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{{Infobox country|name=New Caledonia|native_name=Kanaky|image_flag=New Caledonian flag.svg|image_coat=Emblem of New Caledonia.svg.png|capital=Nouméa|largest_city=Nouméa|government_type=Devolved parliamentary dependency|leader_title1=High Commissioner|leader_name1=[[Louis Le Franc]]|leader_title2=President of the Government|leader_name2=[[Louis Mapou]]|image_map=New Caledonia map.png|map_width=320|official_languages=French|area_km2=18,576|population_census=271,407|population_census_year=2019}} | {{Infobox country|name=New Caledonia|native_name=Kanaky|image_flag=New Caledonian flag.svg|image_coat=Emblem of New Caledonia.svg.png|capital=Nouméa|largest_city=Nouméa|government_type=Devolved parliamentary dependency|leader_title1=High Commissioner|leader_name1=[[Louis Le Franc]]|leader_title2=President of the Government|leader_name2=[[Louis Mapou]]|image_map=New Caledonia map.png|map_width=320|official_languages=French|area_km2=18,576|population_census=271,407|population_census_year=2019}} | ||
[[File:Kanaky map.png|thumb|Indigenous groups in New Caledonia]] | [[File:Kanaky map.png|thumb|Indigenous groups in New Caledonia]] | ||
''' | '''Kanaky''', officially known as '''New Caledonia''', is a [[French Republic|French]] [[Settler colonialism|settler-colony]] in the southwest [[Pacific Ocean]]. The [[Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front]] (FLNKS) has been struggling for [[national liberation]] and independence since the 1980s.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=B. A. Ford|newspaper=[[People's Voice]]|title=Kanaky-New Caledonia independence vote shines light on imperialism in the Pacific|date=2020-10-19|url=https://pvonline.ca/2020/10/19/kanaky-new-caledonia-independence-vote-shines-light-on-imperialism-in-the-pacific/|retrieved=2022-12-22}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
New Caledonia in | === Pre-colonial === | ||
James Cook became the first [[Europe|European]] to visit New Caledonia in 1774, naming the archipelago New Caledonia after the old name for [[Scotland]], Caledonia.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=V. Z. Klepikov|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/New+Caledonia|chapter=New Caledonia|section=Historical Survey}}</ref> | |||
== 2021 independence referendum == | === French colonization === | ||
[[French Empire (1852–1870)|France]] took over New Caledonia as a [[Colonialism|colony]] in 1853 and forced the natives into small reservations with infertile land. The French killed thousands of natives when they rebelled.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=Susanna Ounei|year=1985|title=For Kanak Independence|chapter=Introduction|page=1–2|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacean27lkjc3azb6uduikg7lvi3xsgcegdya7iok6oseor5tipypvfm?filename=Susanna%20Ounei%20-%20For%20Kanak%20independence_%20The%20fight%20against%20French%20rule%20in%20New%20Caledonia-Corso_%20Labour%20Publishing%20Co-operative%20Society%20Ltd.%20%281985%29.pdf|publisher=Labour Publishing Co-operative Society}}</ref> | |||
The archipelago was a penal colony and many members of the [[Paris Commune]] were exiled to New Caledonia after 1871.<ref>{{Citation|author=Robert Aldrich, John Connell|year=2006|title=France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer|page=46|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521030366|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA46}}</ref> New Caledonia became a French Overseas Territory in 1946.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Peoples Dispatch]]|title=Progressive sections denounce outcome of New Caledonia referendum|date=2021-12-20|url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2021/12/20/progressive-sections-denounce-outcome-of-new-caledonia-referendum/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116220207/https://peoplesdispatch.org/2021/12/20/progressive-sections-denounce-outcome-of-new-caledonia-referendum/|archive-date=2022-01-16|retrieved=2022-09-09}}</ref> In 1998, the FLNKS signed an agreement with France to extend more rights to indigenous Kanak peoples.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
=== Anti-colonial movement === | |||
Kanaks first won the right to vote in the 1950s and formed the [[Caledonian Union]] (UC), which demanded autonomy for New Caledonia. In 1977, it changed its goal to full independence. In 1979, the pro-independence forces of the [[Independence Front]] coalition won 83% of the Kanak vote and 35% of the total vote, including settlers.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
In 1984, French Minister of Overseas Territories [[Georges Lemoine]] rejected independence and prevented any independence referendum from being held until 1989. In response, the Kanaks dissolved the Independence Front and formed the FLNKS.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
==== 1984 provisional government ==== | |||
The FLNKS boycotted the 1984 elections and established a provisional government led by [[Jean-Marie Tjibaou]] on 1 December 1984. The French invaded with thousands of troops to crush the rebellion and murdered FLNKS leader [[Eloi Machoro]]. They killed at least 20 natives and took over 100 political prisoners.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
==== 2021 independence referendum ==== | |||
The FLNKS boycotted a 2021 referendum for independence from France. 96.5% of votes in the referendum were against independence, but only 43.87% of the population voted in the referendum.<ref name=":0" /> | The FLNKS boycotted a 2021 referendum for independence from France. 96.5% of votes in the referendum were against independence, but only 43.87% of the population voted in the referendum.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
== Demographics == | |||
In 1985, the native Kanak population was just over 60,000, and there were 54,000 [[White people|white]] settlers, mostly from France. There were also 30,000 people from other countries, especially from the South Pacific and Southeast Asia.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 15:58, 3 June 2024
| New Caledonia Kanaky | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Nouméa |
| Official languages | French |
| Government | Devolved parliamentary dependency |
• High Commissioner | Louis Le Franc |
• President of the Government | Louis Mapou |
| Area | |
• Total | 18,576 km² |
| Population | |
• 2019 census | 271,407 |
Kanaky, officially known as New Caledonia, is a French settler-colony in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) has been struggling for national liberation and independence since the 1980s.[1]
History
Pre-colonial
James Cook became the first European to visit New Caledonia in 1774, naming the archipelago New Caledonia after the old name for Scotland, Caledonia.[2]
French colonization
France took over New Caledonia as a colony in 1853 and forced the natives into small reservations with infertile land. The French killed thousands of natives when they rebelled.[3]
The archipelago was a penal colony and many members of the Paris Commune were exiled to New Caledonia after 1871.[4] New Caledonia became a French Overseas Territory in 1946.[5] In 1998, the FLNKS signed an agreement with France to extend more rights to indigenous Kanak peoples.[1]
Anti-colonial movement
Kanaks first won the right to vote in the 1950s and formed the Caledonian Union (UC), which demanded autonomy for New Caledonia. In 1977, it changed its goal to full independence. In 1979, the pro-independence forces of the Independence Front coalition won 83% of the Kanak vote and 35% of the total vote, including settlers.[3]
In 1984, French Minister of Overseas Territories Georges Lemoine rejected independence and prevented any independence referendum from being held until 1989. In response, the Kanaks dissolved the Independence Front and formed the FLNKS.[3]
1984 provisional government
The FLNKS boycotted the 1984 elections and established a provisional government led by Jean-Marie Tjibaou on 1 December 1984. The French invaded with thousands of troops to crush the rebellion and murdered FLNKS leader Eloi Machoro. They killed at least 20 natives and took over 100 political prisoners.[3]
2021 independence referendum
The FLNKS boycotted a 2021 referendum for independence from France. 96.5% of votes in the referendum were against independence, but only 43.87% of the population voted in the referendum.[5]
Demographics
In 1985, the native Kanak population was just over 60,000, and there were 54,000 white settlers, mostly from France. There were also 30,000 people from other countries, especially from the South Pacific and Southeast Asia.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 B. A. Ford (2020-10-19). "Kanaky-New Caledonia independence vote shines light on imperialism in the Pacific" People's Voice. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
- ↑ V. Z. Klepikov (1979). The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: 'New Caledonia; Historical Survey'.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Susanna Ounei (1985). For Kanak Independence: 'Introduction' (pp. 1–2). [PDF] Labour Publishing Co-operative Society.
- ↑ Robert Aldrich, John Connell (2006). France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer (p. 46). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521030366
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Progressive sections denounce outcome of New Caledonia referendum" (2021-12-20). Peoples Dispatch. Archived from the original on 2022-01-16. Retrieved 2022-09-09.