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{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Karl Marx
| native_name =
| image = File:Marx.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Portrait of comrade Marx.
| nationality = Prussian (1818–1845)</br>Stateless (after 1845)
| known =
| birth_name = Karl Heinrich Marx
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1818|05|05}}
| birth_place =Trier, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1883|03|14|1818|05|05}}
| death_place = London, England
| death_cause =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Karl Marx''' (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a 19th century German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary who, alongside his friend and long-time collaborator [[Engels]], discovered the laws of development of human societies based on the [[Dialectical materialism|dialectical materialist]] method.  
'''Karl Marx''' (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a 19th century German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary who, alongside his friend and long-time collaborator [[Engels]], discovered the laws of development of human societies based on the [[Dialectical materialism|dialectical materialist]] method.  


Marx is one of the most important thinkers of the [[Communism|communist]] movement, having written several books on [[capitalism]] and its intrinsic exploitation, he highlighted the contradictions in the capitalist mode of production, and helped develop socialist economic models. His essays such as "[[Capital]]" and "[[Manifesto of the Communist Party]]" are works that had international influence after their publication.
Marx is one of the most important thinkers of the [[Communism|communist]] movement, having written several books on [[capitalism]] and its intrinsic exploitation, he highlighted the contradictions in the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[mode of production]], and helped develop [[Socialism|socialist]] economic models. His essays such as ''Capital'' and ''Manifesto of the Communist Party'' are works that had international influence after their publication.


== Life and work ==
== Life and work ==
Marx was born in the small town of Trier, in the south of Rhenish Prussia, in what is today Germany, on the borders with France. At the time, Trier had only 12 thousand residents, and from 1798 to 1814, the city belonged to France, which changed after Napoleon's defeat and Prussian annexation of the region.


He was the third of the nine children of Hirschel and Henriette Marx, and belonged to the prosperous petty bourgeois of Trier.
=== Early life ===
Marx was born May 5, 1818 in the small town of Trier, in the south of Rhenish Prussia, in what is today Germany, on the borders with France. At the time, Trier had only 12 thousand residents, and from 1798 to 1814, and the city belonged to France, which changed after Napoleon's defeat and Prussian annexation of the region.<ref>Konder, Leandro (1999). ''Marx: Life and work.'' São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2015. ISBN 978-85-7743-259-2</ref> He was the third of the nine children, of Heinrich and Henriette Marx, and belonged to the prosperous Jewish petty bourgeois of Trier. Heinrich Marx did not follow the religious tradition, and converted to Protestantism. Heinrich Marx also had a good reputation with the Prussian government.<ref name="netto">Netto, José Paulo (2020). ''Karl Marx: a biography.'' São Paulo: Boitempo. ISBN 978-65-5717-033-5</ref>


'''MARX, Karl Heinrich (1818-1883).''' One of the greatest geniuses of the 19th century, immortal founder of scientific communism, of the theory and practice of class struggle, and modern revolutionary of the international proletariat. To him the communist ideal owes its theory and its scientific program. Marx’s system rests on the principles of dialectical materialism. Through his masterly analyses of concrete problems, be it a question of discovering the internal laws of capitalism or of explaining periods and events determined by the history of humanity, Marx demonstrated the superiority of materialist dialectics as a theoretical method for research into the historical relations of the past, for knowledge of the true motor forces of social evolution in the present, as well as for the determination of tendencies towards development in the future. His brilliant criticism of bourgeois society was both destructive and constructive: destructive in that it proclaimed the death of the bourgeoisie, and constructive in that it announced the victory of the proletariat. His dialectics is at the same time a research method and a guideline for human action. His materialist dialectics extends not only to the knowledge of the laws of human history, but also to the knowledge of natural history. Whence his adherence to the revolution in natural science provoked by Charles Darwin’s doctrine of evolution. The method of thought and action which comprises Marxism is the proletariat’s most precious weapon in its struggle for emancipation and for the advent of a total humanism.
Karl Marx's family had a relationship with the Westphalen family, an aristocratic family with ties to the Prussian government, and during Marx's teenage years, had a friendship with the baron Johann Ludwig von Westphalen, who admired the brilliance of the young Karl Marx, and the children of the Westphalen family, Laura, Edgar and [[Jenny von Westphalen]] (1814 – 1881), which would later become Marx's longtime partner and wife.<ref name="netto"/>


Let us cite Marx’s most important works in chronological order:
From 1830 to 1835, Marx studied on the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium, a public secondary education school which prepared students to university. There, some teachers taught an openly rationalist and discretely [[Liberalism|liberal]] views. At the time, liberal philosophy was associated with revolutionary ideals and a romantic sentiment towards the [[French Revolution]], both of which was frowned upon by the Prussian government. The Trier Gymnasium only accepted male students and relied on classical training, focusing on the study of Greek and Latin along with a third foreign language, and French was chosen by Karl Marx.<ref name="netto"/>


* ''Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844'' (1844);
=== University education, relationship with Jenny ===
* ''The Holy Family (1844)'';
After graduating with a good school performance on the Trier Gymnasium, Marx entered the university, spending two semesters in the University of Bonn from 1835 to 1836. Marx's father disapproved of his son's drinking and bohemian lifestyle and persuaded him to transfer to the University of Berlin, at the time a well-established and highly respected university. There, he studied Law, majoring in History and Philosophy and concluded his university course in 1841, submitting a doctoral thesis on the philosophy of Epicurus. At the time Marx was a Hegelian idealist in his views and belonged to the circle of “Left Hegelians”, along with [[Bruno Bauer]] and others.<ref>[[Lenin]] (1914). ''Karl Marx: A brief biographical sketch with an exposition of Marxism.'' [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/ marxists.org link]</ref>
* ''The German Ideology (with Friedrich Engels) (1845-1846)'';
* ''The Poverty of Philosophy (1847)'';
* ''The Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels) (1847)'';
* ''Wage-Labor and Capital (1847)'';
* ''Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850 (1850)'';
* ''The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1851-1852)'';
* ''A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859)'';
* ''Herr Vogt (1860)'';
* ''Value, Price and Profit (1865)'';
* ''Capital, Volume One (1867)'';


Posthumously Published:
== References ==
 
<references />
* ''Capital, Volume Two (1893)'';
* ''Capital, Volume Three (1894)'';
* ''Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875)'';
* ''Theories of Surplus Value (1863)''
 
These last three are often considered to comprise Volume Four of Capital
 
Some additional works by Marx to be read and studied are Pre-Capitalist Formations, On Colonialism, The Civil War in the United States, Letters to Americans, and a single volume Selected Works. Also see the collection of articles on Marx by Lenin, The Teachings of Karl Marx.
 
== External Links ==
Feel free to use these links to populate this page with more details.
 
* [[wikipedia:Karl_Marx|Wikipedia]]
* [https://leftypedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx Leftypedia]
* [https://www.ecured.cu/Karl_Marx EcuRed (spanish)]
* [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecured.cu%2FKarl_Marx EcuRed (english google translate)]

Revision as of 23:40, 19 February 2021

Karl Marx
Portrait of comrade Marx.
Born
Karl Heinrich Marx

(1818-05-05)5 May 1818
Trier, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation
Died14 March 1883(1883-03-14) (aged 64)
London, England
NationalityPrussian (1818–1845)
Stateless (after 1845)

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a 19th century German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary who, alongside his friend and long-time collaborator Engels, discovered the laws of development of human societies based on the dialectical materialist method.

Marx is one of the most important thinkers of the communist movement, having written several books on capitalism and its intrinsic exploitation, he highlighted the contradictions in the capitalist mode of production, and helped develop socialist economic models. His essays such as Capital and Manifesto of the Communist Party are works that had international influence after their publication.

Life and work

Early life

Marx was born May 5, 1818 in the small town of Trier, in the south of Rhenish Prussia, in what is today Germany, on the borders with France. At the time, Trier had only 12 thousand residents, and from 1798 to 1814, and the city belonged to France, which changed after Napoleon's defeat and Prussian annexation of the region.[1] He was the third of the nine children, of Heinrich and Henriette Marx, and belonged to the prosperous Jewish petty bourgeois of Trier. Heinrich Marx did not follow the religious tradition, and converted to Protestantism. Heinrich Marx also had a good reputation with the Prussian government.[2]

Karl Marx's family had a relationship with the Westphalen family, an aristocratic family with ties to the Prussian government, and during Marx's teenage years, had a friendship with the baron Johann Ludwig von Westphalen, who admired the brilliance of the young Karl Marx, and the children of the Westphalen family, Laura, Edgar and Jenny von Westphalen (1814 – 1881), which would later become Marx's longtime partner and wife.[2]

From 1830 to 1835, Marx studied on the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium, a public secondary education school which prepared students to university. There, some teachers taught an openly rationalist and discretely liberal views. At the time, liberal philosophy was associated with revolutionary ideals and a romantic sentiment towards the French Revolution, both of which was frowned upon by the Prussian government. The Trier Gymnasium only accepted male students and relied on classical training, focusing on the study of Greek and Latin along with a third foreign language, and French was chosen by Karl Marx.[2]

University education, relationship with Jenny

After graduating with a good school performance on the Trier Gymnasium, Marx entered the university, spending two semesters in the University of Bonn from 1835 to 1836. Marx's father disapproved of his son's drinking and bohemian lifestyle and persuaded him to transfer to the University of Berlin, at the time a well-established and highly respected university. There, he studied Law, majoring in History and Philosophy and concluded his university course in 1841, submitting a doctoral thesis on the philosophy of Epicurus. At the time Marx was a Hegelian idealist in his views and belonged to the circle of “Left Hegelians”, along with Bruno Bauer and others.[3]

References

  1. Konder, Leandro (1999). Marx: Life and work. São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2015. ISBN 978-85-7743-259-2
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Netto, José Paulo (2020). Karl Marx: a biography. São Paulo: Boitempo. ISBN 978-65-5717-033-5
  3. Lenin (1914). Karl Marx: A brief biographical sketch with an exposition of Marxism. marxists.org link