Editing Lyndon B. Johnson

'''Lyndon Baines Johnson''' (August 27, 1908 - January 22, 1973), commonly abbreviated '''LBJ''', was the 36th president of the [[United States of America]] from 1963 to 1969. In the 1960 campaign, Lyndon B. Johnson had been elected Vice President as [[John F. Kennedy]]’s running mate. On November 22, 1963, when Kennedy was [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassinated]], Johnson was sworn in as the 36th U.S. President.<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/lyndon-b-johnson/ “Lyndon B. Johnson.”] White House. December 23, 2022. </ref>

== Vietnam war ==
Johnson is known for escalating U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War|Vietnam war]], using the so-called [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext.<ref>Lehrman, Robert. [https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/defense/214011-turning-50-the-tragedy-of-tonkin-gulf/ “Turning 50: The Tragedy of Tonkin Gulf.”] The Hill. August 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221205154136/https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/defense/214011-turning-50-the-tragedy-of-tonkin-gulf/ Archived] 2022-12-05.</ref><ref>DD Guttenplan. [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/02/vietnam-presidents-lie-to-wage-war-iraq “When Presidents Lie to Make a War.”] The Guardian. August 2, 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230102213126/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/02/vietnam-presidents-lie-to-wage-war-iraq Archived] 2022-01-02.</ref><ref name=":0">Andrew Glass (2016-08-07). [https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732 "Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964"] ''Politico''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221113204648/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732 Archived] 2022-11-13.</ref>

In the incident, as portrayed by the U.S. narrative at the time, North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked a U.S. destroyer in the Gulf of Tonkin. The U.S. responded by sending in another destroyer. Two days later, both destroyers were said to be under attack. Using this supposed attack as [[atrocity propaganda]] and ordering retaliatory attacks on North Vietnam, Johnson called on Congress to declare the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, granting the President virtually unlimited powers to oppose "[[Communism|communist]] aggression" in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=":0" /> 

However, it was later found that the commanders of the U.S. destroyers could not state with absolute accuracy that their ships had been attacked. Nor did the administration reveal that the destroyers had been assisting South Vietnamese commandos in their attacks on North Vietnamese offshore military installations. In addition, the North Vietnamese Navy had been engaged in the salvage of damaged boats when the supposed incidents occurred. At the time, Johnson said privately: "For all I know, our Navy was shooting at whales out there."<ref name=":0" />

With the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the U.S. administration began heavy bombing of North Vietnam and, in March 1965, introduced U.S. combat troops, significantly escalating U.S. military involvement in [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]] and [[Kingdom of Cambodia|Cambodia]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
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