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A republic (derived from Latin "res publica" - "reign of the people") is a type of governance wherein the government and by extension, the state, is not controlled by a monarch. The term has been used to describe many different systems such as fascist Italy, neoliberal America, ancient Athens and various socialist states. The idea of the republic originates in ancient Greek city states and is first properly formalized into the city state of Athens. Usually republics feature some version of democracy, whether that is the fascist pseudo-democracy, bourgeois democracy or socialist democracy.