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{{Infobox political party|name=Peruvian Communist Party|native_name=Partido Comunista del Perú|logo=Flag of the Shining Path.png|caption=Flag of the PCP|abbreviation=PCP|founder=[[Abimael Guzmán]]|foundation=1969|split=[[Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)]]|successor=[[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]]|political_line=[[Maoism]]<br>[[Gonzalo Thought]]<br>[[Anti- | {{Infobox political party|name=Peruvian Communist Party|native_name=Partido Comunista del Perú|logo=Flag of the Shining Path.png|caption=Flag of the PCP|abbreviation=PCP|founder=[[Abimael Guzmán]]|foundation=1969|split=[[Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)]]|successor=[[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]]|political_line=[[Maoism]]<br>[[Gonzalo Thought]]<br>[[Anti-revisionism]]|international=[[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]]|slogan=¡Viva la Guerra Popular! ¡Guerra Popular hasta el comunismo! | ||
("Long live the People's War! People's War until communism!")}} | ("Long live the People's War! People's War until communism!")}} | ||
{{Maoism sidebar}}{{Communist Parties}} | {{Maoism sidebar}}{{Communist Parties}} | ||
The '''Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path''' ('''CPP-SP'''),<ref group="lower-alpha">Spanish: Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso (PCP-SL)</ref> more commonly known as the '''Shining Path''', is a [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism|Marxist-Leninist-Maoist]] party and [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] organization in [[Peru]] founded in 1969 after an organizational split with the [[Communist Party of Peru – Red Flag]]. | The '''Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path''' ('''CPP-SP'''),<ref group="lower-alpha">Spanish: Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso (PCP-SL)</ref> more commonly known as the '''Shining Path''', is a [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism|Marxist-Leninist-Maoist]] party and [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] organization in [[Republic of Peru|Peru]] founded in 1969 after an organizational split with the [[Communist Party of Peru – Red Flag]]. | ||
Using its militant wing, the [[People's Guerrilla Army]], the PCP has been engaged in a [[ | Using its militant wing, the [[People's Guerrilla Army]], the PCP has been engaged in a [[protracted people's war]] against the [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois government]] of Peru since 1980, with the intention of creating of [[socialist state]] and ultimately reaching [[communism]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Tjen Folket Media|title=Eternal Glory to Chairman Gonzalo|date=2021-9-25|url=https://tjen-folket.no/index.php/en/2021/09/25/eternal-glory-to-chairman-gonzalo/|retrieved=2022-10-16}}</ref> | ||
The PCP rejected all self-proclaimed | The PCP rejected all [[Actually Existing Socialism|self-proclaimed socialist states]] at that time, viewing them as [[revisionist]] and having restored [[capitalism]], and firmly based its ideology on the teaching of [[Mao Zedong]], with which they developed his ideas into Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, a universal form of [[Mao Zedong Thought]].<ref>[https://granta.com/dengs-dogs/ Deng's Dogs]</ref> | ||
The party, founded and led by [[Abimael Guzmán]], has | The party, founded and led by [[Abimael Guzmán]], has received criticism for its large centralization of its leadership,<ref>[https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/09/23/gonz-s23.html Peru’s ruling elite unleashes anti-communist tirade after Shining Path leader’s death]</ref> and alleged crimes it committed during the People's War against the brutal [[Fascism|semi-fascist]] government that had existed.<ref>{{Web citation|author=BJ Murphy|newspaper=The prison gates are open|title=The Shining Path Revealed: Behind the Lies & Propaganda|date=2010-8-1|url=https://redantliberationarmy.wordpress.com/2010/08/01/the-shining-path-revealed-behind-the-lies-propaganda/|retrieved=2022-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Silvio Rendon|year=2019|title=A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball|title-url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053168019840972|pdf=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/2053168019840972|publisher=SAGE journals|doi=10.1177/2053168019840972|trans-lang=English}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
Between 1977 and 1980, the party began to re-structure itself and create a political and military apparatus capable of engaging in armed struggle. As part of this effort, the student cadres, along with urban militants, were withdrawn from universities in 1977 and sent into the countryside in 1978, establishing training camps in a few rural districts.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=10-11|quote=The second phase in Sendero Luminoso's development began in 1977 and lasted until early 1980. Those cadres who were deemed responsible for the organization's over-attention to purely educational matters and its failure to become involved in practical politics between 1970 and 1977, were censored ( they were mostly to be found in the Lima section of the Party), and the new central task was declared to be 'reconstructing the Party'. In effect this meant the creation of a political and military apparatus that would be Capable of waging armed struggle. By late 1976 Sendero Luminoso had increased its influence in the student movement, especially in the Central Andes and Lima. As part of this policy of 'reconstructing the Party', a majority of these student cadres were withdrawn from the universities in 1977 and 1978 and sent into the countryside. So too were a number of the non-student activists who lived in urban areas. Training camps were established in certain rural districts (such as the puna around Julcamarca in Ayacucho)|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> During this period of re-structuring, the party increased its members by attracting members of other revolutionary organizations, and even infiltrating them.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=11|quote=The years 1977 to 1980 are characterized by the careful contruction of a national organization (but still with a significant majority of the membership located in the Central Sierra and Lima). This process was aided by attracting members from other left groups. In 1976 a split occurred in Vanguardia Revolucionaria, with approximately 25 to 10% of the organization leaving to establish a new party called Vanguardia Revolucionaria – Proletaria Comunista (VR-PC). [...] VR-PC adopted an ultra-left position with respect to the 1978 Constituent Assembly elections, failing to participate on the same grounds as Sendero, but only to undertake later an abrupt volte-face in 1979-1980. This, in additon to other rather strange positions taken up by the organization in these years, created a high degree of confusion and disenchantment among YR-PC's membership. Into this situation stepped Sendero Luminoso, infiltrating VR-PC in 1978 and later leaving, taking with them many of V8-PC's cadres, including several of their most important and experienced peasant militants in 1979 (e.g. Felix Calderón from Cajamarca, among others). Similarly, in 1979 the Puka LLacta (Tierra Raja in Quechua) faction broke off from Patria Raja to join Sendero Luminoso. Puka LLacta's membership in the main consisted of miners in the departments of Junín and Pasco.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> | Between 1977 and 1980, the party began to re-structure itself and create a political and military apparatus capable of engaging in armed struggle. As part of this effort, the student cadres, along with urban militants, were withdrawn from universities in 1977 and sent into the countryside in 1978, establishing training camps in a few rural districts.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=10-11|quote=The second phase in Sendero Luminoso's development began in 1977 and lasted until early 1980. Those cadres who were deemed responsible for the organization's over-attention to purely educational matters and its failure to become involved in practical politics between 1970 and 1977, were censored ( they were mostly to be found in the Lima section of the Party), and the new central task was declared to be 'reconstructing the Party'. In effect this meant the creation of a political and military apparatus that would be Capable of waging armed struggle. By late 1976 Sendero Luminoso had increased its influence in the student movement, especially in the Central Andes and Lima. As part of this policy of 'reconstructing the Party', a majority of these student cadres were withdrawn from the universities in 1977 and 1978 and sent into the countryside. So too were a number of the non-student activists who lived in urban areas. Training camps were established in certain rural districts (such as the puna around Julcamarca in Ayacucho)|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> During this period of re-structuring, the party increased its members by attracting members of other revolutionary organizations, and even infiltrating them.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=11|quote=The years 1977 to 1980 are characterized by the careful contruction of a national organization (but still with a significant majority of the membership located in the Central Sierra and Lima). This process was aided by attracting members from other left groups. In 1976 a split occurred in Vanguardia Revolucionaria, with approximately 25 to 10% of the organization leaving to establish a new party called Vanguardia Revolucionaria – Proletaria Comunista (VR-PC). [...] VR-PC adopted an ultra-left position with respect to the 1978 Constituent Assembly elections, failing to participate on the same grounds as Sendero, but only to undertake later an abrupt volte-face in 1979-1980. This, in additon to other rather strange positions taken up by the organization in these years, created a high degree of confusion and disenchantment among YR-PC's membership. Into this situation stepped Sendero Luminoso, infiltrating VR-PC in 1978 and later leaving, taking with them many of V8-PC's cadres, including several of their most important and experienced peasant militants in 1979 (e.g. Felix Calderón from Cajamarca, among others). Similarly, in 1979 the Puka LLacta (Tierra Raja in Quechua) faction broke off from Patria Raja to join Sendero Luminoso. Puka LLacta's membership in the main consisted of miners in the departments of Junín and Pasco.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> | ||
In the early 80's, the party leadership concluded that they were ready to commence armed struggle.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=12|quote=As a result of natural growth and defections from other left organizations, during the first months of 1980 Sendero's leaders arrived at the conclusion that the Party apparatus had been sufficiently 'reconstructed'. Having reached this decision, given the logic in which they were caught up, they then proceeded to commence the armed struggle. This, the third phase in Sendero Luminoso's trajectory, was launched on 18 May 1980 with actions synchronized to coincide with the general election of that month.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> In May 1980, while Peru was undergoing its first elections in almost 20 years, Shining Path militants stormed into the place where ballot boxes of a small village were being stored and burned them in public square.<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|page=21|quote=The night of 17 May 1980, in the small village of Chuschi in Ayacucho, a group of young people burst into the place where ballot boxes and voting lists were being stored for the national elections taking place the following day, and burned them in the public square. The news was published a few days later in some newspaper, lost among the avalanche of information about the first presidential elections to take place in Peru in seven teen years.|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3}}</ref> The party also began to steal dynamite from mines, and in the following months organized several terrorist attacks, including in a school parade and in a peasant assembly.<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3|page=21|quote=In the following months, as the press reported the theft of dynamite in some mines, isolated petards started to explode in unlikely places: the tomb of General Velasco in Lima; a school parade in Ayacucho; a peasant assembly in the same city. [...] The government as well as other political forces, including the parties that made up the United Left, downplayed the importance of these events.}}</ref> They also hanged dead dogs in the city of Lima, with a sign written "Deng | In the early 80's, the party leadership concluded that they were ready to commence armed struggle.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=12|quote=As a result of natural growth and defections from other left organizations, during the first months of 1980 Sendero's leaders arrived at the conclusion that the Party apparatus had been sufficiently 'reconstructed'. Having reached this decision, given the logic in which they were caught up, they then proceeded to commence the armed struggle. This, the third phase in Sendero Luminoso's trajectory, was launched on 18 May 1980 with actions synchronized to coincide with the general election of that month.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> In May 1980, while Peru was undergoing its first elections in almost 20 years, Shining Path militants stormed into the place where ballot boxes of a small village were being stored and burned them in public square.<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|page=21|quote=The night of 17 May 1980, in the small village of Chuschi in Ayacucho, a group of young people burst into the place where ballot boxes and voting lists were being stored for the national elections taking place the following day, and burned them in the public square. The news was published a few days later in some newspaper, lost among the avalanche of information about the first presidential elections to take place in Peru in seven teen years.|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3}}</ref> The party also began to steal dynamite from mines, and in the following months organized several terrorist attacks, including in a school parade and in a peasant assembly.<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3|page=21|quote=In the following months, as the press reported the theft of dynamite in some mines, isolated petards started to explode in unlikely places: the tomb of General Velasco in Lima; a school parade in Ayacucho; a peasant assembly in the same city. [...] The government as well as other political forces, including the parties that made up the United Left, downplayed the importance of these events.}}</ref> They also hanged dead dogs in the city of Lima, with a sign written "[[Deng Xiaoping]] son of a bitch."<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3|page=21|quote=The situation acquired touches of sinister folklore when toward the end of the year, early rising limeños (residents of Lima) found dogs hanging from traffic lights with a sign around their neck that read: “Deng Xiaoping son of a bitch.”}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | ||
== Ideology == | == Ideology == | ||
The Shining Path adheres militantly to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, with Maoism being principal, and with which they regard as constituting a higher stage of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]], and an overall [[Scientific socialism|scientific]] development of [[Marxism]]. Furthermore, basing themselves on the | The Shining Path adheres militantly to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, with Maoism being principal, and with which they regard as constituting a higher stage of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]], and an overall [[Scientific socialism|scientific]] development of [[Marxism]]. Furthermore, basing themselves on the anti-revisionist position formed by [[Mao Zedong]], they were highly critical of perceived Revisionist and Social-imperialist states and tendencies within the Marxist movement, including all self-proclaimed Socialist states which existed such as the [[Soviet Union]], [[China]], and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Albania]]. | ||
The Shining Path upholds the doctrine of Protracted People's War as a universal military strategy for the international [[ | The Shining Path upholds the doctrine of Protracted People's War as a universal military strategy for the international [[proletariat]], and further intended to enact [[New Democracy]] and a [[Cultural Revolution]], with the aims of world revolution and the ultimate development of [[Communism]].<ref>{{Web citation|title=General Political Line of the Communist Party of Peru|url=http://bannedthought.net/Peru/CPP/Documents/GeneralPoliticalLineOfTheCommunistPartyOfPeru-1988-OCR.pdf|retrieved=2022-10-17}}</ref> | ||
==List of alleged crimes== | ==List of alleged crimes== | ||
Revision as of 22:45, 17 October 2022
Peruvian Communist Party Partido Comunista del Perú | |
|---|---|
 Flag of the PCP | |
| Abbreviation | PCP |
| Founder | Abimael Guzmán |
| Founded | 1969 |
| Split from | Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) |
| Succeeded by | Militarized Communist Party of Peru |
| International affiliation | Revolutionary Internationalist Movement |
| Slogan | ¡Viva la Guerra Popular! ¡Guerra Popular hasta el comunismo! ("Long live the People's War! People's War until communism!") |
| Part of a series on |
| Maoism |
|---|
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| Part of a series on |
| Communist parties |
|---|
The Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path (CPP-SP),[a] more commonly known as the Shining Path, is a Marxist-Leninist-Maoist party and guerrilla organization in Peru founded in 1969 after an organizational split with the Communist Party of Peru – Red Flag.
Using its militant wing, the People's Guerrilla Army, the PCP has been engaged in a protracted people's war against the bourgeois government of Peru since 1980, with the intention of creating of socialist state and ultimately reaching communism.[1]
The PCP rejected all self-proclaimed socialist states at that time, viewing them as revisionist and having restored capitalism, and firmly based its ideology on the teaching of Mao Zedong, with which they developed his ideas into Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, a universal form of Mao Zedong Thought.[2]
The party, founded and led by Abimael Guzmán, has received criticism for its large centralization of its leadership,[3] and alleged crimes it committed during the People's War against the brutal semi-fascist government that had existed.[4][5]
History
The Shining Path began to organize between 1968 and 1970 when Abimael Guzmán and his followers split from the Maoist organization Communist Party of Peru – Red Flag after conflicts between the center and periphery of the party.[6] At the time, Guzmán was a professor of philosophy at the University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga since 1962 in the city of Ayacucho, then a remote city neglected by the Peruvian state.[7]
During the early 70's, the party began to participate in the student movements of Peru, achieving support in the university Guzmán taught and in the National University of Engineering, but having insignificant support elsewhere.[8] At the time, the Shining Path was building a party apparatus, achieving considerable success in student circles. Party cells and regional committees were established throughout Peru, with a concentration of cadres in Central Sierra and Lima.[9] The party constantly engaged in political campaigns against other organizations of the revolutionary left.[10]
Between 1977 and 1980, the party began to re-structure itself and create a political and military apparatus capable of engaging in armed struggle. As part of this effort, the student cadres, along with urban militants, were withdrawn from universities in 1977 and sent into the countryside in 1978, establishing training camps in a few rural districts.[11] During this period of re-structuring, the party increased its members by attracting members of other revolutionary organizations, and even infiltrating them.[12]
In the early 80's, the party leadership concluded that they were ready to commence armed struggle.[13] In May 1980, while Peru was undergoing its first elections in almost 20 years, Shining Path militants stormed into the place where ballot boxes of a small village were being stored and burned them in public square.[14] The party also began to steal dynamite from mines, and in the following months organized several terrorist attacks, including in a school parade and in a peasant assembly.[15] They also hanged dead dogs in the city of Lima, with a sign written "Deng Xiaoping son of a bitch."[16][17]
Ideology
The Shining Path adheres militantly to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, with Maoism being principal, and with which they regard as constituting a higher stage of Marxism-Leninism, and an overall scientific development of Marxism. Furthermore, basing themselves on the anti-revisionist position formed by Mao Zedong, they were highly critical of perceived Revisionist and Social-imperialist states and tendencies within the Marxist movement, including all self-proclaimed Socialist states which existed such as the Soviet Union, China, and Albania.
The Shining Path upholds the doctrine of Protracted People's War as a universal military strategy for the international proletariat, and further intended to enact New Democracy and a Cultural Revolution, with the aims of world revolution and the ultimate development of Communism.[18]
List of alleged crimes
References
- ↑ "Eternal Glory to Chairman Gonzalo" (2021-9-25). Tjen Folket Media. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Deng's Dogs
- ↑ Peru’s ruling elite unleashes anti-communist tirade after Shining Path leader’s death
- ↑ BJ Murphy (2010-8-1). "The Shining Path Revealed: Behind the Lies & Propaganda" The prison gates are open. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Silvio Rendon (2019). A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball. [PDF] SAGE journals. doi: 10.1177/2053168019840972 [HUB]
- ↑ “By 1966, Guzman and his followers at Huamanga were part of the Maoist Partido Comunista del Peru- Bandera Roja (PCP-BR, Communist Party of Peru-Red Flag). The relationship between center and periphery in the party was an uneasy one, nevertheless, with the withdrawal/expulsion of the "country bumpkins" of Huamanga occurring between 1968 and 1970. It was at this time that the Guzman faction adopted the title of Partido Comunista del Peru en el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui (Communist Party of Peru in the Shining Path of Mariátegui), known to outsiders as Sendero Luminoso.”
David Scott Palmer (1986). Rebellion in Rural Peru: The Origins and Evolution of Sendero Luminoso. Comparative Politics, vol.18, no. 2. doi: 10.2307/421840 [HUB] - ↑ “The University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga, where Abimael Guzmán taught for 12 years, starting in 1962, is located in what was then a remote capital, Ayacucho, connected to the outside world by a one-lane road in the indigenous heartland of the Peruvian sierra.”
David Scott Palmer (2016). Shining Path of Peru: a product of Latin American university radicalism? (p. 7). Journal of Security Studies. [PDF] Ankara: Turkish National Police Academy. - ↑ “At this stage the Sendero Luminoso group were concen- trating their organizational efforts in the student movement, with the Party's name originating from their control of the Frente Estudiantil Revolucionario por el Sendero Luminoso Mariátegui de (the 'Revolutionary Student Front for the Shining Path of Mariátegui'). One of its most important bases was the University of Huamanga located in the small sierran town of Ayacucho, where Abimael Guzmán taught philosophy. Other educational establishments where the Frente Estudiantil had support were the Universidad National de Ingenería (National Engineering University - UNI) and the University of San Martin de Porres in Lima. Other important universities in the capital, such as San Marcos and La Católica, were dominated by Patria Roja, Vanguardia Revolucionaria and other left-wing organizations between 1970 and 1979, with Sendero Luminoso having but a relatively insignificant presence.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (p. 9). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “The first phase of Sendero Luminoso's existence covered the years 1970 to 1977. During this period they began to construct a party apparatus, achieving a surprising ; degree of success, especially in student circles. Cells were formed throughout Peru, as were regional committees:, with the main concentration of cadres (then and now) being found in the Central Sierra and Lima. Quickly gaining a reputa- tion as extreme dogmatists, Sendero's members were regarded somewhat dismissively by the other revolutionary left groups as 'nutters'.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (pp. 9-10). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “For its part, Sendero launched vilification campaigns against the rest of the revolutionary left that were so intense that they even surprised many activists with long experience of working in a political environment not noted for gentlemanly behaviour.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (p. 10). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “The second phase in Sendero Luminoso's development began in 1977 and lasted until early 1980. Those cadres who were deemed responsible for the organization's over-attention to purely educational matters and its failure to become involved in practical politics between 1970 and 1977, were censored ( they were mostly to be found in the Lima section of the Party), and the new central task was declared to be 'reconstructing the Party'. In effect this meant the creation of a political and military apparatus that would be Capable of waging armed struggle. By late 1976 Sendero Luminoso had increased its influence in the student movement, especially in the Central Andes and Lima. As part of this policy of 'reconstructing the Party', a majority of these student cadres were withdrawn from the universities in 1977 and 1978 and sent into the countryside. So too were a number of the non-student activists who lived in urban areas. Training camps were established in certain rural districts (such as the puna around Julcamarca in Ayacucho)”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (pp. 10-11). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “The years 1977 to 1980 are characterized by the careful contruction of a national organization (but still with a significant majority of the membership located in the Central Sierra and Lima). This process was aided by attracting members from other left groups. In 1976 a split occurred in Vanguardia Revolucionaria, with approximately 25 to 10% of the organization leaving to establish a new party called Vanguardia Revolucionaria – Proletaria Comunista (VR-PC). [...] VR-PC adopted an ultra-left position with respect to the 1978 Constituent Assembly elections, failing to participate on the same grounds as Sendero, but only to undertake later an abrupt volte-face in 1979-1980. This, in additon to other rather strange positions taken up by the organization in these years, created a high degree of confusion and disenchantment among YR-PC's membership. Into this situation stepped Sendero Luminoso, infiltrating VR-PC in 1978 and later leaving, taking with them many of V8-PC's cadres, including several of their most important and experienced peasant militants in 1979 (e.g. Felix Calderón from Cajamarca, among others). Similarly, in 1979 the Puka LLacta (Tierra Raja in Quechua) faction broke off from Patria Raja to join Sendero Luminoso. Puka LLacta's membership in the main consisted of miners in the departments of Junín and Pasco.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (p. 11). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “As a result of natural growth and defections from other left organizations, during the first months of 1980 Sendero's leaders arrived at the conclusion that the Party apparatus had been sufficiently 'reconstructed'. Having reached this decision, given the logic in which they were caught up, they then proceeded to commence the armed struggle. This, the third phase in Sendero Luminoso's trajectory, was launched on 18 May 1980 with actions synchronized to coincide with the general election of that month.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (p. 12). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “The night of 17 May 1980, in the small village of Chuschi in Ayacucho, a group of young people burst into the place where ballot boxes and voting lists were being stored for the national elections taking place the following day, and burned them in the public square. The news was published a few days later in some newspaper, lost among the avalanche of information about the first presidential elections to take place in Peru in seven teen years.”
Carlos Iván Degregori (2012). How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999 (p. 21). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. [LG] - ↑ “In the following months, as the press reported the theft of dynamite in some mines, isolated petards started to explode in unlikely places: the tomb of General Velasco in Lima; a school parade in Ayacucho; a peasant assembly in the same city. [...] The government as well as other political forces, including the parties that made up the United Left, downplayed the importance of these events.”
Carlos Iván Degregori (2012). How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999 (p. 21). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. [LG] - ↑ “The situation acquired touches of sinister folklore when toward the end of the year, early rising limeños (residents of Lima) found dogs hanging from traffic lights with a sign around their neck that read: “Deng Xiaoping son of a bitch.””
Carlos Iván Degregori (2012). How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999 (p. 21). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. [LG] - ↑ 17.0 17.1 Deng's Dogs
- ↑ "General Political Line of the Communist Party of Peru". Retrieved 2022-10-17.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 The Shining Path of Peru
- ↑ April 3, 1983 | Massacre of peasants in Peru
- ↑ The Shining Path controversies that spurred Peru’s gov’t shake-up
- ↑ Interview with Chairman Gonzalo
- ↑ Three dead, homes and school damaged in rebel attack
Notes
- ↑ Spanish: Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso (PCP-SL)