The Black Book of Communism

The Black Book of Communism is a 1997 book that claims communism killed 100 million people in the 20th century. It includes Nazi soldiers killed by the Red Army and kulaks as "victims of communism."

Even some of the book's own authors criticize the historical accuracy of its conclusions:

Jean‐Louis Margolin and Nicolas Werth reproach Stéphane Courtois considering ‘the criminal dimension as one of the proper ones of the communist system’s set’, he writes in his text. ‘This results in taking away the phenomenon’s historic character’, claims Jean‐Louis Margolin. ‘Even if the communist breeding ground can lead to mass crimes, the line between theory and practice is inevident, contrary to what Stéphane Courtois says.’ Disputing the ‘approximations’, ‘contradictions’, and ‘clumsinesses that make sense’, the two authors reproach Stéphane Courtois’s ‘obsession to reach one hundred million deaths’.

— Le Monde,

Margolin and Werth furthermore rebuked Courtois in an article published in Le Monde, stating that they disagreed with his vitriolic introduction and its political agenda. Margolin and Werth both disavowed the book, recognizing that Courtois was obsessed with reaching a body count of a hundred million and consequently leading to careless and biased ‘scholarship’. Courtois also composed the book’s introduction in secret, refusing to share it for his other contributors. They both rejected Courtois’s equivalence of German Fascism with Communism, with Werth telling Le Monde that ‘death camps did not exist in the Soviet Union.’

When Maurice Papon was put on trial in the 1990s for deporting 1,600 Jews to death camps, his lawyers admitted The Black Book of Communism as evidence for his (relative) ‘innocence’.