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'''Pan-Africanism''' is an [[Anti-colonialism|anti-colonial]] movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diaspora ethnic groups of African descent. Based on a common goal dating back to the [[Atlantic slave trade]], the movement extends beyond continental Africans with a substantial support base among the [[African diaspora in the Americas]] and [[Afro-European|Europe]].<ref>{{Citation|author=David Austin|title=All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada|journal=Journal of African American History|date=Fall 2007|volume=92|issue=4|pages=516–539|doi=10.1086/JAAHv92n4p516|s2cid=140509880}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Omotayo Oloruntoba-Oju|title=Pan Africanism, Myth and History in African and Caribbean Drama|publisher=[[Journal of Pan African Studies]]|volume=5|number=8|date=December 2012|pages=190 ff|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-316072934/pan-africanism-myth-and-history-in-african-and-caribbean}}</ref> Pan-Africanism | '''Pan-Africanism''' is an [[Anti-colonialism|anti-colonial]] movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diaspora ethnic groups of African descent. Based on a common goal dating back to the [[Atlantic slave trade]], the movement extends beyond continental Africans with a substantial support base among the [[African diaspora in the Americas]] and [[Afro-European|Europe]].<ref>{{Citation|author=David Austin|title=All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada|journal=Journal of African American History|date=Fall 2007|volume=92|issue=4|pages=516–539|doi=10.1086/JAAHv92n4p516|s2cid=140509880}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Omotayo Oloruntoba-Oju|title=Pan Africanism, Myth and History in African and Caribbean Drama|publisher=[[Journal of Pan African Studies]]|volume=5|number=8|date=December 2012|pages=190 ff|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-316072934/pan-africanism-myth-and-history-in-african-and-caribbean}}</ref> Pan-Africanism can be as broad as mere cooperation among Africans and as specific as the unification of Africa under a union government. | ||
Pan-Africanism can be said to have its origins in the struggles of the African people against enslavement and colonization<ref>[[Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem|Abdul-Raheem, Tajudeen]], ''Pan Africanism: Politics, Economy and Social Change in the Twenty-first Century''.</ref> and this struggle may be traced back to the first resistance on slave ships—rebellions and suicides—through the constant plantation and colonial uprisings and the [[Back-to-Africa movement|"Back to Africa" movements]] of the 19th century. Based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.<ref>Frick, Janari, et al. (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_UA27TyBO0kC&pg=PA235 ''History: Learner's Book''], p. 235, South Africa: New Africa Books.</ref> | Pan-Africanism can be said to have its origins in the struggles of the African people against enslavement and colonization<ref>[[Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem|Abdul-Raheem, Tajudeen]], ''Pan Africanism: Politics, Economy and Social Change in the Twenty-first Century''.</ref> and this struggle may be traced back to the first resistance on slave ships—rebellions and suicides—through the constant plantation and colonial uprisings and the [[Back-to-Africa movement|"Back to Africa" movements]] of the 19th century. Based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.<ref>Frick, Janari, et al. (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_UA27TyBO0kC&pg=PA235 ''History: Learner's Book''], p. 235, South Africa: New Africa Books.</ref> | ||
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* [[Eric Williams]] | * [[Eric Williams]] | ||
* [[Henry Sylvester Williams]] | * [[Henry Sylvester Williams]] | ||
* [[Modibo Keita]] | |||
* [[Muammar Gaddafi]] | |||
* [[Samora Machel]] | |||
== Contemporary Pan-Africanism and Pan-African Organizations == | == Contemporary Pan-Africanism and Pan-African Organizations == | ||
Revision as of 03:54, 9 August 2023
Pan-Africanism is an anti-colonial movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diaspora ethnic groups of African descent. Based on a common goal dating back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Americas and Europe.[1][2] Pan-Africanism can be as broad as mere cooperation among Africans and as specific as the unification of Africa under a union government.
Pan-Africanism can be said to have its origins in the struggles of the African people against enslavement and colonization[3] and this struggle may be traced back to the first resistance on slave ships—rebellions and suicides—through the constant plantation and colonial uprisings and the "Back to Africa" movements of the 19th century. Based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.[4]
At its core, Pan-Africanism is a belief that "African people, both on the continent and in the diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny".[5] Pan-Africanist intellectual, cultural and political movements tend to view all Africans and descendants of Africans as belonging to a single "race" and sharing cultural unity. Pan-Africanism posits a sense of a shared historical fate for Africans in America, West Indies and on the continent itself centered on the Atlantic trade in slaves, African slavery and European imperialism.[6]
The Organization of African Unity (now the African Union) was established in 1963 to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its Member States and to promote global relations within the framework of the United Nations.[7] The African Union Commission has its seat in Addis Ababa and the Pan-African Parliament has its seat in Johannesburg and Midrand.[8]
History
Early History of Panafricanism (until 1900)
Pan-Africanism and Garveyism
Pan-African Congresses and Du Bois
Pan-Africanism and Communism
Precursors to Negritude and Negritude
From the Italian Invasion of Ethiopia to the Manchester Congress (1935-1945)
Pan-Africanism between World War II and Decolonization
Founding of the Organisation of African Unity
Black Power
The Formation of the African Union
Pan-african thought
Cultural History of Pan-Africanism
The Structure and Function of the African Union
Important Thinkers and (Revolutionary) Leaders
Some important thinkers and leaders situated broadly within the Pan-african tradition are listed here as follows[9]:
- Dusé Mohamed Ali
- Ahmed Ben Bella
- Edward Wilmot Blyden
- Amilcar Lopes Cabral
- Aimé Césaire
- Quobna Ottobah Cugoano
- Constance Cummings-John
- Martin Robinson Delany
- Cheikh Anta Diop
- W.E.B. Du Bois
- Olaudah Equiano
- Nathaniel Akinremi Fadipe
- Frantz Fanon
- Amy Ashwood Garvey
- Marcus Garvey
- Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford
- James Africanus Beale Horton
- W. Alphaeus Hunton
- C.L.R. James
- Claudia Jones
- Toussaint L’Ouverture
- Patrice Émery Lumumba
- Ras T. Makonnen
- Malcolm X
- Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
- Harold Moody
- Jamal Abd al-Nasir [Nasser]
- Francis Nwia Kofi
- Kwame Nkrumah
- Julius Kambarage Nyerere
- George Padmore
- Paul Leroy Robeson
- Walter Rodney
- Léopold Sédar Senghor
- Ladipo Felix Solanke
- Sékou Ahmed Touré
- I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson
- Eric Williams
- Henry Sylvester Williams
- Modibo Keita
- Muammar Gaddafi
- Samora Machel
Contemporary Pan-Africanism and Pan-African Organizations
Former Pan-Africanist Organisations
See also
References
- ↑ David Austin (Fall 2007). All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada. Journal of African American History, vol.92 (pp. 516–539). doi: 10.1086/JAAHv92n4p516 [HUB]
- ↑ Omotayo Oloruntoba-Oju (December 2012). Pan Africanism, Myth and History in African and Caribbean Drama, vol. 5. Journal of Pan African Studies.
- ↑ Abdul-Raheem, Tajudeen, Pan Africanism: Politics, Economy and Social Change in the Twenty-first Century.
- ↑ Frick, Janari, et al. (2006), History: Learner's Book, p. 235, South Africa: New Africa Books.
- ↑ Makalani, Minkah (2011), "Pan-Africanism". Africana Age.
- ↑ New Dictionary of the History of Ideas (2005). The Gale Group, Inc..
- ↑ About the African Union Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ "Pan-Africanism". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ↑ Hakim Adi & Maika Sherwood (2003). Pan-African History: Poltical figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787. London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). [LG]