nuclear fallout as fission-only weapons. Furthermore, high yield thermonuclear explosions (most dangerously ground bursts) have the force to lift radioactive debris upwards into the stratosphere, where the calm non-turbulent winds permit the debris to travel great distances from the burst, eventually settling and unpredictably contaminating areas far removed from the target of the explosion.<br />
<br />
== Weapons delivery ==<br />
The first nuclear weapons were gravity bombs, such as the Statesian "Fat Man" weapon dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. They were large and could only be delivered by heavy bomber aircraft<br />
<br />
The system used to deliver a nuclear weapon to its target is an important factor affecting both nuclear weapon design and nuclear strategy. The design, development, and maintenance of delivery systems are among the most expensive parts of a nuclear weapons program; they account, for example, for 57% of the financial resources spent by the United States on nuclear weapons projects since 1940.<br />
<br />
The simplest method for delivering a nuclear weapon is a gravity bomb dropped from aircraft; this was the method used by the United States against Japan. This method places few restrictions on the size of the weapon. It does, however, limit attack range, response time to an impending attack, and the number of weapons that a country can field at the same time. With miniaturization, nuclear bombs can be delivered by both strategic bombers and tactical fighter-bombers. This method is the primary means of nuclear weapons delivery; the majority of U.S. nuclear warheads, for example, are free-fall gravity bombs.<br />
<br />
Preferable from a strategic point of view is a nuclear weapon mounted on a missile, which can use a ballistic trajectory to deliver the warhead over the horizon. Although even short-range missiles allow for a faster and less vulnerable attack, the development of long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) has given some nations the ability to plausibly deliver missiles anywhere on the globe with an exceedingly high likelihood of success.<br />
<br />
More advanced systems, such as multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), can launch multiple warheads at different targets from one missile, reducing the chance of a successful missile defense. Today, missiles are most common among systems designed for delivery of nuclear weapons. Making a warhead small enough to fit onto a missile, though, is quite difficult.<br />
<br />
Tactical weapons have involved the most variety of delivery types, including not only gravity bombs and missiles but also artillery shells, land mines, and nuclear depth charges and torpedoes for anti-submarine warfare. An atomic mortar has been tested by the United States. Small, two-man portable tactical weapons (somewhat misleadingly referred to as suitcase bombs), such as the Special Atomic Demolition Munition, have been developed, although the difficulty of combining sufficient yield with portability limits their military utility.<br />
<br />
== Governance, control, and law ==<br />
The International Atomic Energy Agency was created in 1957 to encourage peaceful development of nuclear technology while providing international safeguards against nuclear proliferation.<br />
<br />
Because they are weapons of mass destruction, the proliferation and possible use of nuclear weapons are important issues in international relations and diplomacy. In most countries, the use of nuclear force can only be authorized by the head of government or head of state. Despite controls and regulations governing nuclear weapons, there is an inherent danger of accidents, mistakes, false alarms, blackmail, theft, and sabotage.<br />
<br />
In the late 1940s, lack of trust and stubbornness from the United States, prevented the United States and the Soviet Union from making progress on arms control agreements. The Russell–Einstein Manifesto was issued in London on July 9, 1955, by Bertrand Russell in the midst of the [[Cold War]]. It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict. The signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists, including Albert Einstein, who signed it just days before his death on April 18, 1955. A few days after the release, Cyrus S. Eaton offered to sponsor a conference—called for in the manifesto—in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Eaton's birthplace. This conference was to be the first of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, held in July 1957.<br />
<br />
By the 1960s, steps were taken to limit both the proliferation of nuclear weapons to other countries and the environmental effects of nuclear testing. The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) restricted all nuclear testing to underground nuclear testing, to prevent contamination from nuclear fallout, whereas the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968) attempted to place restrictions on the types of activities signatories could participate in, with the goal of allowing the transference of non-military nuclear technology to member countries without fear of proliferation.<br />
<br />
In 1957, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established under the mandate of the United Nations to encourage development of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, provide international safeguards against its misuse, and facilitate the application of safety measures in its use. In 1996, many nations signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which prohibits all testing of nuclear weapons. A testing ban imposes a significant hindrance to nuclear arms development by any complying country. The Treaty requires the ratification by 44 specific states before it can go into force; as of 2012, the ratification of eight of these states is still required.<br />
<br />
Additional treaties and agreements have governed nuclear weapons stockpiles between the countries with the two largest stockpiles, the United States and the Soviet Union, later between the United States and Russia. These include treaties such as SALT II (never ratified), START I (expired), INF, START II (never in effect), SORT, and New START, as well as non-binding agreements such as SALT I and the Presidential Nuclear Initiatives of 1991. Even when they did not enter into force, these agreements helped limit and later reduce the numbers and types of nuclear weapons between the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia.<br />
<br />
Nuclear weapons have also been opposed by agreements between countries. Many nations have been declared Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones, areas where nuclear weapons production and deployment are prohibited, through the use of treaties. The Treaty of Tlatelolco (1967) prohibited any production or deployment of nuclear weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Treaty of Pelindaba (1964) prohibits nuclear weapons in many African countries. As recently as 2006 a Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone was established among the former Soviet republics of Central Asia prohibiting nuclear weapons.<br />
<br />
In 1996, the International Court of Justice, the highest court of the United Nations, issued an Advisory Opinion concerned with the "Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons". The court ruled that the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons would violate various articles of international law, including the Geneva Conventions, the Hague Conventions, the UN Charter, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Given the unique, destructive characteristics of nuclear weapons, the International Committee of the Red Cross calls on States to ensure that these weapons are never used, irrespective of whether they consider them lawful or not.<br />
<br />
Additionally, there have been other, specific actions meant to discourage countries from developing nuclear arms. In the wake of the tests by India and Pakistan in 1998, economic sanctions were (temporarily) levied against both countries, though neither were signatories with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. One of the stated ''casus belli'' for the initiation of the 2003 [[Iraq War]] was an accusation by the United States that Iraq was actively pursuing nuclear arms (though this was soon discovered not to be the case). In 1981, Israel had bombed a nuclear reactor being constructed in Osirak, Iraq, in what it called an attempt to halt Iraq's previous nuclear arms ambitions; in 2007, Israel bombed another reactor being constructed in Syria.<br />
<br />
In 2013, Mark Diesendorf said that governments of France, India, People's Korea, Pakistan, UK, and South Africa have used nuclear power and/or research reactors to assist nuclear weapons development or to contribute to their supplies of nuclear explosives from military reactors.<br />
<br />
The two tied-for-lowest points for the Doomsday Clock have been in 1953, when the Clock was set to two minutes until midnight after the U.S. and the Soviet Union began testing hydrogen bombs, and in 2018, following the failure of world leaders to address tensions relating to nuclear weapons and climate change issues.<br />
<br />
=== Disarmament ===<br />
The USSR and United States nuclear weapon stockpiles throughout the Cold War until 2015, with a precipitous drop in total numbers following the end of the Cold War in 1991.<br />
<br />
Nuclear disarmament refers to both the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-free world, in which nuclear weapons are eliminated.<br />
<br />
Beginning with the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty and continuing through the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, there have been many treaties to limit or reduce nuclear weapons testing and stockpiles. The 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty has as one of its explicit conditions that all signatories must "pursue negotiations in good faith" towards the long-term goal of "complete disarmament". The nuclear-weapon states have largely treated that aspect of the agreement as "decorative" and without force.<br />
<br />
Only one country—South Africa—has ever fully renounced nuclear weapons they had independently developed. The former Soviet republics of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine returned Soviet nuclear arms stationed in their countries to Russia after the collapse of the USSR.<br />
<br />
In January 1986, Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] publicly proposed a three-stage program for abolishing the world's nuclear weapons by the end of the 20th century. The soviets actively asked the United States to stop developing, and dismantle already existing nuclear weapons they possessed, as to allow for global denuclearization prior to this. In the years after the end of the Cold War, there have been numerous campaigns to urge the abolition of nuclear weapons, such as that organized by the Global Zero movement.<br />
<br />
=== United Nations ===<br />
''Main article: [[United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs]]''<br />
<br />
The UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) is a department of the United Nations Secretariat established in January 1998 as part of the [[United Nations]] Secretary-General Kofi Annan's plan to reform the UN as presented in his report to the General Assembly in July 1997.<br />
<br />
Its goal is to promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and the strengthening of the disarmament regimes in respect to other weapons of mass destruction, chemical and biological weapons. It also promotes disarmament efforts in the area of conventional weapons, especially land mines and small arms, which are often the weapons of choice in contemporary conflicts.<br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
<br />
=== Ethics ===<br />
Even before the first nuclear weapons had been developed, scientists involved with the Manhattan Project were divided over the use of the weapon. The role of the two atomic bombings of the country in Japan's surrender and the U.S.'s ethical justification for them has been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades, with most socialists believing the United States to be morally wrong in their decision. The question of whether nations should have nuclear weapons, or test them, has been continually and nearly universally controversial.<br />
<br />
=== Notable nuclear weapons accidents ===<br />
''Main article: [[List of nuclear accidents]]''<br />
<br />
''See also: [[List of nuclear close calls]]''<br />
<br />
* August 21, 1945: While conducting experiments on a plutonium-gallium core at Los Alamos National Laboratory, physicist Harry Daghlian received a lethal dose of radiation when an error caused it to enter prompt criticality. He died 25 days later, on September 15, 1945, from radiation poisoning.<br />
* May 21, 1946: While conducting further experiments on the same core at Los Alamos National Laboratory, physicist Louis Slotin accidentally caused the core to become briefly supercritical. He received a lethal dose of gamma and neutron radiation, and died nine days later on May 30, 1946. After the death of Daghlian and Slotin, the mass became known as the "demon core." It was ultimately used to construct a bomb for use on the Nevada Test Range.<br />
* February 13, 1950: a Convair B-36B crashed in northern British Columbia after jettisoning a Mark IV atomic bomb. This was the first such nuclear weapon loss in history. The accident was designated a "Broken Arrow"—an accident involving a nuclear weapon but which does not present a risk of war. Experts believe that up to 50 nuclear weapons were lost during the Cold War.<br />
* May 22, 1957: a 42,000-pound (19,000 kg) Mark-17 hydrogen bomb accidentally fell from a bomber near Albuquerque, New Mexico. The detonation of the device's conventional explosives destroyed it on impact and formed a crater 25 feet (7.6 m) in diameter on land owned by the University of New Mexico. According to a researcher at the Natural Resources Defense Council, it was one of the most powerful bombs made to date.<br />
* June 7, 1960: the 1960 Fort Dix IM-99 accident destroyed a Boeing CIM-10 Bomarc nuclear missile and shelter and contaminated the BOMARC Missile Accident Site in New Jersey.<br />
* January 24, 1961: the 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash occurred near Goldsboro, North Carolina. A Boeing B-52 Stratofortress carrying two Mark 39 nuclear bombs broke up in mid-air, dropping its nuclear payload in the process.<br />
* 1965 Philippine Sea A-4 crash, where a Skyhawk attack aircraft with a nuclear weapon fell into the sea. The pilot, the aircraft, and the B43 nuclear bomb were never recovered. It was not until 1989 that the Pentagon revealed the loss of the one-megaton bomb.<br />
* January 17, 1966: the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash occurred when a B-52G bomber of the USAF collided with a KC-135 tanker during mid-air refuelling off the coast of Spain. The KC-135 was completely destroyed when its fuel load ignited, killing all four crew members. The B-52G broke apart, killing three of the seven crew members aboard. Of the four Mk28 type hydrogen bombs the B-52G carried, three were found on land near Almería, Spain. The non-nuclear explosives in two of the weapons detonated upon impact with the ground, resulting in the contamination of a 2-square-kilometer (490-acre) (0.78 square mile) area by radioactive plutonium. The fourth, which fell into the Mediterranean Sea, was recovered intact after a 21⁄2-month-long search.<br />
* January 21, 1968: the 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash involved a United States Air Force (USAF) B-52 bomber. The aircraft was carrying four hydrogen bombs when a cabin fire forced the crew to abandon the aircraft. Six crew members ejected safely, but one who did not have an ejection seat was killed while trying to bail out. The bomber crashed onto sea ice in Greenland, causing the nuclear payload to rupture and disperse, which resulted in widespread radioactive contamination. One of the bombs remains lost.<br />
* September 18–19, 1980: the Damascus Accident, occurred in Damascus, Arkansas, where a Titan missile equipped with a nuclear warhead exploded. The accident was caused by a maintenance man who dropped a socket from a socket wrench down an 80-foot (24 m) shaft, puncturing a fuel tank on the rocket. Leaking fuel resulted in a hypergolic fuel explosion, jettisoning the W-53 warhead beyond the launch site.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear testing and fallout ===<br />
Over 500 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests were conducted at various sites around the world from 1945 to 1980. Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons testing was first drawn to public attention in 1954 when the Castle Bravo hydrogen bomb test at the Pacific Proving Grounds contaminated the crew and catch of the Japanese fishing boat ''Lucky Dragon''. One of the fishermen died in Japan seven months later, and the fear of contaminated tuna led to a temporary boycotting of the popular staple in Japan. The incident caused widespread concern around the world, especially regarding the effects of nuclear fallout and atmospheric nuclear testing, and "provided a decisive impetus for the emergence of the anti-nuclear weapons movement in many countries".<br />
<br />
As public awareness and concern mounted over the possible health hazards associated with exposure to the nuclear fallout, various studies were done to assess the extent of the hazard. A [[Center for Disease Control|Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention/ National Cancer Institute study claims that fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests would lead to an estimated 11,000 excess deaths among people alive during atmospheric testing in the United States from all forms of cancer, including leukemia, from 1951 to well into the 21st century.<br />
<br />
In addition, leakage of byproducts of nuclear weapon production into groundwater has been an ongoing issue, particularly in regards to the Hanford site.<br />
<br />
== Effects of nuclear explosions ==<br />
<br />
=== Effects of nuclear explosions on human health ===<br />
Some scientists estimate that a nuclear war with 100 Hiroshima-size nuclear explosions on cities could cost the lives of tens of millions of people from long-term climatic effects alone. The climatology hypothesis is that ''if'' each city firestorms, a great deal of soot could be thrown up into the atmosphere which could blanket the earth, cutting out sunlight for years on end, causing the disruption of food chains, in what is termed a nuclear winter.<br />
<br />
People near the Hiroshima explosion and who managed to survive the explosion subsequently suffered a variety of medical effects:<br />
<br />
* Initial stage—the first 1–9 weeks, in which are the greatest number of deaths, with 90% due to thermal injury and/or blast effects and 10% due to super-lethal radiation exposure.<br />
* Intermediate stage—from 10 to 12 weeks. The deaths in this period are from ionizing radiation in the median lethal range – LD50<br />
* Late period—lasting from 13 to 20 weeks. This period has some improvement in survivors' condition.<br />
* Delayed period—from 20+ weeks. Characterized by numerous complications, mostly related to healing of thermal and mechanical injuries, and if the individual was exposed to a few hundred to a thousand millisieverts of radiation, it is coupled with infertility, sub-fertility and blood disorders. Furthermore, ionizing radiation above a dose of around 50–100 millisievert exposure has been shown to statistically begin increasing one's chance of dying of cancer sometime in their lifetime over the normal unexposed rate of ~25%, in the long term, a heightened rate of cancer, proportional to the dose received, would begin to be observed after ~5+ years, with lesser problems such as eye cataracts and other more minor effects in other organs and tissue also being observed over the long term.<br />
<br />
Fallout exposure—depending on if further afield individuals shelter in place or evacuate perpendicular to the direction of the wind, and therefore avoid contact with the fallout plume, and stay there for the days and weeks after the nuclear explosion, their exposure to fallout, and therefore their total dose, will vary. With those who do shelter in place, and or evacuate, experiencing a total dose that would be negligible in comparison to someone who just went about their life as normal.<br />
<br />
Staying indoors until after the most hazardous fallout isotope, I-131 decays away to 0.1% of its initial quantity after ten half-lifes—which is represented by 80 days in I-131s case, would make the difference between likely contracting Thyroid cancer or escaping completely from this substance depending on the actions of the individual.<br />
<br />
=== Effects of nuclear war ===<br />
''See also: [[Doomsday Clock]], and [[Nuclear famine]]''<br />
<br />
Nuclear war could yield unprecedented human death tolls and habitat destruction. Detonating large numbers of nuclear weapons would have an immediate, short term and long-term effects on the climate, potentially causing a weather condition known as a "nuclear winter". In 1982, Brian Martin estimated that a US–Soviet nuclear exchange might kill 400–450 million directly, mostly in the United States, Europe and Russia, and maybe several hundred million more through follow-up consequences in those same areas. Many scholars have posited that a global thermonuclear war with Cold War-era stockpiles, or even with the current smaller stockpiles, may lead to the extinction of the human race. It is believed that nuclear war could indirectly contribute to human extinction via secondary effects, including environmental consequences and agricultural collapse.<br />
<br />
According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal ''Nature Food'' in August 2022, a full-scale nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would directly kill 360 million people and more than 5 billion people would die from starvation. More than 2 billion people could die from a smaller-scale nuclear war between India and Pakistan.<br />
<br />
=== Public opposition ===<br />
In the United Kingdom, the first Aldermaston March organised by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament(CND) took place at Easter 1958, when, according to the CND, several thousand people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square, London, to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment close to Aldermaston in Berkshire, England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons. The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches.<br />
<br />
In 1959, a letter in the ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]'' was the start of a successful campaign to stop the Atomic Energy Commission dumping radioactive waste in the sea 19 kilometres from Boston. In 1962, Linus Pauling won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to stop the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, and the "Ban the Bomb" movement spread.<br />
<br />
== Costs and technology spin-offs ==<br />
According to an audit by the Brookings Institution, between 1940 and 1996, the U.S. spent $10.1 trillion in present-day terms on nuclear weapons programs. 57% of which was spent on building nuclear weapons delivery systems. 6.3% of the total, $631 billion in present-day terms, was spent on environmental remediation and nuclear waste management, for example cleaning up the Hanford site, and 7% of the total, $707 billion was spent on making nuclear weapons themselves.<br />
<br />
== History of development ==<br />
''See also: [[Soviet atomic bomb project]]''<br />
<br />
This section is an excerpt from History of nuclear weapons § Physics and politics in the 1930s and 1940s.<br />
<br />
In nuclear fission, the nucleus of a fissile atom (in this case, enriched uranium) absorbs a thermal neutron, becomes unstable and splits into two new atoms, releasing some energy and between one and three new neutrons, which can perpetuate the process.<br />
<br />
In the first decades of the 20th century, physics was revolutionized with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms including the discoveries in atomic theory by John Dalton. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende, an ore of uranium, contained a substance—which they named radium—that emitted large amounts of radioactivity. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements. Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy, waiting to be harnessed.<br />
<br />
In Paris in 1934, Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie discovered that artificial radioactivity could be induced in stable elements by bombarding them with alpha particles; in Italy Enrico Fermi reported similar results when bombarding uranium with neutrons.<br />
<br />
In December 1938, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann reported that they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons. Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch correctly interpreted these results as being due to the splitting of the uranium atom. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on January 13, 1939. They gave the process the name "fission" because of its similarity to the splitting of a cell into two new cells. Even before it was published, news of Meitner's and Frisch's interpretation crossed the Atlantic.<br />
<br />
Between 1939 and 1940, Joliot-Curie's team applied for a patent family covering different use cases of atomic energy, one (case III, in patent FR 971,324 - ''Perfectionnements aux charges explosives'', meaning ''Improvements in Explosive Charges'') being the first official document explicitly mentioning a nuclear explosion as a purpose, including for war. This patent was applied for on May 4, 1939, but only granted in 1950, being withheld by French authorities in the meantime.<br />
<br />
Uranium appears in nature primarily in two isotopes: uranium-238 and uranium-235. When the nucleus of uranium-235 absorbs a neutron, it undergoes nuclear fission, releasing energy and, on average, 2.5 neutrons. Because uranium-235 releases more neutrons than it absorbs, it can support a chain reaction and so is described as fissile. Uranium-238, on the other hand, is not fissile as it does not normally undergo fission when it absorbs a neutron.<br />
<br />
By the start of the war in September 1939, many scientists likely to be persecuted by the Nazis had already escaped. Physicists on both sides were well aware of the possibility of utilizing nuclear fission as a weapon, but no one was quite sure how it could be engineered. In August 1939, concerned that Germany might have its own project to develop fission-based weapons, Albert Einstein signed a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning him of the threat.<br />
<br />
Roosevelt responded by setting up the Uranium Committee under Lyman James Briggs but, with little initial funding ($6,000), progress was slow. It was not until the U.S. entered the war in December 1941 that Washington decided to commit the necessary resources to a top-secret high priority bomb project.<br />
<br />
Organized research first began in Britain and Canada as part of the Tube Alloys project: the world's first nuclear weapons project. The Maud Committee was set up following the work of Frisch and Rudolf Peierls who calculated uranium-235's critical mass and found it to be much smaller than previously thought which meant that a deliverable bomb should be possible. In the February 1940 Frisch–Peierls memorandum they stated that: "The energy liberated in the explosion of such a super-bomb...will, for an instant, produce a temperature comparable to that of the interior of the sun. The blast from such an explosion would destroy life in a wide area. The size of this area is difficult to estimate, but it will probably cover the centre of a big city."<br />
<br />
Leo Szilard, invented the electron microscope, linear accelerator, cyclotron, nuclear chain reaction and patented the nuclear reactor in London in 1934.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Cobalt bomb]]<br />
* [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]<br />
* [[Dirty bomb]]<br />
* [[List of states with nuclear weapons]]<br />
* [[List of nuclear close calls]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Weaponry]]<br />
[[Category:WMD]]<br />
[[Category:Military Hardware]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:Sparkingcircuit&diff=41496Comrade:Sparkingcircuit2023-01-05T07:04:10Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Updating social media.</p>
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<div>{{Infobox person|name=SparkingCircuit|nationality=United States of America}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
I am a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] an advocate for [[Free and open-source software|Free and Open Source Software]] as well as [[Common Software]]. I use [[Linux|Debian]] for my computer, and am currently using XFCE4 as my desktop environment, though I have also used Mate, Gnome43, and i3 in the past. I also like anime and educational video and written content (within reason). Unfortunately I live in the [[United States of America|"''United''" States of Amerikkka]], and not exactly with a lot of capital at that. I have a limited understanding of the C programming language and like resource management and logistics games such as [https://rimworldgame.com/ RimWorld], [https://www.factorio.com/ Factorio], and [https://www.openttd.org/ OpenTTD].<br />
<br />
<br />
He/Him 🇨🇳 🇨🇺 🇰🇵 🇱🇦 🇻🇳 ☭<br />
<br />
{{TOC}}<br />
<br />
== Social Media ==<br />
[https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad]<br />
<br />
[https://toots.matapacos.dog/@sparkingcircuit Mastodon] (Following blocked, but if you for some reason want to follow me, message me on Prolewiki or [https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad] and I'll probably approve you.)<br />
<br />
== Admission Answers ==<br />
<br />
==== 1.Where did you find ProleWiki? ====<br />
While I'm not sure anymore, I believe that I have found it through Lemmygrad.<br />
<br />
==== 2.What current of Marxist thought do you uphold? Describe as thoroughly as needed your path towards your current political perspective. ====<br />
I am a Marxist-Leninist. When I was little I had a strange mixture of liberal (by United States standards) and conservative ideas. By my early teens I had figured out most of the conservative garbage I had subscribed to was garbage due to my interest in the sciences. By fourteen was firmly in the Soc-Dem camp but found that many things still didn't quite fit together as they were supposed to. Later a series of rather personal and unfortunate events happened side to side that lead me to, in a sequence I can't quite remember, stumbling into a variety of communist online spaces. At first most of it was very foreign, but as time past, and my curiosity got the best of me, I kept finding sources that eventually lead me to my current believes.<br />
<br />
==== 3.Have you read [[ProleWiki:Principles|our principles]]? Comment your agreements or objections to our principles ====<br />
Political Line:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-imperialism:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-oppression:<br />
Agreed<br />
Free to users / Governed by its contributors:<br />
Agreed<br />
Collectively owned:<br />
Agreed<br />
Democratic:<br />
Agreed<br />
Transparency:<br />
Agreed<br />
Critique and self-critique:<br />
Agreed<br />
Philosophical outlook:<br />
Agreed<br />
For the advancement of class consciousness:<br />
Agreed<br />
<br />
==== 4.What is your position on China? Do you believe China is a socialist country? Why so, or why not? ====<br />
I generally view the PRC positively, believing it to be a socialist nation (as flawed as it may be in some aspects). I believe this to be the case due to it's manner democratic participation and ruling party. It's democratic participation being carried out in such a way as to give as much power to the people as is reasonably possible given the conditions of the country.<br />
<br />
==== 5.What is your position on Joseph Stalin? How would you describe his historical role? ====<br />
Joseph Stalin has been, in my opinion, a remarkable force for good in this world. While far from perfect, his role in the formation and ideological composition of the USSR and many other socialist nations has been remarkable for the proletarian struggle.<br />
<br />
==== 6.What is your understanding of gender? Should Marxists support the LGBT community? ====<br />
Whilst my understanding of it is admittedly little, the LGBTQ+ community has my full support. Furthermore, I believe that all Marxist groups should support them in their struggle against their oppression.<br />
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Sincerely,<br />
<br />
''SparkingCircuit''</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:Sparkingcircuit&diff=41392Comrade:Sparkingcircuit2023-01-03T01:31:14Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Completing page.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person|name=SparkingCircuit|nationality=United States of America}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
I am a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] an advocate for [[Free and open-source software|Free and Open Source Software]] as well as [[Common Software]]. I use [[Linux|Debian]] for my computer, and am currently using XFCE4 as my desktop environment, though I have also used Mate, Gnome43, and i3 in the past. I also like anime and educational video and written content (within reason). Unfortunately I live in the [[United States of America|"''United''" States of Amerikkka]], and not exactly with a lot of capital at that. I have a limited understanding of the C programming language and like resource management and logistics games such as [https://rimworldgame.com/ RimWorld], [https://www.factorio.com/ Factorio], and [https://www.openttd.org/ OpenTTD].<br />
<br />
<br />
He/Him 🇨🇳 🇨🇺 🇰🇵 🇱🇦 🇻🇳 ☭<br />
<br />
{{TOC}}<br />
<br />
== Social Media ==<br />
[https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad]<br />
<br />
[https://fosstodon.org/@sparkingcircuit Mastodon] ''(Unused)''<br />
<br />
== Admission Answers ==<br />
<br />
==== 1.Where did you find ProleWiki? ====<br />
While I'm not sure anymore, I believe that I have found it through Lemmygrad.<br />
<br />
==== 2.What current of Marxist thought do you uphold? Describe as thoroughly as needed your path towards your current political perspective. ====<br />
I am a Marxist-Leninist. When I was little I had a strange mixture of liberal (by United States standards) and conservative ideas. By my early teens I had figured out most of the conservative garbage I had subscribed to was garbage due to my interest in the sciences. By fourteen was firmly in the Soc-Dem camp but found that many things still didn't quite fit together as they were supposed to. Later a series of rather personal and unfortunate events happened side to side that lead me to, in a sequence I can't quite remember, stumbling into a variety of communist online spaces. At first most of it was very foreign, but as time past, and my curiosity got the best of me, I kept finding sources that eventually lead me to my current believes.<br />
<br />
==== 3.Have you read [[ProleWiki:Principles|our principles]]? Comment your agreements or objections to our principles ====<br />
Political Line:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-imperialism:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-oppression:<br />
Agreed<br />
Free to users / Governed by its contributors:<br />
Agreed<br />
Collectively owned:<br />
Agreed<br />
Democratic:<br />
Agreed<br />
Transparency:<br />
Agreed<br />
Critique and self-critique:<br />
Agreed<br />
Philosophical outlook:<br />
Agreed<br />
For the advancement of class consciousness:<br />
Agreed<br />
<br />
==== 4.What is your position on China? Do you believe China is a socialist country? Why so, or why not? ====<br />
I generally view the PRC positively, believing it to be a socialist nation (as flawed as it may be in some aspects). I believe this to be the case due to it's manner democratic participation and ruling party. It's democratic participation being carried out in such a way as to give as much power to the people as is reasonably possible given the conditions of the country.<br />
<br />
==== 5.What is your position on Joseph Stalin? How would you describe his historical role? ====<br />
Joseph Stalin has been, in my opinion, a remarkable force for good in this world. While far from perfect, his role in the formation and ideological composition of the USSR and many other socialist nations has been remarkable for the proletarian struggle.<br />
<br />
==== 6.What is your understanding of gender? Should Marxists support the LGBT community? ====<br />
Whilst my understanding of it is admittedly little, the LGBTQ+ community has my full support. Furthermore, I believe that all Marxist groups should support them in their struggle against their oppression.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
''SparkingCircuit''</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:Sparkingcircuit&diff=41391Comrade:Sparkingcircuit2023-01-03T01:29:42Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Moved TOC</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person|name=SparkingCircuit|nationality=United States of America}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
I am a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] an advocate for [[Free and open-source software|Free and Open Source Software]] as well as [[Common Software]]. I use [[Linux|Debian]] for my computer, and am currently using XFCE4 as my desktop environment, though I have also used Mate, Gnome43, and i3 in the past. I also like anime and educational video and written content (within reason). Unfortunately I live in the [[United States of America|"''United''" States of Amerikkka]], and not exactly with a lot of capital at that. I have a limited understanding of the C programming language and like resource management and logistics games such as [https://rimworldgame.com/ RimWorld], [https://www.factorio.com/ Factorio], and [https://www.openttd.org/ OpenTTD].<br />
<br />
<br />
He/Him 🇨🇳 🇨🇺 🇰🇵 🇱🇦 🇻🇳 ☭<br />
<br />
== Social Media ==<br />
[https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad]<br />
<br />
[https://fosstodon.org/@sparkingcircuit Mastodon] ''(Unused)''<br />
<br />
{{TOC}}<br />
<br />
== Admission Answers ==<br />
<br />
==== 1. Where did you find ProleWiki? ====<br />
While I'm not sure anymore, I believe that I have found it through Lemmygrad.<br />
<br />
==== 2. What current of Marxist thought do you uphold? Describe as thoroughly as needed your path towards your current political perspective. ====<br />
I am a Marxist-Leninist. When I was little I had a strange mixture of liberal (by United States standards) and conservative ideas. By my early teens I had figured out most of the conservative garbage I had subscribed to was garbage due to my interest in the sciences. By fourteen was firmly in the Soc-Dem camp but found that many things still didn't quite fit together as they were supposed to. Later a series of rather personal and unfortunate events happened side to side that lead me to, in a sequence I can't quite remember, stumbling into a variety of communist online spaces. At first most of it was very foreign, but as time past, and my curiosity got the best of me, I kept finding sources that eventually lead me to my current believes.<br />
<br />
==== 3. Have you read [[ProleWiki:Principles|our principles]]? Comment your agreements or objections to our principles ====<br />
Political Line:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-imperialism:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-oppression:<br />
Agreed<br />
Free to users / Governed by its contributors:<br />
Agreed<br />
Collectively owned:<br />
Agreed<br />
Democratic:<br />
Agreed<br />
Transparency:<br />
Agreed<br />
Critique and self-critique:<br />
Agreed<br />
Philosophical outlook:<br />
Agreed<br />
For the advancement of class consciousness:<br />
Agreed<br />
<br />
==== 4. What is your position on China? Do you believe China is a socialist country? Why so, or why not? ====<br />
I generally view the PRC positively, believing it to be a socialist nation (as flawed as it may be in some aspects). I believe this to be the case due to it's manner democratic participation and ruling party. It's democratic participation being carried out in such a way as to give as much power to the people as is reasonably possible given the conditions of the country.<br />
<br />
==== 5. What is your position on Joseph Stalin? How would you describe his historical role? ====<br />
Joseph Stalin has been, in my opinion, a remarkable force for good in this world. While far from perfect, his role in the formation and ideological composition of the USSR and many other socialist nations has been remarkable for the proletarian struggle.<br />
<br />
==== 6. What is your understanding of gender? Should Marxists support the LGBT community? ====<br />
Whilst my understanding of it is admittedly little, the LGBTQ+ community has my full support. Furthermore, I believe that all Marxist groups should support them in their struggle against their oppression.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
''SparkingCircuit''</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:Sparkingcircuit&diff=41390Comrade:Sparkingcircuit2023-01-03T01:26:27Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Minor overhaul.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person|name=SparkingCircuit|nationality=United States of America}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
I am a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] an advocate for [[Free and open-source software|Free and Open Source Software]] as well as [[Common Software]]. I use [[Linux|Debian]] for my computer, and am currently using XFCE4 as my desktop environment, though I have also used Mate, Gnome43, and i3 in the past. I also like anime and educational video and written content (within reason). Unfortunately I live in the [[United States of America|"''United''" States of Amerikkka]], and not exactly with a lot of capital at that. I have a limited understanding of the C programming language and like resource management and logistics games such as [https://rimworldgame.com/ RimWorld], [https://www.factorio.com/ Factorio], and [https://www.openttd.org/ OpenTTD].<br />
<br />
<br />
He/Him 🇨🇳 🇨🇺 🇰🇵 🇱🇦 🇻🇳 ☭<br />
<br />
== Social Media ==<br />
[https://lemmygrad.ml/u/sparkingcircuit Lemmygrad]<br />
<br />
[https://fosstodon.org/@sparkingcircuit Mastodon] ''(Unused)''<br />
<br />
== Admission Answers ==<br />
<br />
==== 1. Where did you find ProleWiki? ====<br />
While I'm not sure anymore, I believe that I have found it through Lemmygrad.<br />
<br />
==== 2. What current of Marxist thought do you uphold? Describe as thoroughly as needed your path towards your current political perspective. ====<br />
I am a Marxist-Leninist. When I was little I had a strange mixture of liberal (by United States standards) and conservative ideas. By my early teens I had figured out most of the conservative garbage I had subscribed to was garbage due to my interest in the sciences. By fourteen was firmly in the Soc-Dem camp but found that many things still didn't quite fit together as they were supposed to. Later a series of rather personal and unfortunate events happened side to side that lead me to, in a sequence I can't quite remember, stumbling into a variety of communist online spaces. At first most of it was very foreign, but as time past, and my curiosity got the best of me, I kept finding sources that eventually lead me to my current believes.<br />
<br />
==== 3. Have you read [[ProleWiki:Principles|our principles]]? Comment your agreements or objections to our principles ====<br />
Political Line:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-imperialism:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-oppression:<br />
Agreed<br />
Free to users / Governed by its contributors:<br />
Agreed<br />
Collectively owned:<br />
Agreed<br />
Democratic:<br />
Agreed<br />
Transparency:<br />
Agreed<br />
Critique and self-critique:<br />
Agreed<br />
Philosophical outlook:<br />
Agreed<br />
For the advancement of class consciousness:<br />
Agreed<br />
<br />
==== 4. What is your position on China? Do you believe China is a socialist country? Why so, or why not? ====<br />
I generally view the PRC positively, believing it to be a socialist nation (as flawed as it may be in some aspects). I believe this to be the case due to it's manner democratic participation and ruling party. It's democratic participation being carried out in such a way as to give as much power to the people as is reasonably possible given the conditions of the country.<br />
<br />
==== 5. What is your position on Joseph Stalin? How would you describe his historical role? ====<br />
Joseph Stalin has been, in my opinion, a remarkable force for good in this world. While far from perfect, his role in the formation and ideological composition of the USSR and many other socialist nations has been remarkable for the proletarian struggle.<br />
<br />
==== 6. What is your understanding of gender? Should Marxists support the LGBT community? ====<br />
Whilst my understanding of it is admittedly little, the LGBTQ+ community has my full support. Furthermore, I believe that all Marxist groups should support them in their struggle against their oppression.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
''SparkingCircuit''</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Comrade:Sparkingcircuit&diff=41389Comrade:Sparkingcircuit2023-01-03T01:11:15Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Minor overhaul.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
I am a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] an advocate for [[Free and open-source software|Free and Open Source Software]] as well as [[Common Software]]. I use [[Linux|Debian]] for my computer, and am currently using XFCE4 as my desktop environment, though I have also used Mate, Gnome43, and i3 in the past. I also like anime and educational video and written content (within reason). Unfortunately I live in the [[United States of America|"''United''" States of Amerikkka]], and not exactly with a lot of capital at that. I have a limited understanding of the C programming language and like resource management games such as RimWorld and Factorio.<br />
<br />
<br />
He/Him 🇨🇳 🇨🇺 🇰🇵 🇱🇦 🇻🇳 ☭<br />
<br />
== Admission Answers ==<br />
1. Where did you find ProleWiki?<br />
While I'm not sure anymore, I believe that I have found it through Lemmygrad.<br />
2. What current of Marxist thought do you uphold? Describe as thoroughly as needed your path towards your current political perspective.<br />
I am a Marxist-Leninist. When I was little I had a strange mixture of liberal (by United States standards) and conservative ideas. By my early teens I had figured out most of the conservative garbage I had subscribed to was garbage due to my interest in the sciences. By fourteen was firmly in the Soc-Dem camp but found that many things still didn't quite fit together as they were supposed to. Later a series of rather personal and unfortunate events happened side to side that lead me to, in a sequence I can't quite remember, stumbling into a variety of communist online spaces. At first most of it was very foreign, but as time past, and my curiosity got the best of me, I kept finding sources that eventually lead me to my current believes.<br />
3. Have you read [[ProleWiki:Principles|our principles]]? Comment your agreements or objections to our principles<br />
Political Line:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-imperialism:<br />
Agreed<br />
Anti-oppression:<br />
Agreed<br />
Free to users / Governed by its contributors:<br />
Agreed<br />
Collectively owned:<br />
Agreed<br />
Democratic:<br />
Agreed<br />
Transparency:<br />
Agreed<br />
Critique and self-critique:<br />
Agreed<br />
Philosophical outlook:<br />
Agreed<br />
For the advancement of class consciousness:<br />
Agreed<br />
4. What is your position on China? Do you believe China is a socialist country? Why so, or why not?<br />
I generally view the PRC positively, believing it to be a socialist nation (as flawed as it may be in some aspects). I believe this to be the case due to it's manner democratic participation and ruling party. It's democratic participation being carried out in such a way as to give as much power to the people as is reasonably possible given the conditions of the country.<br />
5. What is your position on Joseph Stalin? How would you describe his historical role?<br />
Joseph Stalin has been, in my opinion, a remarkable force for good in this world. While far from perfect, his role in the formation and ideological composition of the USSR and many other socialist nations has been remarkable for the proletarian struggle.<br />
6. What is your understanding of gender? Should Marxists support the LGBT community?<br />
Whilst my understanding of it is admittedly little, the LGBTQ+ community has my full support. Furthermore, I believe that all Marxist groups should support them in their struggle against their oppression.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
''SparkingCircuit''</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Topic:X9ysrw1qe6y4sgf7&topic_postId=x9ysrw1qeaw70kdf&topic_revId=x9ysrw1qeaw70kdf&action=single-viewTopic:X9ysrw1qe6y4sgf72023-01-03T00:52:55Z<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Comrade:Sparkingcircuit" class="mw-userlink" title="Comrade:Sparkingcircuit"><bdi>Sparkingcircuit</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/index.php?title=Comradeship:Sparkingcircuit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Comradeship:Sparkingcircuit (page does not exist)">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Sparkingcircuit" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Sparkingcircuit">contribs</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Topic:X9ysrw1qe6y4sgf7&topic_showPostId=x9ysrw1qeaw70kdf#flow-post-x9ysrw1qeaw70kdf">commented</a> on "Popular Unity for Socialism Party page is now available" (<em>Popular Unity Party page now exists. I figured you might want to know seeing as you follow their party line.</em>)</span>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=PU&diff=41378PU2023-01-02T23:55:06Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Corrected redirect.</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Popular Unity for Socialism]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Communist_parties&diff=41377Template:Communist parties2023-01-02T23:54:18Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Added Popular Unity for Socialism"</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sidebar with collapsible lists<br />
|name = Communist parties<br />
|listtitlestyle = border-bottom:1px solid #c20000; background:transparent; text-align:center;<br />
|pretitle = Part of a [[:Category:Communist parties|series]] on<br />
|title = [[Communist party|Communist parties]]<br />
|imagestyle = padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;<br />
|titlestyle = font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;<br />
|expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}<br />
<!----------------------- Africa --------------------------><br />
|list1name = Africa<br />
|list1title = Africa<br />
|list1class = hlist<br />
|list1 =<br />
* [[Algerian Party for Democracy and Socialism|Algeria]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Benin|Benin]]<br />
* [[Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party|Burkina Faso]]<br />
* [[Egyptian Communist Party|Egypt]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Lesotho|Lesotho]]<br />
* [[Libyan Communist Party|Libya]]<br />
* [[Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar|Madagascar]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Namibia (2009)|Namibia]]<br />
* [[Democratic Way|Morocco]]<br />
* ''[[Communist Party of Réunion|Réunion]]''<br />
* [[Party of Independence and Labour|Senegal]]<br />
* South Africa<br />
** [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]]<br />
** [[South African Communist Party|SACP]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of South Sudan|South Sudan]]<br />
* [[Sudanese Communist Party|Sudan]]<br />
* [[Swaziland Communist Party|Swaziland]]<br />
* [[Workers' Party (Tunisia)|Tunisia]]<br />
* [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]]<br />
<br />
<!---------------------- Americas -------------------------><br />
|list2name = Americas<br />
|list2title = Americas<br />
|list2class = hlist<br />
|list2 =<br />
* Argentina<br />
** [[Communist Party of Argentina|PCA]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Argentina (Extraordinary Congress)|PCCE]]<br />
** [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina|PCRA]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Bolivia|Bolivia]]<br />
* Brazil<br />
** [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]<br />
** [[Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(Brazil)|PCR]]<br />
** [[Popular_Unity_for_Socialism | PU]]<br />
* [[Socialism in Canada|Canada]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Canada|CPC]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)|CPC-ML]]<br />
** [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Canada |PCR-RCP]]<br />
* Chile<br />
** [[Communist Party of Chile|PCCh]]<br />
** [[Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)|PC(AP)]]<br />
* Colombia<br />
** [[Colombian Communist Party|PCC]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)|PC de C (M–L)]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Cuba|Cuba]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Labour|Dominican Republic]]<br />
* Ecuador<br />
**[[Communist Party of Ecuador|PCE]]<br />
**[[Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador|PCMLE]]<br />
* Mexico<br />
** [[Communist Party of Mexico (2011)|PC]]<br />
** [[Popular Socialist Party (Mexico)|PPS]]<br />
** [[Popular Socialist Party of Mexico|PPSM]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist)|PCMML]]<br />
* Panama<br />
** [[People's Party of Panama|PPP]]<br />
** [[Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Panama|PC(ml)P]]<br />
* [[Paraguayan Communist Party|Paraguay]]<br />
* Peru<br />
** [[Peruvian Communist Party|PCP]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland|PCdelP–PR]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Uruguay|Uruguay]]<br />
* United States<br />
** [[Communist Party USA|CPUSA]]<br />
** [[Workers World Party|WWP]]<br />
** [[Party for Socialism and Liberation|PSL]]<br />
** [[Revolutionary Communist Party, USA|RCPUSA]]<br />
** [[American Party of Labor|APL]]<br />
** [[Progressive Labor Party (United States)|PLP]]<br />
** [[Party of Communists USA|PCUSA]]<br />
** [[People's Revolutionary Party|PRP]]<br />
* Venezuela<br />
** [[Communist Party of Venezuela|PCV]]<br />
** [[Marxist–Leninist_Communist_Party_of_Venezuela|PCMLV]]<br />
<br />
<!------------------------ Asia ---------------------------><br />
|list3name = Asia<br />
|list3title = Asia<br />
|list3class = hlist<br />
|list3 =<br />
* [[Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]<br />
* [[National Liberation Front – Bahrain|Bahrain]]<br />
* Bangladesh<br />
** [[Communist Party of Bangladesh|CPB]]<br />
** [[Workers Party of Bangladesh|WPB]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Burma|Burma]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of China|China (PRC)]]<br />
* India<br />
** [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|CPI(Mst)]]<br />
** [[Maoist Communist Party of Manipur|MCPM]]<br />
* Iran<br />
** [[Communist Party of Iran|CPI]]<br />
** [[Tudeh Party of Iran|Tudeh]]<br />
** [[Labour Party of Iran|Toufan]]<br />
* [[Iraqi Communist Party|Iraq]]<br />
* [[Maki (political party)|Israel]]<br />
* [[Japanese Communist Party|Japan]]<br />
* [[Jordanian Communist Party|Jordan]]<br />
* Kazakhstan<br />
** [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan|CPK]]<br />
** [[Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan|CPPK]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]]<br />
* [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party|Laos]]<br />
* [[Lebanese Communist Party|Lebanon]]<br />
* Nepal<br />
** [[Nepal Communist Party|NCP]]<br />
** [[Nepal Workers Peasants Party|NWPP]]<br />
** [[Rastriya Janamorcha|RaJaMo]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)|CPN(M-L)]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Nepal (2013)|CPN]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (2006)|CPN (Marxist)]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Pakistan|Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Palestinian People's Party|Palestine]]<br />
* Philippines<br />
** [[Communist Party of the Philippines|CPP]]<br />
** [[Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930|PKP-1930]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]<br />
* Syria<br />
** [[Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)|SCP (Bakdash)]]<br />
** [[Syrian Communist Party (Unified)|SCP (Unified)]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Vietnam]]<br />
'''Former parties'''<br />
* Cambodia<br />
** [[Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party|KPRP]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Kampuchea|CPK]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Indonesia|Indonesia]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Korea|Korea]]<br />
* [[Malayan Communist Party|Malaya and Singapore]]<br />
**[[Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist|Marxist–Leninist]]<br />
**[[Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction|Revolutionary Faction]]<br />
* [[Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930|Philippines]]<br />
* [[Communist Party in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]]<br />
* ''[[North Kalimantan Communist Party|Sarawak]]''<br />
* ''[[Taiwanese Communist Party|Taiwan]]''<br />
* [[Communist Party of Thailand|Thailand]]<br />
<br />
<!----------------------- Europe --------------------------><br />
|list4name = Europe<br />
|list4title = Europe<br />
|list4class = hlist<br />
|list4 =<br />
* [[Communist Party of Albania (1991)|Albania]]<br />
* [[Armenian Communist Party|Armenia]]<br />
* Austria<br />
** [[Communist Party of Austria|KPÖ]]<br />
** [[Party of Labour of Austria|PdA]]<br />
** [[Communist Initiative|KI]]<br />
* [[Azerbaijan Communist Party (1993)|Azerbaijan]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Belarus|Belarus]]<br />
* Belgium<br />
** [[Workers' Party of Belgium|PvdA/PTB]]<br />
** [[Communist Party (Flanders)|KP]]<br />
** [[Communist Party (Wallonia)|PC]]<br />
* [[Workers' Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br />
* Bulgaria<br />
** [[Communist Party of Bulgaria|KPB]]<br />
** [[Union of Communists in Bulgaria|SKB]]<br />
* [[Socialist Labour Party of Croatia|Croatia]]<br />
* [[Progressive Party of Working People|Cyprus]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia|Czech Republic]]<br />
* Denmark<br />
** [[Communist Party of Denmark|DKP]]<br />
** [[Communist Party in Denmark|KPiD]]<br />
** [[Workers' Communist Party (Denmark)|APK]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Estonia (1990)|Estonia]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Finland (1994)|Finland]]<br />
* France<br />
** [[French Communist Party|PCF]]<br />
** [[Workers' Communist Party of France|PCOF]]<br />
** [[Pole of Communist Revival in France|PRCF]]<br />
** [[Communist Revolutionary Party of France|PCRF]]<br />
* [[Unified Communist Party of Georgia|Georgia]]<br />
* Germany<br />
** [[Communist Party of Germany (1990)|KPD]]<br />
** [[German Communist Party|DKP]]<br />
** [[Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany|MLPD]]<br />
* Greece<br />
** [[Communist Party of Greece|ΚΚΕ]]<br />
** [[Communist Organization of Greece|ΚΟΕ]]<br />
** [[Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55|Anasintaxi]]<br />
* Hungary<br />
** [[Hungarian Workers' Party|Munkáspárt]]<br />
** [[Workers' Party of Hungary 2006|Munkáspárt 2006]]<br />
* Ireland<br />
** [[Communist Party of Ireland|CPI]]<br />
** [[Workers' Party of Ireland|WPI]]<br />
* Italy<br />
** [[Communist Party (Italy)|PC]]<br />
** [[Communist Refoundation Party|PRC]]<br />
* [[Socialist Party of Latvia|Latvia]]<br />
* [[Socialist People's Front|Lithuania]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Malta|Malta]]<br />
* [[Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova|Moldova]]<br />
* [[New Communist Party of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]<br />
* Norway<br />
** [[Communist Party of Norway|NKP]]<br />
** [[Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution |MLGR]]<br />
** [[Red Party (Norway)|R]]<br />
* [[Polish Communist Party (2002)|Poland]]<br />
* Portugal<br />
** [[Portuguese Communist Party|PCP]]<br />
** [[Portuguese Workers' Communist Party|PCTP]]<br />
* [[Communist Party (Nepeceriști)|Romania]]<br />
* Russia<br />
** [[Communists of Russia|KR]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|CPRF]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Social Justice|CPSJ]]<br />
** [[Party of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat|PDP]]<br />
** [[Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|RCWP-CPSU]]<br />
** [[Russian Maoist Party|RMP]]<br />
** [[Russian United Labour Front|RULF]]<br />
* [[Sammarinese Communist Refoundation|San Marino]]<br />
* [[New Communist Party of Yugoslavia|Serbia]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Slovakia|Slovakia]]<br />
* Spain<br />
** [[Communist Party of Spain|PCE]]<br />
** [[Communists of Catalonia|CC]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain|PCPE]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) |PCE (M–L)]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of the Workers of Spain|PCTE]]<br />
* Sweden<br />
** [[Communist Party (Sweden)|KP]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Sweden (1995)|SKP]]<br />
* Switzerland<br />
** [[Communist Party (Switzerland)|Communist Party (Switzerland)]]<br />
** [[Swiss Party of Labour|PdA]]<br />
* Turkey<br />
** [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front|DHKP/C]]<br />
** [[Labour Party (Turkey)|EMEP]]<br />
** [[People's Communist Party of Turkey|HTKP]]<br />
** [[Communist Revolution Movement/Leninist (Turkey)|KDH/L]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Kurdistan|KKP]]<br />
** [[Communist Party (Turkey, 2014)|TKP]]<br />
** [[Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)|MKP]]<br />
** [[Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)|MLKP]]<br />
** [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey|TDKP]]<br />
** [[Communist Labour Party of Turkey|TKEP]]<br />
** [[Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist|TKEP/L]]<br />
** [[Communist Workers Party of Turkey|TKIP]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist|TKP/ML]]<br />
* Ukraine<br />
** [[Communist Party of Ukraine|KPU]]<br />
** [[Union of Communists of Ukraine|SKU]]<br />
* United Kingdom<br />
** [[Communist Party of Britain|CPB]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)|CPB-ML]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)|CPGB-ML]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)|CPGB-PCC]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Scotland|CPS]]<br />
** [[New Communist Party of Britain|NCPB]]<br />
** [[Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)|RCG]]<br />
** [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)|RCPB-ML]]<br />
'''Former parties'''<br />
* [[Party of Labour of Albania|Albania]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]<br />
* [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|East Germany]]<br />
* Italy<br />
** [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]<br />
** [[Party of Italian Communists|PdCI]]<br />
* [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization|Macedonia]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]<br />
* [[Polish United Workers' Party|Poland]]<br />
* [[Romanian Communist Party|Romania]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Turkey (historical)|Turkey]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Great Britain|United Kingdom]]<br />
* [[Communist Party of Germany|West Germany]]<br />
* [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]<br />
<br />
<!---------------------- Oceania --------------------------><br />
|list5name = Oceania<br />
|list5title = Oceania<br />
|list5class = hlist<br />
|list5 =<br />
* Australia<br />
** [[Communist Party of Australia (current)|CPA]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist)|CPA(ML)]]<br />
** [[Australian Communist Party (2019)|ACP]]<br />
** [[Socialist Alliance (Australia)|Socialist Alliance]]<br />
** [[Socialist Alternative (Australia)|Socialist Alternative]]<br />
** [[Victorian Socialists]]<br />
* New Zealand<br />
** [[Communist League (New Zealand)|CL]]<br />
** [[Organisation for Marxist Unity – New Zealand|OMU]]<br />
** [[Socialist Party of Aotearoa|SPA]]<br />
'''Former parties'''<br />
* Australia<br />
** [[Communist Alliance]]<br />
** [[Communist Party of Australia|CPA]]<br />
** [[Democratic Socialist Perspective|DSP]]<br />
** [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Australia)|RSP]]<br />
** [[Victorian Socialist Party]]<br />
* New Zealand<br />
** [[Communist Party of New Zealand|CPNZ]]<br />
** [[Socialist Unity Party of New Zealand|SUP]]<br />
** [[Communist League (New Zealand)|CL]]<br />
<br />
<!------------------- Related topics ----------------------><br />
|list6name = related<br />
|list6title = Related topics<br />
|list6class = hlist<br />
|list6 =<br />
* [[Communism]] ([[History of communism|history]])<br />
* [[Democratic centralism]]<br />
* [[Marxism–Leninism]]<br />
<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Communist parties]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=PU&diff=41371PU2023-01-02T23:49:17Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Created a redirect page from "PU" to "Popular Unity Party"</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Popular Unity Party]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Popular_Unity_for_Socialism&diff=41369Popular Unity for Socialism2023-01-02T23:48:00Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Added acronym.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Message box/Stub}}{{Infobox political party|name=Popular Unity Party|native_name=Unidade Popular|logo=PopularUnityPartyLogo.svg|founded=June 16, 2016|position=Revolutionary Socialism<br />
Marxism<br />
Marxism-Leninism|colours=Black, White|website=https://www.unidadepopular.org.br/|country=Brazil}}<br />
<br />
The '''Popular Unity Party''' ('''PU'''), is a [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[political party]] based in [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]]. They support the [[nationalization]] of industry and a [[planned economy]]. They are [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]].<br />
<br />
{{Communist parties}}<br />
<br />
=== Party Program (Roughly Translated) ===<br />
<br />
# Social control of all monopolies and capitalist consortia and of the means of production in the strategic sectors of the economy; economic planning to meet the needs of the population and eliminate regional and social inequalities.<br />
# Nationalization of the banking system and popular control of the financial system.<br />
# End of imperialist plunder of the national economy; stagnation of the bleeding of our resources abroad, putting an end to remittances of profits, dividends, payment of royalties and payments of the external debt; annulment of the State's agreements and debts with foreign capitalists, which were contracted against the sovereignty and interests of the workers; guarantee of Brazil's total economic independence from imperialist countries, in particular US imperialism; transfer of foreign trade to state bodies.<br />
# Re-nationalization of privatized state-owned companies; end of oil auctions; review of concessions for Brazilian ports, airports and roads handed over to private companies.<br />
# Compulsory employment and work guarantee for all adult persons able to work; prohibition of exploitation of child labor;<br />
# Popular agrarian reform; nationalization of land and end of private land monopoly.<br />
# Annulment of extortionate taxes levied on the people; tax on large fortunes and progressive. Those who earn more pay more.<br />
# Nationalization of all means of public transport.<br />
# Public and free education for all and at all levels; end of profit in education. Guarantee of free access of the people to the university and/or professional technical courses; end of the entrance exam, vestibulinho or any selection <br />
# Democratization of the media, with the socialization of all major television channels, newspapers and radio stations; guaranteed access to the means of communication to all citizens;<br />
# Broad freedom of expression and organization for workers and the people; end of capitalist donations to electoral campaigns;<br />
# Justice: judges and courts elected by the people;<br />
# End discrimination against women; equal rights; an end to racism and discrimination against blacks; firm fight against the sexual exploitation of women and children; for the decriminalization and legalization of abortion; fight against all LGBT-phobic manifestations; firm punishment of offenders.<br />
# End of any religious, racial or gender discrimination; full guarantee of religious freedom;<br />
# Defense and protection of the environment and nature; prohibition of forest destruction; establishment of popular control over the Amazon and expulsion of all foreign monopolies from the region;<br />
# Demarcation and immediate possession of all indigenous lands; guarantee of differentiated schools for indigenous people and encouragement and support for indigenous languages; defense of the culture and rights of indigenous peoples;<br />
# Guarantee of free and public health for all; end of exploitation of private health plans;<br />
# Defense and encouragement of national and popular culture; nationalization of all music recording companies and film production companies;<br />
# Working hours: reduction to six hours for all workers and general increase in wages;<br />
# Establishment of law guaranteeing rest on festive days, Sundays and holidays for workers, except for essential sectors;<br />
# Guarantee of dignified housing, sanitation and garbage collection for all Brazilian families; allocate abandoned properties to solve the housing deficit; carrying out a profound urban reform;<br />
# Trial, imprisonment, and confiscation of the property of all the corrupt;<br />
# Support for the struggle of all peoples and countries for liberation from capitalist domination and imperialist dispossession; defense of sovereignty, independence and self-determination of peoples.<br />
# For the end of the military police; end any repression of social movements;<br />
# Exemplary punishment for the dictatorship's torturers and murderers, immediate revision of the Amnesty Law; all support to the struggle for Memory, Truth and Justice.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties]]<br />
[[Category:Communist parties]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-imperialism]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Popular_Unity_for_Socialism&diff=41368Popular Unity for Socialism2023-01-02T23:46:38Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Created basic page for the "Popular Unity Party" of Brazil.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Message box/Stub}}{{Infobox political party|name=Popular Unity Party|native_name=Unidade Popular|logo=PopularUnityPartyLogo.svg|founded=June 16, 2016|position=Revolutionary Socialism<br />
Marxism<br />
Marxism-Leninism|colours=Black, White|website=https://www.unidadepopular.org.br/|country=Brazil}}<br />
<br />
The '''Popular Unity Party''', is a [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[political party]] based in [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]]. They support the [[nationalization]] of industry and a [[planned economy]]. They are [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]].<br />
<br />
{{Communist parties}}<br />
<br />
=== Party Program (Roughly Translated) ===<br />
<br />
# Social control of all monopolies and capitalist consortia and of the means of production in the strategic sectors of the economy; economic planning to meet the needs of the population and eliminate regional and social inequalities.<br />
# Nationalization of the banking system and popular control of the financial system.<br />
# End of imperialist plunder of the national economy; stagnation of the bleeding of our resources abroad, putting an end to remittances of profits, dividends, payment of royalties and payments of the external debt; annulment of the State's agreements and debts with foreign capitalists, which were contracted against the sovereignty and interests of the workers; guarantee of Brazil's total economic independence from imperialist countries, in particular US imperialism; transfer of foreign trade to state bodies.<br />
# Re-nationalization of privatized state-owned companies; end of oil auctions; review of concessions for Brazilian ports, airports and roads handed over to private companies.<br />
# Compulsory employment and work guarantee for all adult persons able to work; prohibition of exploitation of child labor;<br />
# Popular agrarian reform; nationalization of land and end of private land monopoly.<br />
# Annulment of extortionate taxes levied on the people; tax on large fortunes and progressive. Those who earn more pay more.<br />
# Nationalization of all means of public transport.<br />
# Public and free education for all and at all levels; end of profit in education. Guarantee of free access of the people to the university and/or professional technical courses; end of the entrance exam, vestibulinho or any selection <br />
# Democratization of the media, with the socialization of all major television channels, newspapers and radio stations; guaranteed access to the means of communication to all citizens;<br />
# Broad freedom of expression and organization for workers and the people; end of capitalist donations to electoral campaigns;<br />
# Justice: judges and courts elected by the people;<br />
# End discrimination against women; equal rights; an end to racism and discrimination against blacks; firm fight against the sexual exploitation of women and children; for the decriminalization and legalization of abortion; fight against all LGBT-phobic manifestations; firm punishment of offenders.<br />
# End of any religious, racial or gender discrimination; full guarantee of religious freedom;<br />
# Defense and protection of the environment and nature; prohibition of forest destruction; establishment of popular control over the Amazon and expulsion of all foreign monopolies from the region;<br />
# Demarcation and immediate possession of all indigenous lands; guarantee of differentiated schools for indigenous people and encouragement and support for indigenous languages; defense of the culture and rights of indigenous peoples;<br />
# Guarantee of free and public health for all; end of exploitation of private health plans;<br />
# Defense and encouragement of national and popular culture; nationalization of all music recording companies and film production companies;<br />
# Working hours: reduction to six hours for all workers and general increase in wages;<br />
# Establishment of law guaranteeing rest on festive days, Sundays and holidays for workers, except for essential sectors;<br />
# Guarantee of dignified housing, sanitation and garbage collection for all Brazilian families; allocate abandoned properties to solve the housing deficit; carrying out a profound urban reform;<br />
# Trial, imprisonment, and confiscation of the property of all the corrupt;<br />
# Support for the struggle of all peoples and countries for liberation from capitalist domination and imperialist dispossession; defense of sovereignty, independence and self-determination of peoples.<br />
# For the end of the military police; end any repression of social movements;<br />
# Exemplary punishment for the dictatorship's torturers and murderers, immediate revision of the Amnesty Law; all support to the struggle for Memory, Truth and Justice.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties]]<br />
[[Category:Communist parties]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-imperialism]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=File:PopularUnityPartyLogo.svg&diff=41367File:PopularUnityPartyLogo.svg2023-01-02T23:32:00Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: The logo of the Brazilian "Popular Unity Party"</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
The logo of the Brazilian "Popular Unity Party"</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=White_supremacy&diff=41101White supremacy2022-12-28T05:52:51Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Minor grammar correction.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Message box/Stub}}<br />
<br />
'''White supremacy''' is the [[Racism|racist]] belief and or practice of the idea that white people are superior or more legitimate as a person than those of other skin tones. For example, a white supremacist might believe that white individuals are more intelligent than Black or Asian individuals based purely off of their skin color.<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Racism]]<br />
[[Category:Race]]<br />
[[Category:White supremacist]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Party_for_Reclamation_and_Survival&diff=40725Party for Reclamation and Survival2022-12-22T17:36:41Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Minor grammar correction.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox political party|name=The Party for Reclamation and Survival|logo=RAS_logo.jpg|political_orientation=[[Anti-imperialism]]<br>[[Eco-Socialist]]<br>[[Marxist]]<br>[[Marxist-Leninist]]<br>Placeholder|international=Placeholder}}{{Message box/Stub}}<br />
The '''Party for Reclamation and Survival''' ('''RAS''') is a revolutionary Marxist political party in the [[United States of America|United States]]. They are semi-underground, Material Feminists, and pro de-colonization<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Party for Reclamation and Survival|newspaper=Twitter|title=What makes the RAS different from other Communist organizations in the United States empire?|date=2021-06-05|url=https://twitter.com/Reclaim_Survive/status/1401316373242859522?cxt=HHwWhMCi0aT0vPImAAAA}}</ref>. They are pro [[Actually Existing Socialism|actually existing socialisms]]<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Party for Reclamation and Survival|newspaper=Twitter|date=2022-08-02|url=https://twitter.com/Reclaim_Survive/status/1554478098845949956?cxt=HHwWiICzzYnmzpIrAAAA|quote=}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://twitter.com/Reclaim_Survive Twitter]<br />
* [https://linktr.ee/Reclaim_Survive Linktree]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[[Category:Statesian communist parties]]<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Communist parties]]<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Soviet_space_program&diff=40476Soviet space program2022-12-18T21:31:30Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Created page for the Soviet Space Program.</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Soviet space program''' (Russian: '''Космическая программа СССР''', Romanized: '''Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR'''), was the space program of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR). The Soviet space program was active 1955, until the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|Dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991.<br />
<br />
Soviet investigations in rocketry began with the formation of a research laboratory in 1921, but these efforts were hampered by the [[Second World War|devastating war]] with [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Germany]]. The Soviet program was notable in setting many records in space exploration, including the first intercontinental missile that launched the [[Sputnik (Satellite)|first satellite.]] Furthermore, The Soviet space program sent the [[Laika|first animal]] into Earth orbit in 1957, placed the [[Yuri Gagarin|first human]] in space in 1961, brought the [[Valentina Tereshkova|first woman]] in space in 1963, the [[List of spacewalks and moonwalks|first spacewalk]] in 1965. Other milestones included computerized [[Luna programme|robotic missions exploring the Moon]] starting in 1959, with the second mission being the first to [[Luna 3|reach the surface of the Moon]], recording the first image of the far side of the Moon, and achieving the [[Luna 9|first soft landing]] on the Moon. The Soviet program also achieved the [[Lunokhod 1|first space rover]] deployment in 1966 and sent the first robotic probe that automatically [[Luna 16|extracted a sample of lunar regolith]] and brought it to Earth in 1970. The Soviet program was also responsible for leading the first interplanetary probes to [[Venera|Venus]] and [[Mars Program|Mars]] and made successful soft landings on these planets in the 1960s and 1970s. It put the [[Salyut 1|first space station]] into low Earth orbit in 1971 and the [[Mir|first modular space station]] in 1986. Its [[Interkosmos]] program was also notable for sending the first citizen of a country other than the [[United States of America|United States]] or Soviet Union into space.<br />
<br />
After the [[Second World War|Great Patriotic War]], the Soviet and [[NASA|US space programs]] utilized German technology. Eventually, the program was managed under [[Sergei Korolev]], who led the program based on unique ideas derived by [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], sometimes known as the father of theoretical astronautics. Contrary to its American, [[European Space Agency|European]], and [[Ministry of Aerospace Industry|Chinese]] competitors, who had their programs run under a single coordinating agency, the Soviet space program was divided and split among several internally competing design bureaus led by [[Sergei Korolev|Korolev]], [[Suleymen Kerimov|Kerimov]], [[Mstislav Keldysh|Keldysh]], [[Michail Yangel|Yangel]], [[Valentin Glushko|Glushko]], [[Vladimir Chelomey|Chelomey]], [[Viktor Makeyev|Makeyev]], [[Boris Chertok|Chertok]] and [[Mikhail Reshetnev|Reshetnev]].<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
<br />
=== Early Russian-Soviet efforts ===<br />
The theory of space exploration had a solid basis in the [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russian Empire]] before the [[First World War]] with the writings of the Russian and Soviet rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), who published pioneering papers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on astronautic theory, including calculating the Rocket equation and in 1929 introduced the concept of the multi-staged rocket. Additional astronautic and spaceflight theory was also provided by the Ukrainian and Soviet engineer and mathematician [[Yuri Kondratyuk]] who developed the first known lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR), a key concept for landing and return spaceflight from Earth to the Moon. The LOR was later used for the plotting of the first actual human spaceflight to the Moon. Both theoretical and practical aspects of spaceflight was also provided by the Latvian pioneer of rocketry and spaceflight [[Friedrich Zander]], including suggesting in a 1925 paper that a spacecraft traveling between two planets could be accelerated at the beginning of its trajectory and decelerated at the end of its trajectory by using the gravity of the two planets' moons — a method known as gravity assist.<br />
<br />
==== Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL) ====<br />
The first Soviet development of rockets was in 1921 when the Soviet military sanctioned the start of a small research laboratory to explore solid fuel rockets, led by [[Nikolai Tikhomirov]], a chemical engineer and supported by [[Vladimir Artemyev]] a Soviet engineer. Tikhomirov had commenced studying solid and Liquid-fueled rockets in 1894, and in 1915 he lodged a patent for "self-propelled aerial and water-surface mines." In 1928 the laboratory was renamed the [[Gas Dynamics Laboratory]] (GDL). The First test-firing of a solid fuel rocket was carried out in March 1928, which flew for about 1,300 meters. Further developments in the early 1930s were led by [[Georgy Langemak]]. and 1932 in-air test firings of [[RS-82 missile|RS-82 missiles]] from an [[Tupolev I-4 aircraft|Tupolev I-4]] armed with six launchers successfully took place.<br />
<br />
==== Sergey Korolev ====<br />
A key contributor to early soviet efforts came from a young Ukrainian aircraft engineer Sergey Korolev, who would later become the de facto head of the Soviet space program. In 1926 an advanced student, Korolev was mentored by the famous Soviet aircraft designer Andrey Tupolev, who was a professor at his [[Bauman Moscow State Technical University|University]]. In 1930 while working as a lead engineer on the [[Tupolev TB-3 heavy bomber]] he became interested in the possibilities of liquid-fueled rocket engines to propel airplanes. This led to contact with Zander, and sparked his interest in space exploration and rocketry.<br />
<br />
==== Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD) ====<br />
Practical aspects built on early experiments carried out by members of the '[[Group for the Study of Reactive Motion]]' (better known by its Russian acronym "GIRD") in the 1930s, where Zander, Korolev and other pioneers such as the Russian engineers [[Mikhail Tikhonravov]], [[Leonid Dushkin]], [[Vladimir Vetchinkin]] and [[Yuriy Pobedonostsev]] worked together. On August 18, 1933, the Leningrad branch of GIRD, led by Tikhonravov, launched the first hybrid propellant rocket, the [[GIRD-09]], and on November 25, 1933, the Soviet's first liquid-fueled rocket [[GIRD-X]].<br />
<br />
==== Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII) ====<br />
In 1933 GIRD was merged with GDL to form the [[Reactive Scientific Research Institute]] (RNII), which brought together the best of the Soviet rocket talent, including Korolev, Langemak, Ivan Kleymyonov and former GDL engine designer Valentin Glushko. Early success of RNII included the conception in 1936 and first flight in 1941 of the [[RP-318 Rocket-powered Aircraft|RP-318]] the Soviets first rocket-powered aircraft and the [[RS-82 Missile|RS-82]] and [[RS-132 Missile|RS-132]] missiles entered service by 1937, which became the basis for development in 1938 and serial production from 1940 to 1941 of the [[Katyusha Multiple Rocket Launcher|Katyusha multiple rocket launcher]], another advance in the reactive propulsion field. RNII's research and development were very important for later achievements of the Soviet rocket and space programs.<br />
<br />
During the 1930s Soviet rocket technology was comparable to Germany's, but complications from the Great Patriotic War severely damaged its progress. In November 1937, Kleymyonov and Langemak were arrested and executed, where as Glushko and many other leading engineers were imprisoned in [[Main Administration of Camps|work camps]]. Korolev was arrested in June 1938 and sent to a work camp camp in [[Kolyma]] in June 1939. However, due to intervention by Tupolev, he was relocated to a prison for scientists and engineers in September 1940.<br />
<br />
=== The Great Patriotic War ===<br />
During World War II rocketry efforts were carried out by three Soviet [[design bureaus]]. RNII continued to develop and improve solid fuel rockets, including the RS-82 and RS-132 missiles and the Katyusha rocket launcher, where Pobedonostsev and Tikhonravov continued to work on rocket design. In 1944 RNII was renamed [[Scientific Research Institute No 1]] (NII-I) and combined with design bureau [[OKB-293 Design Bureau|OKB-293]], led by Soviet engineer Viktor Bolkhovitinov, whom developed, with Aleksei Isaev, Boris Chertok, Leonid Voskresensky and Nikolay Pilyugin a short-range rocket powered interceptor called [[Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1]].<br />
<br />
[[Special Design Bureau for Special Engines|Special Design Bureau for Special Engines (OKB-SD)]] was led by Glushko and focused on developing auxiliary liquid-fueled rocket engines to assist takeoff and climbing of prop aircraft, including the [[RD-IKhZ]], [[RD-2]] and [[RD-3]]. In 1944, the [[RD-1 kHz auxiliary rocket motor]] was tested in a fast-climb [[Lavochkin La-7R]] for protection of the capital from high-altitude [[Luftwaffe]] attacks. In 1942 Korolev was transferred to OKB-SD, where he proposed development of the long range missiles [[D-1 Long Range Missile|D-1]] and [[D-2 Long Range Missile|D-2]].<br />
<br />
The third design bureau was [[Plant Number 51|Plant No 51 (OKB-51)]], led by Soviet Ukrainian Engineer Vladimir Chelomey, where he created the first Soviet pulsating air jet engine in 1942.<br />
<br />
=== Early German influence ===<br />
During the Great Patriotic War, NAZI Germany developed rocket technology that was more advanced than the [[Allied Powers (World War II)|Allies]] and a race commenced between the Soviet Union and the United States to capture and exploit the technology. Soviet rocket specialist were sent to Germany in 1945 to obtain [[V-2 Missile|V-2 rockets]] and worked with German specialists in Germany, later moves to the Soviet Union, to understand and replicate the technology. The involvement of German scientists and engineers was an essential catalyst to early Soviet efforts in the field. In 1945 and 1946 the use of German expertise was invaluable in reducing the time needed to master the intricacies of the V-2 rocket, establishing production of the [[R-1 Rocket|R-1 rocket]] and enable a base for further developments. As such, after 1947 the Soviets made very little use of German specialists and their influence on the future Soviet rocket program was marginal.<br />
<br />
== Projects and accomplishments ==<br />
<br />
=== Completed projects ===<br />
The Soviet space program's projects include:<br />
<br />
* [[Almaz]] space stations<br />
* [[Cosmos]] satellites<br />
* [[Foton]]<br />
* Luna Moon flybys, orbiters, impacts, landers, rovers, sample returns<br />
* Mars probe program<br />
* [[Meteor (Satellite)|Meteor]] meteorological satellites<br />
* [[Molniya]] communications satellites<br />
* Mir space station<br />
* [[Proton (Satellite)|Proton]] satellites<br />
* [[Phobos Program|Phobos]] Mars probes program<br />
* Salyut space stations<br />
* [[Soyuz]] program spacecraft<br />
* Sputnik satellites<br />
* [[TKS spacecraft]]<br />
* Venera Venus probes program<br />
* [[Vega Program|Vega program]] Venus and comet Halley probes program<br />
* [[Vostok Program|Vostok program]] spacecraft<br />
* [[Voskhod Program|Voskhod program]] spacecraft<br />
* [[Zond Program|Zond program]]<br />
<br />
=== Notable firsts ===<br />
Two days after the United States announced its intention to launch an artificial satellite, on July 31, 1955, the Soviet Union announced its intention to do the same. Sputnik 1 was launched on October 4, 1957, beating the United States and stunning people the world over.<br />
The Soviet space program pioneered many aspects of space exploration:<br />
<br />
* 1957: First intercontinental ballistic missile and orbital launch vehicle, the [[R-7 Semyorka]].<br />
* 1957: First satellite, Sputnik 1.<br />
* 1957: First animal in Earth orbit, the dog Laika on [[Sputnik 2]].<br />
* 1959: First rocket ignition in Earth orbit, first man-made object to escape Earth's gravity, Luna 1.<br />
* 1959: First data communications, or telemetry, to and from outer space, Luna 1.<br />
* 1959: First man-made object to pass near the Moon, first man-made object in Heliocentric orbit, Luna 1.<br />
* 1959: First probe to impact the Moon, Luna 2.<br />
* 1959: First images of the moon's far side, Luna 3.<br />
* 1960: First animals to safely return from Earth orbit, the dogs [[Belka]] and [[Strelka]] on [[Sputnik 5]].<br />
* 1961: First probe launched to Venus, [[Venera 1]].<br />
* 1961: First person in space (International definition) and in Earth orbit, Yuri Gagarin on [[Vostok 1]], Vostok program.<br />
* 1961: First person to spend over 24 hours in space [[Gherman Titov]], [[Vostok 2]] (also first person to sleep in space).<br />
* 1962: First dual crewed spaceflight, [[Vostok 3]] and [[Vostok 4]].<br />
* 1962: First probe launched to Mars, [[Mars 1]].<br />
* 1963: First woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, [[Vostok 6]].<br />
* 1964: First multi-person crew (3), [[Voskhod 1]].<br />
* 1965: First extra-vehicular activity (EVA), by Alexsei Leonov, [[Voskhod 2]].<br />
* 1965: First radio telescope in space, [[Zond 3]].<br />
* 1965: First probe to hit another planet of the Solar System (Venus), [[Venera 3]].<br />
* 1966: First probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the Moon, Luna 9.<br />
* 1966: First probe in lunar orbit, [[Luna 10]].<br />
* 1966: first image of the whole Earth disk, [[Molniya 1]].<br />
* 1967: First uncrewed rendezvous and docking, [[Cosmos 186]]/[[Cosmos 188]].<br />
* 1968: First living beings to reach the Moon (circumlunar flights) and return unharmed to Earth, Russian tortoises and other lifeforms on [[Zond 5]].<br />
* 1969: First docking between two crewed craft in Earth orbit and exchange of crews, [[Soyuz 4]] and [[Soyuz 5]].<br />
* 1970: First soil samples automatically extracted and returned to Earth from another celestial body, Luna 16.<br />
* 1970: First robotic space rover, [[Lunokhod 1]] on the Moon.<br />
* 1970: First full interplanetary travel with a soft landing and useful data transmission. Data received from the surface of another planet of the Solar System (Venus), [[Venera 7]]<br />
* 1971: First space station, Salyut 1.<br />
* 1971: First probe to impact the surface of Mars, [[Mars 2]].<br />
* 1971: First probe to land on Mars, [[Mars 3]].<br />
* 1971: First armed space station, Almaz.<br />
* 1975: First probe to orbit Venus, to make a soft landing on Venus, first photos from the surface of Venus, [[Venera 9]].<br />
* 1980: First Latin American, Cuban and person with African ancestry in space, [[Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez]] on [[Soyuz 38]].<br />
* 1984: First woman to walk in space, [[Svetlana Savitskaya]] ([[Salyut 7]] space station).<br />
* 1986: First crew to visit two separate space stations (Mir and Salyut 7).<br />
* 1986: First probes to deploy robotic balloons into Venus atmosphere and to return pictures of a comet during close flyby [[Vega 1]], [[Vega 2]].<br />
* 1986: First permanently crewed space station, Mir, 1986–2001, with a permanent presence on board (1989–1999).<br />
* 1987: First crew to spend over one year in space, Vladimir Titov and [[Musa Manarov]] on board of [[Soyuz#TM-4|Soyuz TM-4]] – Mir.<br />
* 1988: First fully automated flight of a spaceplane (''[[Buran]]'').<br />
<br />
== Incidents and setbacks ==<br />
<br />
== Canceled projects ==<br />
<br />
=== Energia rocket ===<br />
<br />
=== Interplanetary projects ===<br />
<br />
==== Mars missions ====<br />
<br />
==== Vesta ====<br />
<br />
==== Tsiolkovsky ====<br />
[[Category:Space Programs]]<br />
[[Category:Socialist Space Programs]]<br />
[[Category:Science]]<br />
[[Category:Cold War]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Party_for_Reclamation_and_Survival&diff=40227Party for Reclamation and Survival2022-12-16T21:51:23Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Added some minor information.</p>
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<div>{{Infobox political party|name=The Party for Reclamation and Survival|logo=RAS_logo.jpg|political_orientation=[[Anti-imperialism]]<br>[[Eco-Socialist]]<br>[[Marxist]]<br>[[Marxist-Leninist]]<br>Placeholder|international=Placeholder}}{{Message box/Stub}}<br />
The '''Party for Reclamation and Survival''' ('''RAS''') is a revolutionary Marxist political party in the [[United States of America|United States]]. It is semi-underground, Material Feminists, and pro de-colonization<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Party for Reclamation and Survival|newspaper=Twitter|title=What makes the RAS different from other Communist organizations in the United States empire?|date=2021-06-05|url=https://twitter.com/Reclaim_Survive/status/1401316373242859522?cxt=HHwWhMCi0aT0vPImAAAA}}</ref>. They are pro [[Actually Existing Socialism|actually existing socialisms]]<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Party for Reclamation and Survival|newspaper=Twitter|date=2022-08-02|url=https://twitter.com/Reclaim_Survive/status/1554478098845949956?cxt=HHwWiICzzYnmzpIrAAAA|quote=}}</ref>.<br />
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== Links ==<br />
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* [https://twitter.com/Reclaim_Survive Twitter]<br />
* [https://linktr.ee/Reclaim_Survive Linktree]<br />
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== References ==<br />
[[Category:Statesian communist parties]]<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Communist parties]]<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Taxes&diff=40217Taxes2022-12-16T00:50:22Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Sparkingcircuit moved page Taxes to Tax: Plural used instead of singular.</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Tax]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Tax&diff=40216Tax2022-12-16T00:50:22Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Sparkingcircuit moved page Taxes to Tax: Plural used instead of singular.</p>
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A '''Tax''' is a compulsory financial levy on the purchase, sale, use, or ownership of a good, service, or income of an individual. It is the most common means for market economies to fund their governments. They have existed sense ancient times, and have been used in [[Slave Society|Slave Societies]], [[Feudalism|Feudal Societies]], [[Capitalism|Capitalist Societies]], and [[Market Socialism|Market Socialist Societies]].<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=DPG_Media_Group&diff=40215DPG Media Group2022-12-15T23:09:09Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Applied stub template.</p>
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'''DPG Media Group''' or '''MediaDPG''' is a [[Belgian]] [[imperialist]] [[Mass media|media]] conglomerate which operates in [[Belgium]], [[Nethelands]] and [[Denmark]].<br />
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[[Category:Stubs]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=George_Washington&diff=40214George Washington2022-12-15T23:08:26Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Linked to other pages.</p>
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<div>{{Adapted article}}{{Infobox politician|name=George Washington|birth_date=February 22, 1732|death_date=December 14, 1799|death_place=Mount Vernon, Virginia, United States|birth_place=Popes Creek, Virginia, British America|political_line=Classical liberalism}}<br />
'''George Washington''' (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799), [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[United States of America|Statesian]] troops in the struggle of the colonies with [[Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801)|England]] for independence and then the first [[President of the United States|president of the North American United States]]. At time of his death, he was the richest man in [[United States of America|America]].<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Eugene Puryear]]|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=The U.S. state and the U.S. revolution|date=2022-07-10|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/the-u-s-state-and-the-u-s-revolution/|retrieved=2022-07-17}}</ref> The son of a wealthy colonist planter in [[Virginia]], Washington received a very inadequate schooling, which he subsequently supplemented to a certain extent with reading; knowledge in mathematics he acquired, mainly self-taught. From 1748 Washington for three years served as a government surveyor, b. h., in border areas. Early assessing the future of the western lands, Washington since then engaged in land speculation.<br />
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From the spring of 1754 to the end of 1758, Britain took part with honors in military operations against the [[Kingdom of France (987–1792)|French]] and Native Americans. Participated in the British expedition against the French in [[New France (1534–1763)|Canada]]. After the war ended, he lived as a private man on the Mount Vernon estate. Washington's personal qualities brought him great popularity, and in 1774 he was elected to the National Convention, and in 1775, when the inevitability of war with England became clear, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the [[United States Military|North American army]]. <br />
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In this position, Washington showed great administrative and organizational skills; he created an army, managed to reconcile the conflicting interests of the colonies, organized the supply of the army and, thus, greatly contributed to the final success of the war. At the end of it (in 1783) Washington transferred his powers to [[United States Congress|Congress]] and retired to Mount Vernon. With the entry into force of the Constitution of the North-American United States, Washington was unanimously elected president of the republic (1789). Washington tried to rely equally on [[Federalist Party|federalists]] (later [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]) and anti-federalists (future [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]). In 1792, Washington was elected president for the second time, but did not agree to be elected for the third time. In 1798, in view of the threatening war with [[French First Republic (1792–1804)|France]], Washington again assumed the post of commander-in-chief of the troops and organized the army and the country's defense. <br />
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In foreign policy, Britain invariably strove to preserve the peace necessary for the new republic. Several cities are named after Washington. States, including the capital (see Washington, city); until now, the time Washington remains in the eyes of the Americans as a model of a statesman, although the "true" Washington did not correspond to the idealized image created by the historical legend.<ref>Lit.: Washington Papers (official and private), - Washington's Writings, ed. Sparks, 12 vis, Boston, 1837; the biography of Washington, attached to them, was revised by Guizot and translated into Russian (Essay on the Life of Washington, St. Petersburg, 1863).</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]] [[Category:Founding Fathers of the United States]] [[Category:Statesians of English descent]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Caucasus&diff=40194Caucasus2022-12-14T04:18:01Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Created basic "Caucasus" page.</p>
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The '''Caucasus''' or '''Caucasia''', is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising [[Republic of Armenia|Armenia]], [[Republic of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and parts of [[Russia (disambiguation)|Southern Russia]]. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically been considered as a natural barrier between [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Western Asia]].<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Joe_Biden&diff=40193Joe Biden2022-12-14T04:09:22Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Linked to "President of the United States" page.</p>
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<div>{{Infobox person|name=Joe Biden|image=Joe Biden.png|image_size=200|birth_date=November 20, 1942|birth_place=Scranton, [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States of America|United States]]|nationality=Statesian}}<br />
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'''Joe Biden''' is the 46th and current [[President of the United States|President]] of the [[United States of America|United States]] and has been president since January 20, 2021. Previously, he was vice president under [[Barack Obama]], and he was also a senator in the [[tax haven]] state of Delaware for 36 years.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy|title=Delaware: An Onshore Tax Haven|date=2015-12-10|url=https://itep.org/delaware-an-onshore-tax-haven/|archive-date=2022-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|author=Joseph N. DiStefano|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|title=Joe Biden’s politics can be explained by Delaware’s shadowy past|date=2019-07-04|url=https://www.inquirer.com/business/joe-biden-delaware-roots-segregation-moderate-democrats-20190704.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/Z3t5I|archive-date=2022-05-09}}</ref> As a senator, he claimed that desegregation would create a "racial jungle."<ref>{{Citation|year=1977|title=Busing of Schoolchildren|page=251|quote=Unless we do something about this, my children are going to grow up in a jungle, the jungle being a racial jungle with tensions having built so high that it is going to explode at some point.|title-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112104078842&view=1up&seq=255}}</ref> His anti-terrorism initiative classifies people who oppose [[capitalism]] as "[[Anarchism|anarchist]] violent extremists."<ref>{{News citation|date=2021-03-01|title=Domestic Violent Extremism Poses Heightened Threat in 2021|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/21_0301_odni_unclass-summary-of-dve-assessment-17_march-final_508.pdf|newspaper=Office of the Director of National Intelligence}}</ref><br />
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== Presidency ==<br />
Hardly the popular favorite, Biden's victory was secured by backroom deals of ex-president Obama.<ref>{{News citation|author=Glenn Thrush|title=‘Accelerate the endgame’: How Barack Obama nudged Bernie Sanders out of the race|date=2020-04-14|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-nw-nyt-barack-obama-bernie-sanders-democrats-20200414-tdpw52c46vgqjjevu54attf4yu-story.html}}</ref><ref>From @eshaLegal Thread: [https://twitter.com/eshaLegal/status/1369386575176556559?s=20&t=4mb43w-AHpOedR8LyujW2g 1. Obama helps barely coherent Biden clinch the nomination.]</ref><br />
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Biden promised to increase the national [[minimum wage]] to $15 per hour, although he admitted it would not actually happen.<ref>{{News citation|author=Natasha Korecki, Christopher Caledago|newspaper=Politico|title=Biden privately tells governors: Minimum wage hike likely isn’t happening|date=2021-02-18|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/02/18/biden-governors-minimum-wage-469898|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324114238/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/02/18/biden-governors-minimum-wage-469898|archive-date=2022-03-24|retrieved=2022-05-01}}</ref><ref>From @eshaLegal Thread: [https://twitter.com/eshaLegal/status/1369391701509480456?s=20&t=4mb43w-AHpOedR8LyujW2g 7. Fails to raise the minimum wage]</ref> He additionally promised to cancel "a minimum of $10,000" in [[student debt]] per borrower, however this has yet to come to fruition over two years later.<ref>https://twitter.com/JoeBiden/status/1241869418981920769</ref><br />
<br />
Despite Biden claiming to support the [[Amazon.com, Inc.|Amazon]] union movement and unions in general<ref>{{Web citation|date=2019-10-27|author=Joe Biden|title=The Biden Plan for Strengthening Worker Organizing, Collective Bargaining, and Unions|url=https://joebiden.com/empowerworkers/|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/https://joebiden.com/empowerworkers/}}</ref> the [[National Security Agency]] (under the Biden Administration) secretly re-granted Amazon a $10 billion dollar contract<ref>{{News citation|date=2022-5-5|title=Amazon Gets Huge Contract Despite Biden’s Union Pledge|author=Matthew Cunningham-Cook & David Sirota|newspaper=The Lever|url=https://www.levernews.com/amazon-gets-huge-contract-despite-bidens-union-pledge/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/https://www.levernews.com/amazon-gets-huge-contract-despite-bidens-union-pledge/}}</ref> that was granted to Amazon in August 2021.<ref>{{Web citation|title=NSA Awards Secret $10 Billion Contract to Amazon|url=https://www.nextgov.com/it-modernization/2021/08/nsa-awards-secret-10-billion-contract-amazon/184390/|date=2021-08-10|author=Frank Konkel|newspaper=Nextgov|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/https://www.nextgov.com/it-modernization/2021/08/nsa-awards-secret-10-billion-contract-amazon/184390/}}</ref><br />
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In June of 2022, Biden appointed to Social Security Advisory board an ''opponent'' to Social Security, Andrew Briggs.<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Jimmy Dore]]|newspaper=[[The Jimmy Dore Show]]|title=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/149180.htm|date=2022-06-24|url=https://youtu.be/STxQgCfDeT4}}</ref><br />
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== War crimes ==<br />
Biden strongly supported the [[Iraq War|U.S. invasion of Iraq]] in 2003.<br />
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As vice president, Biden oversaw the U.S. invasions of [[Afghanistan]], [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libya]], [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]], and [[Republic of Yemen|Yemen]] and the bombing of [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Federal Republic of Somalia|Somalia]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Benjamin Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=In mind-blowingly hypocritical UN speech, Biden tries to rewrite history|date=2022-09-22|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/09/22/un-speech-biden-war/|retrieved=2022-02-24}}</ref><br />
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On February 25, 2021, Biden ordered airstrikes in [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]], a country that the United States of America is not at war with, killing 22 people.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Dan De Luce, et al.|date=2021-02-25|title=Biden orders airstrikes in Syria, retaliating against Iran-backed militias|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/u-s-bombs-facilities-syria-used-iran-backed-militia-n1258912|newspaper=NBC News|retrieved=2022-02-07}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
[[Category:Politicians in the United States]]<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Current heads of state]]<br />
[[Category:Statesians of Irish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Statesians of English descent]]<br />
[[Category:Statesians of French descent]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Bourgeois_democracy&diff=40192Bourgeois democracy2022-12-14T04:06:22Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Created basic "Bourgeois Democracy" page.</p>
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'''Bourgeois Democracy''', is a means of setting up a [[Capitalism|Capitalist Economy]] in such a way as to settle disputes between the bourgeois without disrupting the overall power structure of the government. These governments tend to call themself [[Democracy|democratic]] despite the fact that the control a citizen of these nations has over their government is minimal unless they are of the owning class.<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Government_of_the_United_States_of_America&diff=40191Government of the United States of America2022-12-14T04:04:59Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: /* Governmental Structure */ Grammar correction</p>
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<div>{{Infobox government|name=United States federal government|type=Federal Corporatocratic<br>Republic|image=[[File:Coat of Arms of the USA.webp|120px]]|caption=Coat of Arms|constitution=[[Constitution of the United States]]|formation=1789|leader_cs=|rulilng_class=[[Bourgeoisie]]}}The system of government in the [[United States of America]] operates on the basis of a [[plutocracy]], a government entirely controlled by the wealthy. The richest three Statesians have more money than the poorest 160 million combined. Public support for the U.S. government is very low, with only 2% of Statesians believing the government almost always does what is right and only 19% believing it mostly does the right thing. 7% of Statesians have confidence in Congress, 23% have confidence in the presidency, and 25% have confidence in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Tom Mckay|newspaper=MIC|title=Princeton Concludes What Kind of Government America Really Has, and It's Not a Democracy|date=2016-4-16|url=https://www.mic.com/articles/87719/princeton-concludes-what-kind-of-government-america-really-has-and-it-s-not-a-democracy|retrieved=2022-8-30}}</ref><br />
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The US is effectively a [[one-party state]], with aesthetical differences between its two main parties, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] and the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]], but both parties follow common policies, especially abroad. The ruling capitalist oligarchy has two factions: the Democratic Party which is center-right and is controlled by the monopolistic managerial [[bourgeoisie]] who seeks to maintain the stability of the imperialist system by being less reactionary on inconsequential social issues, and the Republican Party, which is more reactionary and backwards when it comes to social issues and tends to pander to the [[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]] in their effort to deepen the exploitation of labor.<br />
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The election system further solidifies this duopoly with its "First Past the Post" system, resulting in citizens having to choose "the lesser of two evils." The two political parties stir up public debate around their small disagreements to create a facade of democracy, but bipartisan agreement reigns on questions of foreign policy (imperialism, war, attacking socialist countries) as well as domestic policies such as prioritizing funding for police repression over social programs such as free housing, higher education, healthcare, etc.<br />
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== Governmental Structure ==<br />
The government of the United States of America is, in essence, a standard [[Bourgeois Democracy|bourgeois democracy]]. It has been copied the world over due to its effectiveness in the maintenance of capitalism within a nation, and the ease of trade thereof. It consists of three governmental branches, legislative, executive, and judicial. These branches are defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to that of the Supreme Court. <br />
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=== Legislative ===<br />
The [[United States Congress]], under Article I of the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]], is the legislative branch of the federal government. It is split into two distinct assemblies, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]].<br />
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==== Makeup of Congress ====<br />
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===== House of Representatives =====<br />
The House represents a [[Congressional Districts of the United States|congressional district]]. The number of representatives each state has in the House is based on each state's population as determined in the most recent [[Census of the United States|United States Census]].<br />
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===== Senate =====<br />
The Senate is made up of two [[United States Senators|senators]] from each state, regardless of population. There are currently 100 senators (2 from each of the 50 states), each of whom serve six-year terms.<br />
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==== Powers of Congress ====<br />
The [[Congress of the Unites States|Congress of the Unites States of America]] has the power to the powers to levy and collect [[taxes]]; to coin money and regulate its value; provide for punishment for counterfeiting; establish post offices and roads, issue [[patents]], create federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court, combat piracy and felonies, declare war, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a [[United States Navy|navy]], make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces, provide for, arm and discipline the militia, exercise exclusive legislation in the [[District of Columbia]], regulate interstate commerce, and to make laws necessary to properly execute powers.<br />
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=== Executive ===<br />
The executive branch is established in Article Two of the United States Constitution, which vests executive power in the [[President of the United States]],<br />
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==== President ====<br />
The president of the United States is the lead executive power in the United States of America being both the [[Head of state|Head of State]] (performing ceremonial functions) and the head of government (the chief executive). The Constitution requires the president to swear or affirm to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."<ref>{{Citation|author=Philadelphia Convention|year=1787|title=Constitution of the United States of America|title-url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/|chapter=Article 2, Clause 8|section=Section 1|quote=...I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.|trans-lang=English}}</ref><br />
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===== Executive Powers =====<br />
The president is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[United States Military|armed forces]], empowered to conduct foreign relations (generally being considered to have sole diplomatic recognition), and may also negotiate and sign treaties. The president may also "... appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States" as well as grant presidential pardons.<br />
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===== Election, succession, and term limits =====<br />
The president and [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] are normally elected by the [[Electoral College]], but an individual may also be granted presidency via [[succession]] in the case of the death or impeachment of the previous president. The length of a term is four years, though a US president may only run for two.<br />
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==== Cabinet, executive departments, and agencies ====<br />
The daily enforcement and administration of federal laws is managed by the [[Federal Executive Departments of the United States|federal executive departments]]. These departments are created by Congress to manage specific international and internal affairs, the heads of which are appointed by the United States president with further approval being granted by Congress.<br />
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=== Judicial ===<br />
The [[Judiciary of the United States|Judiciary]], under Article III of the Constitution, explains, interprets, and applies the laws. It does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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* [[Corporate duopoly]]<br />
* [[Corporatocracy]]<br />
* [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]]<br />
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==References==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Politics of the United States of America]]<br />
[[Category:Government of the United States of America]]<br />
[[Category:Bourgeois governments]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Government_of_the_United_States_of_America&diff=40190Government of the United States of America2022-12-14T03:57:39Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: /* Governmental Structure */ Corrected spelling.</p>
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<div>{{Infobox government|name=United States federal government|type=Federal Corporatocratic<br>Republic|image=[[File:Coat of Arms of the USA.webp|120px]]|caption=Coat of Arms|constitution=[[Constitution of the United States]]|formation=1789|leader_cs=|rulilng_class=[[Bourgeoisie]]}}The system of government in the [[United States of America]] operates on the basis of a [[plutocracy]], a government entirely controlled by the wealthy. The richest three Statesians have more money than the poorest 160 million combined. Public support for the U.S. government is very low, with only 2% of Statesians believing the government almost always does what is right and only 19% believing it mostly does the right thing. 7% of Statesians have confidence in Congress, 23% have confidence in the presidency, and 25% have confidence in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Tom Mckay|newspaper=MIC|title=Princeton Concludes What Kind of Government America Really Has, and It's Not a Democracy|date=2016-4-16|url=https://www.mic.com/articles/87719/princeton-concludes-what-kind-of-government-america-really-has-and-it-s-not-a-democracy|retrieved=2022-8-30}}</ref><br />
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The US is effectively a [[one-party state]], with aesthetical differences between its two main parties, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] and the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]], but both parties follow common policies, especially abroad. The ruling capitalist oligarchy has two factions: the Democratic Party which is center-right and is controlled by the monopolistic managerial [[bourgeoisie]] who seeks to maintain the stability of the imperialist system by being less reactionary on inconsequential social issues, and the Republican Party, which is more reactionary and backwards when it comes to social issues and tends to pander to the [[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]] in their effort to deepen the exploitation of labor.<br />
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The election system further solidifies this duopoly with its "First Past the Post" system, resulting in citizens having to choose "the lesser of two evils." The two political parties stir up public debate around their small disagreements to create a facade of democracy, but bipartisan agreement reigns on questions of foreign policy (imperialism, war, attacking socialist countries) as well as domestic policies such as prioritizing funding for police repression over social programs such as free housing, higher education, healthcare, etc.<br />
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== Governmental Structure ==<br />
The government of the United States of America is, in essence, a standard [[Bourgeoisie Democracy|bourgeoisie democracy]]. It has been copied the world over due to its effectiveness in the maintenance of capitalism within a nation, and the ease of trade thereof. It consists of three governmental branches, legislative, executive, and judicial. These branches are defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to that of the Supreme Court. <br />
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=== Legislative ===<br />
The [[United States Congress]], under Article I of the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]], is the legislative branch of the federal government. It is split into two distinct assemblies, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]].<br />
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==== Makeup of Congress ====<br />
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===== House of Representatives =====<br />
The House represents a [[Congressional Districts of the United States|congressional district]]. The number of representatives each state has in the House is based on each state's population as determined in the most recent [[Census of the United States|United States Census]].<br />
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===== Senate =====<br />
The Senate is made up of two [[United States Senators|senators]] from each state, regardless of population. There are currently 100 senators (2 from each of the 50 states), each of whom serve six-year terms.<br />
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==== Powers of Congress ====<br />
The [[Congress of the Unites States|Congress of the Unites States of America]] has the power to the powers to levy and collect [[taxes]]; to coin money and regulate its value; provide for punishment for counterfeiting; establish post offices and roads, issue [[patents]], create federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court, combat piracy and felonies, declare war, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a [[United States Navy|navy]], make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces, provide for, arm and discipline the militia, exercise exclusive legislation in the [[District of Columbia]], regulate interstate commerce, and to make laws necessary to properly execute powers.<br />
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=== Executive ===<br />
The executive branch is established in Article Two of the United States Constitution, which vests executive power in the [[President of the United States]],<br />
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==== President ====<br />
The president of the United States is the lead executive power in the United States of America being both the [[Head of state|Head of State]] (performing ceremonial functions) and the head of government (the chief executive). The Constitution requires the president to swear or affirm to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."<ref>{{Citation|author=Philadelphia Convention|year=1787|title=Constitution of the United States of America|title-url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/|chapter=Article 2, Clause 8|section=Section 1|quote=...I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.|trans-lang=English}}</ref><br />
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===== Executive Powers =====<br />
The president is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[United States Military|armed forces]], empowered to conduct foreign relations (generally being considered to have sole diplomatic recognition), and may also negotiate and sign treaties. The president may also "... appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States" as well as grant presidential pardons.<br />
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===== Election, succession, and term limits =====<br />
The president and [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] are normally elected by the [[Electoral College]], but an individual may also be granted presidency via [[succession]] in the case of the death or impeachment of the previous president. The length of a term is four years, though a US president may only run for two.<br />
<br />
==== Cabinet, executive departments, and agencies ====<br />
The daily enforcement and administration of federal laws is managed by the [[Federal Executive Departments of the United States|federal executive departments]]. These departments are created by Congress to manage specific international and internal affairs, the heads of which are appointed by the United States president with further approval being granted by Congress.<br />
<br />
=== Judicial ===<br />
The [[Judiciary of the United States|Judiciary]], under Article III of the Constitution, explains, interprets, and applies the laws. It does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Corporate duopoly]]<br />
* [[Corporatocracy]]<br />
* [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Politics of the United States of America]]<br />
[[Category:Government of the United States of America]]<br />
[[Category:Bourgeois governments]]</div>Sparkingcircuithttps://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=President_of_the_United_States&diff=40189President of the United States2022-12-14T03:53:13Z<p>Sparkingcircuit: Created basic "President of the United States" page.</p>
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The '''President of the United States''' ('''POTUS''') is the head of state and head of [[government of the United States of America]]. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[United States Military|United States Armed Forces]]. The current president of the United States is [[Joe Biden]].<br />
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The '''Vice President of the United States''' ('''VPOTUS''') is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the [[Government of the United States of America|U.S. federal government]], after the [[president of the United States]], and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. <br />
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The '''United States Department of Commerce''' is an executive department of the [[Government of the United States of America|U.S. federal government]] concerned with creating the conditions for economic growth.<br />
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The '''United States Census Bureau''' ('''USCB'''), officially the '''Bureau of the Census''', is an agency of the [[United States Federal Statistical System]], responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureau is a part of the [[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]].<br />
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The '''Census of the United States''' is a constitutionally mandated census conducted by [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]]. It is conducted every ten years to keep track of the demographics of the United States.<br />
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A '''Tax''' is a compulsory financial levy on the purchase, sale, use, or ownership of a good, service, or income of an individual. It is the most common means for market economies to fund their governments. They have existed sense ancient times, and have been used in [[Slave Society|Slave Societies]], [[Feudalism|Feudal Societies]], [[Capitalism|Capitalist Societies]], and [[Market Socialism|Market Socialist Societies]].<br />
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