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Black Panther Party | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | BPP |
| Leader | Huey Newton |
| Founded | 15 October 1966 |
| Dissolved | Circa 1982 |
| Headquarters | Oakland, California |
| Newspaper | The Black Panther |
| Membership (1969) | Circa 5,000 |
| Colours | Black |
The Black Panther Party (BPP), originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was a Marxist-Leninist political party founded by college students Bobby Seale (Chairman) and Huey P. Newton in October 1966 in Oakland, California.[1] The party was active in the United States from 1966 until 1982, with chapters in numerous major cities, and international chapters in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s,[2] and in Algeria from 1969 to 1972.[3] At its inception on October 15, 1966, the Black Panther Party's core practice was its open carry armed citizens' patrols ("copwatching") to monitor the behavior of officers of the Oakland Police Department and challenge police brutality in the city.
In 1969, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), John Edgar Hoover, described the party as "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country".[4] He made extensive use of the Counter Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO), utilizing such tactics as: surveillance, infiltration, perjury and police harassment to undermine Panther leadership, incriminate and assassinate party members, to discredit and criminalize the BPP. COINTELPRO was responsible for the assassination of Fred Hampton.[5]
From 1969 onwards, a variety of community social programs became a core activity.[6] The Party instituted the Free Breakfast for Children Programs to address food injustice, and community health clinics for education and treatment of diseases including sickle cell anemia, tuberculosis, and later HIV/AIDS.[7]
Membership of the party reached a peak in 1970, with offices in 68 cities and thousands of members, but it began to decline over the following decade. After its leaders and members were vilified by the mainstream press, public support for the party waned, and the group became more isolated. In-fighting among Party leadership, fomented largely by the FBI's COINTELPRO operation, led to expulsions and defections that decimated the membership.[8]
Ten-Point Program
The Black Panther Party first publicized its original "What We Want Now!" Ten-Point program on May 15, 1967, following the Sacramento action, in the second issue of The Black Panther newspaper.[9]
- We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community.
- We want full employment for our people.
- We want an end to the robbery by the Capitalists of our Black Community.
- We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings.
- We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society.
- We want all Black men to be exempt from military service.
- We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people.
- We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails.
- We want all Black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their Black Communities, as defined by the Constitution of the United States.
- We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace.
External links
References
- ↑ Richard Kreitner (2015-10-15). "October 15, 1966: The Black Panther Party Is Founded" The Nation. Archived from the original on 2015-12-21.
- ↑ Mark Brown (2013-12-27). "Britain's black power movement is at risk of being forgotten, say historians" The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2017-01-03.
- ↑ Meghelli, Samir (2009). Black Routes to Islam (pp. 99-119). Palgrave Macmillan.
- ↑ Hoover Calls Panthers Top Threat to Security (1969-07-16). The Washington Post. Archived from the original.
- ↑ Williams, Jakobi (2013). From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago (p. 167). University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3816-7
- ↑ Austin, Curtis J. (2006). Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party. ISBN 978-1-55728-827-1
- ↑ Pearson, Hugh (1994). The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-201-48341-3
- ↑ Bloom, Joshua; Martin, Waldo E. Jr. (2013). Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party (p. 315). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520953543
- ↑ The Black Panther, May 15, 1967, p. 3