More languages
More actions
Connolly1916 (talk | contribs) (Added more information about Shanghai massacre) Tag: Visual edit |
Connolly1916 (talk | contribs) (Further expanded) Tag: Visual edit |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
The '''Chinese Civil War''' was a civil war in China between the Communist Party of China and Kuomintang led Nationalist forces. It lasted from 1927 to 1936 before pausing until 1945, after which it lasted until the Communist Party victory in 1949, with the remnants of the Kuomintang setting up an repressive and murderous Capitalist regime on Taiwan. | The '''Chinese Civil War''' was a civil war in China between the Communist Party of China and Kuomintang led Nationalist forces. It lasted from 1927 to 1936 before pausing until 1945, after which it lasted until the Communist Party victory in 1949, with the remnants of the Kuomintang setting up an repressive and murderous Capitalist regime on Taiwan. | ||
== Background == | == '''Background''' == | ||
=== Revolution of 1911 === | === '''Revolution of 1911''' === | ||
On October 10, 1911, a revolution led by [[Sun Yat-sen]] began. By 1912 this revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty in China, ending the monarchy that had existed for thousands of years before. Some early Chinese Communists played a role in the revolution which ushered in a bourgeois democratic republic. The revolution helped to transform social views in China, especially around the concept of one Chinese nation. A central principle in the revolution, as stated by Sun Yat-sen, was the equal treatment of all ethnic groups within China. This vision finally cemented the Chinese nation as one nation with one people, united in a common identity and purpose. The revolution also propelled economic development and began the removal of foreign economic oppression that had plagued the country for so long.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ma Min|newspaper=China Daily|title=1911 Revolution began rejuvenation process|date=2021-10-08|url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202110/08/WS615fba20a310cdd39bc6d8be.html}}</ref> | |||
=== Communist Party of China === | === '''Communist Party of China''' === | ||
The Communist Party of China was founded on July 23, 1921 as a [[Marxist-Leninist]] party.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CPPCC|title=The 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China|url=http://en.cppcc.gov.cn/CPC100thanniversary.html}}</ref> | The May 4th Movement in 1919 led to the spread of Communism as an ideology in China, leading to organization and study of Marxism-Leninism throughout the nation. The Communist Party of China was founded on July 23, 1921 as a [[Marxist-Leninist]] party. Dedicated to anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism. [[Chen Duxiu]] was chosen as the party's first General-Secretary.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CPPCC|title=The 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China|url=http://en.cppcc.gov.cn/CPC100thanniversary.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=State Council The People's Republic of China|title=Full Text: Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century|date=2021-11-16|url=https://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latestreleases/202111/16/content_WS6193a935c6d0df57f98e50b0.html}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=China Daily|title=Chen Duxiu, CPC member who took part in Revolution of 1911|date=2011-10-09|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201110/09/WS5a2f8abba3108bc8c6726a2a.html}}</ref> | ||
=== Kuomintang === | === '''Kuomintang''' === | ||
The Kuomintang was founded on December 24 1894 by Sun Yat-sen before being dissolved in 1913 and refounded in October 1919. The group was involved in the 1911 revolution and several efforts to overthrow warlord governments. | The Kuomintang was founded on December 24 1894 by Sun Yat-sen before being dissolved in 1913 and refounded in October 1919. The group was involved in the 1911 revolution and several efforts to overthrow warlord governments. | ||
=== First United Front === | === '''First United Front and the National Revolutionary Army''' === | ||
The First United Front, an alliance between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang was formed between the Communists and the Kuomintang in 1923 with help from the Soviet Union against warlords in China. It was led by Sun Yat-sen until his death in 1925, after which Chiang Kai-shek took over.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
In 1926 the United Front, through the National Revolutionary Army and supported by the Soviet Union, engaged in the Northern Campaign against the warlordship of the Beiyang government.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=The United Front as Practiced by the Communist Party of China|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1946-1956/roots-revisionism/app-1.pdf|pdf=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1946-1956/roots-revisionism/app-1.pdf|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1946-1956/roots-revisionism/app-1.pdf}}</ref> | |||
The Shanghai Massacre began on April 12 at 4 in the morning. A combination of Kuomintang forces, organized crime groups, local authorities, and foreign forces attacked areas with a Communist presence and executed more than 5000Communists, organized workers and other Left Wing figures. This massacre had been organized by the Kuomintang to purge the Communist Party of China.<ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Citation|author=Harold R. Isaacs|title=The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/isaacs/1938/tcr/ch10.htm#fw02|chapter=X. The Coup of April 12, 1927|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/isaacs/1938/tcr/ch10.htm#fw02|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/isaacs/1938/tcr/ch10.htm#fw02}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=Edgar Snow|year=1938|title=Red Star Over China|title-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.237507/page/54/mode/1up|page=}}</ref> | |||
== First Civil War 1927-1936 == | == First Civil War 1927-1936 == | ||
On August 1, 1927 the Autumn Harvest uprising began in central Hunan and Jiangxi led by [[Mao Zedong]]. In 1928 the Red Army was organized, renamed in 1930 to the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army. In 1931 the Red Army totaled more than 150000.<ref>{{Citation|author=Xiaobing Li|year=2012|title=China At War - An Encyclopedia|title-url=https://archive.org/details/chinaatwaranencyclopedia/page/n121/mode/1up|section=Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army|page=85}}</ref> | On August 1, 1927 the Autumn Harvest uprising began in central Hunan and Jiangxi led by [[Mao Zedong]]. In 1928 the Red Army was organized, renamed in 1930 to the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army. In 1931 the Red Army totaled more than 150000.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=Xiaobing Li|year=2012|title=China At War - An Encyclopedia|title-url=https://archive.org/details/chinaatwaranencyclopedia/page/n121/mode/1up|section=Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army|page=85}}</ref> | ||
Five major offensives against the Communists were carried out by the Kuomintang government between 1930 and 1934 culminating in the near defeat of the Red Army in Jiangxi.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
=== Long March === | |||
Following the defeat and Jiangxi the Red Army engaged in the Long March. Over the course of 1 year the Red Army marched more than 5,600 miles to Yan’an, Shaanxi, where they established a base and received aid from the Soviet Union. The march reduced the size of the Red Army to 7000 from 69,000 in 1934.<ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":2" /> | |||
== Pause and Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 == | == Pause and Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 == | ||
Revision as of 21:31, 26 March 2024
The Chinese Civil War was a civil war in China between the Communist Party of China and Kuomintang led Nationalist forces. It lasted from 1927 to 1936 before pausing until 1945, after which it lasted until the Communist Party victory in 1949, with the remnants of the Kuomintang setting up an repressive and murderous Capitalist regime on Taiwan.
Background
Revolution of 1911
On October 10, 1911, a revolution led by Sun Yat-sen began. By 1912 this revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty in China, ending the monarchy that had existed for thousands of years before. Some early Chinese Communists played a role in the revolution which ushered in a bourgeois democratic republic. The revolution helped to transform social views in China, especially around the concept of one Chinese nation. A central principle in the revolution, as stated by Sun Yat-sen, was the equal treatment of all ethnic groups within China. This vision finally cemented the Chinese nation as one nation with one people, united in a common identity and purpose. The revolution also propelled economic development and began the removal of foreign economic oppression that had plagued the country for so long.[1]
Communist Party of China
The May 4th Movement in 1919 led to the spread of Communism as an ideology in China, leading to organization and study of Marxism-Leninism throughout the nation. The Communist Party of China was founded on July 23, 1921 as a Marxist-Leninist party. Dedicated to anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism. Chen Duxiu was chosen as the party's first General-Secretary.[2][3][4]
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang was founded on December 24 1894 by Sun Yat-sen before being dissolved in 1913 and refounded in October 1919. The group was involved in the 1911 revolution and several efforts to overthrow warlord governments.
First United Front and the National Revolutionary Army
The First United Front, an alliance between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang was formed between the Communists and the Kuomintang in 1923 with help from the Soviet Union against warlords in China. It was led by Sun Yat-sen until his death in 1925, after which Chiang Kai-shek took over.[3]
In 1926 the United Front, through the National Revolutionary Army and supported by the Soviet Union, engaged in the Northern Campaign against the warlordship of the Beiyang government.[5]
The Shanghai Massacre began on April 12 at 4 in the morning. A combination of Kuomintang forces, organized crime groups, local authorities, and foreign forces attacked areas with a Communist presence and executed more than 5000Communists, organized workers and other Left Wing figures. This massacre had been organized by the Kuomintang to purge the Communist Party of China.[5] [6] [7]
First Civil War 1927-1936
On August 1, 1927 the Autumn Harvest uprising began in central Hunan and Jiangxi led by Mao Zedong. In 1928 the Red Army was organized, renamed in 1930 to the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army. In 1931 the Red Army totaled more than 150000.[8]
Five major offensives against the Communists were carried out by the Kuomintang government between 1930 and 1934 culminating in the near defeat of the Red Army in Jiangxi.[8]
Long March
Following the defeat and Jiangxi the Red Army engaged in the Long March. Over the course of 1 year the Red Army marched more than 5,600 miles to Yan’an, Shaanxi, where they established a base and received aid from the Soviet Union. The march reduced the size of the Red Army to 7000 from 69,000 in 1934.[8] [7]
Pause and Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945
Second Civil War 1945-1949
Aftermath
References
- ↑ Ma Min (2021-10-08). "1911 Revolution began rejuvenation process" China Daily.
- ↑ "The 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China". CPPCC.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Full Text: Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century" (2021-11-16). State Council The People's Republic of China.
- ↑ "Chen Duxiu, CPC member who took part in Revolution of 1911" (2011-10-09). China Daily.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 The United Front as Practiced by the Communist Party of China. [PDF] [MIA]
- ↑ Harold R. Isaacs. The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution: 'X. The Coup of April 12, 1927'. [MIA]
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Edgar Snow (1938). Red Star Over China.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Xiaobing Li (2012). China At War - An Encyclopedia (p. 85).