Editing United States embargo against Cuba

The '''United States embargo against Cuba''' is a trade [[Economic sanctions|embargo]] by the [[United States of America|Statesian]] [[Imperialism|imperialist]] government against [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]]. It is also commonly known as the '''blockade''' (Spanish: '''''el bloqueo'''''). It is not a single law, but a series of laws, presidential proclamations, and regulations that together enforce the embargo on Cuba internationally by punishing third parties for engaging with Cuba.<ref name=":0">Gloria La Riva. [https://www.liberationschool.org/u-s-agenda-cuba-remains-counter-revolution/ “The U.S. Agenda in Cuba Remains Counter-Revolution”] Liberation School. January 6, 2015.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2022-02-02/cuba-embargoed-us-trade-sanctions-turn-sixty “Cuba Embargoed: U.S. Trade Sanctions Turn Sixty."] National Security Archive. February 2, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221029052723/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2022-02-02/cuba-embargoed-us-trade-sanctions-turn-sixty Archived] 2022-10-29.</ref>

In a 1962 speech, [[Fidel Castro]] spoke regarding the [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] propaganda strategy that accompanies the economic measures taken against Cuba: "The imperialists try to deceive the peoples of [[America]], and try to attribute the consequences of the blockade and economic aggression to the revolutionary measures. And they do not say that they have created problems for us with their attacks and their blockades, but rather that the problems are consequences of the revolutionary laws. And with that deception they try to confuse the peoples."<ref>{{Web citation|author=Fidel Castro|newspaper=Fidelcastro.cu|title=Discurso pronunciado en el acto homenaje a los mártires caídos en Playa Girón y conmemoración de la victoria contra la invasión mercenaria perpetrada hace un año por Playa Girón y Playa Larga, 19 de abril de 1962|date=19/04/1962|url=http://www.fidelcastro.cu/es/discursos/discurso-pronunciado-en-el-primer-aniversario-de-playa-giron|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115024240/http://www.fidelcastro.cu/es/discursos/discurso-pronunciado-en-el-primer-aniversario-de-playa-giron|quote=Los imperialistas tratan de engañar a los pueblos de América, y pretenden atribuir a las medidas revolucionarias las consecuencias del bloqueo y de la agresión económica.  Y ellos no dicen que nos han creado problemas con sus agresiones y sus bloqueos, sino que los problemas son consecuencias de las leyes revolucionarias.  Y con ese engaño tratan de confundir a los pueblos.}}</ref> 

== Background ==
Since 1960, the United States has placed various economic embargos on Cuba, Statesian companies are not allowed to trade with Cuba, this includes foreign companies which are partially owned by Statesian ones. The intention of such measures taken against Cuba are made apparent in a 1960 memorandum, in which U.S. officials wrote that creating "disenchantment and disaffection based on economic dissatisfaction and hardship" through denying money and supplies to Cuba would be a method they should pursue in order to "bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government" in Cuba.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d499 "Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Mallory) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Rubottom)."] Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Cuba, Volume vi - Office of the Historian. State.gov. U.S. Department of State. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220806052659/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d499 Archived] 2022-08-14.</ref>

Among the various restrictions, the embargo includes banning ships that have docked in Cuban harbors from entering U.S. harbors for six months,<ref name=":0" /> allowing U.S. entities to sue anyone who does business with Cuban enterprises that were previously U.S.-owned, and allowing the United States to fine [[Europe|European]] banks for accepting transactions from Cuba, resulting in fines of billions of dollars.<ref>Elliott, Kenya. [https://www.liberationnews.org/the-world-stands-with-cuba-against-u-s-economic-war/ “The World Stands with Cuba against U.S. Economic War.”] Liberation News. June 25, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211023011638/https://www.liberationnews.org/the-world-stands-with-cuba-against-u-s-economic-war/ Archived] 2021-10-23.</ref> The many restrictions, punishments, and complicated regulations for engaging with Cuba serves to discourage trade, even in cases where some form of engagement may technically be allowed if the complex regulations are followed.

== History ==
When Cuba nationalized U.S. and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] oil companies for refusing to refine [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] oil, U.S. president [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] retaliated by cutting off Cuban sugar sales to the United States. Cuba then nationalized most U.S. businesses on the island, and Eisenhower banned all U.S. exports to Cuba except food and medicine. These sanctions were part of a U.S. broader strategy to overthrow Castro, including support for his internal opponents and preparations for an exile invasion.

After the failure of the [[Bay of Pigs invasion]], President [[John F. Kennedy]] used the authority of the Foreign Assistance Act to impose a complete embargo on all trade with Cuba. The following year, under the authority of the Trading with the Enemy Act, he extended the embargo to cover all financial transactions unless licensed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Kennedy’s sanctions, like Eisenhower’s, were part of a broader program aimed at [[regime change]] that included sabotage and paramilitary attacks launched from the United States.

President [[Lyndon Johnson]]’s policy of “economic denial” focused on making the embargo multilateral. The United States bribed and strong-armed members of the [[Organization of American States]] to join the embargo, cutting off diplomatic and economic relations with Cuba. Only [[Mexican United States|Mexico]] refused. Europeans did not openly join the embargo, but quietly cooperated by cutting back trade with Cuba. Johnson also prohibited food sales to Cuba, which Kennedy had exempted from the embargo.

In the 1970s, U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] claimed an interest in normalizing relations with Cuba, and as a first step he lifted the ban on travel and authorized Cuban Americans to send remittances to family on the island. He also considered lifting the embargo on food and medicine, but decided against it because it would allow Cuba to resume sugar sales, giving a major boost to its economy. Later, when Cuba asked to buy several dozen medicines available only from U.S. suppliers, National Security Adviser [[Zbigniew Brzeziński|Zbigniew Brzezinski]] convinced Carter to refuse because of Cuba’s military support for [[Republic of Angola|Angola]] and [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]].

In the 1980s, President [[Ronald Reagan]] imposed new sanctions to punish Cuba for its support of revolutionary movements in [[Central America]]. He re-imposed the ban on travel for most U.S. residents, banned most Cubans from traveling to the United States, prohibited the import from third countries of any product containing Cuban nickel, and named Cuba to the State Department’s list of State Sponsors of International Terrorism, where it remained until 2015.

In the early 1990s, the United States pressured the Soviet Union to cut off economic aid to Cuba, worth some $3 billion annually, as a condition of U.S. aid to the Soviet Union. [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] refused, but the first president of the [[Russian Federation]], [[Boris Yeltsin]], agreed to the U.S. demand, sending Cuba into a decade-long depression known as the [[Special Period]] (Spanish: ''Período especial''). After this, the U.S. Congress passed the Cuban Democracy Act (CDA), which was designed to tighten the embargo to finally bring about regime change. Presidential candidate [[Bill Clinton]] endorsed the CDA, and President [[George H. W. Bush]] signed it into law. The CDA cut off some $700 million in trade, mostly in food and medicine, and gave the president the authority to cut foreign aid to any country aiding Cuba.<ref name=":1" />

=== Cuban thaw ===

== United Nations ==
The embargo has been condemned every year with a [[United Nations]] resolution, it is usually voted against by the United States and [[State of Israel|Israel]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=UN News|title=UN General Assembly calls for US to end Cuba embargo for 29th consecutive year|date=2021-06-23|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1094612}}</ref>


=== UN vote of 2022 ===
The annual vote upon the determination of embargo of Cuba resulted in no qualitative change, quantitatively two countries have now  refrained from participation, being Brazil and Ukraine.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ben Norton|newspaper=MROnline|title=Entire world votes 185 to 2 against blockade of Cuba–U.S. and Israel are rogue states at UN|date=Nov 05, 2022|url=https://mronline.org/2022/11/05/entire-world-votes-185-to-2-against-blockade-of-cuba-u-s-and-israel-are-rogue-states-at-un/}}</ref>

The US has given a report giving supposed reasoning for their unwavering enforcement of the embargo, this reasoning essentially boils down to an inconsistent protection of civil rights they stated that “their support for the Cuban people is unwavering”<ref>https://usun.usmission.gov/explanation-of-vote-after-the-vote-on-a-un-general-assembly-resolution-on-the-cuba-embargo/</ref>. This may easily be dismantled as an inconsistent excuse for the violence they subject the Cuban peoples to.

== References ==