Editing Central Intelligence Agency

{{Infobox company|name=Central Intelligence Agency|image=CIA logo.png|caption=Logo|founding_date={{birth date and age|1947|9|18}}
| website         = [https://www.cia.gov www.cia.gov]
}}

The '''Central Intelligence Agency''' ('''CIA''') is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[Terrorism|terrorist]] organization serving as the secret police of the [[United States imperialism|U.S. empire]]. It is one of the principal members of the [[United States Intelligence Community]] (IC). It has a long history of criminal behaviour, fabricating [[propaganda]], funding and supporting [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] movements and "NGOs", and directly and indirectly participating in [[human rights]] abuses. Unlike the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), which is a domestic security service, the CIA has no law enforcement function and is officially mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering. According to one of its own case officers, [[John Stockwell]], the CIA was responsible for at least six million deaths in its first forty years of existence.<ref>{{Citation|author=John Stockwell|year=1987|title=The Secret Wars of the CIA|publisher=Information Clearing House|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630173556/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4068.htm}}</ref> 

== History ==
The CIA was created in 1947 when President [[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] signed the National Security Act into law. Its major predecessor was the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS), which was the intelligence agency of the United States during the [[Second World War]]. The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the [[British Secret Intelligence Service]] (MI6), which led led to the creation of the OSS. The OSS was dissolved in 1945 and its functions were split mainly among the U.S. Department of State and Department of War. After 1945, intelligence functions were carried out by the National Intelligence Authority (NIA), the Central Intelligence Group (CIG), Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), and others, until the CIA was eventually created in 1947. 

Between 1949 and 1952, the number of overseas CIA outposts grew from seven to 52, and its budget increased from $4.7 million to $82 million. The number of covert operations grew by 16 times from 1951 to 1953. In 1958, the CIA trained over 500,000 [[police]] officers in 25 countries.<ref name=":022222">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Normalizing Occupation|page=310–1|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref> In November 1959, the CIA created a dedicated [[Africa]] division.<ref name=":1">Meyer, Lily. 2021. [https://www.npr.org/2021/08/12/1027183677/cia-role-in-africa-expanded-as-u-s-cold-war-worries-grew-white-malice-details “CIA Role in Africa Expanded as U.S. Cold War Worries Grew, ‘White Malice’ Details.”] NPR.org. August 12, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/12/1027183677/cia-role-in-africa-expanded-as-u-s-cold-war-worries-grew-white-malice-details Archived] 2022-09-05.</ref>

[[Allen Dulles]] was the first civilian CIA Director and the longest-serving CIA Director, serving from 1953 to 1961.  As head of the CIA during the early [[Cold War]], he oversaw the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état]], the [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état]], the [[Lockheed U-2 aircraft program]], the [[Project MKUltra]] mind control program and the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]]. His older brother, [[John Foster Dulles]], was the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] during the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] Administration. 

[[George H.W. Bush]], who served as the 11th Director of Central Intelligence from 1976 to 1977, would later go on to become Vice President under [[Ronald Reagan]] from 1981 to 1989, and 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. 

In the 1989 book "Rollback!" authors Thomas Bodenheimer and Robert Gould explain how in the 1980s, proponents of the imperialist [[rollback]] policy, which sought to "roll back" communism worldwide and prevent revolutions in the [[Third World]] (now more commonly conceptualized as the [[Global North and South|Global South]], with a somewhat different definition), sought to create increased plausible deniability for the CIA by creating an apparatus for bypassing presidential approval and congressional notification for the CIA's actions: <blockquote>For decades the CIA has conducted covert operations that could be “plausibly denied” by the presidency. But legislation in 1974 and 1980 requiring formal presidential approval and congressional notification of covert operations made such deniability difficult. Thus under Reagan, an apparatus was established whose actions could be plausibly denied not only by the president but by the CIA as well. To staff this apparatus, right-wing ideologues inside government-led by CIA Director William Casey and National Security Council staff member [[Oliver North]]-came together with their rollback-oriented companions outside government, most prominently retired Gen. Richard Secord. This rightwing apparatus derived enormous power from its access through Oliver North to National Security Advisor Adm. John Poindexter. As one of the top foreign policy officials, Poindexter--especially with a president widely considered to be incompetent—had the power to place enormous resources of the United States government at the service of the global rollback network.<ref name=":2">Bodenheimer, Thomas; Gould, Robert. [https://archive.org/details/rollbackrightwin00bode/mode/1up "Rollback! : Right-wing Power in American Foreign Policy."] 1989. South End Press, Boston, MA. </ref> </blockquote>The [[Iran–Contra affair]] occurred during the second term of the Reagan administration. The president had declared Iran to be an enemy and terrorist state, but in secret he was selling Iran major shipments of weapons. Between 1981 and 1986, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo. The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the Contras, a right-wing rebel group, in Nicaragua. According to Bodenheimer and Gould, "The secret apparatus itself was nothing new [...] CIA covert operations involving private individuals and companies were part of the conservative elites' tradition. What stood out about Contragate was the loss of control by the conservative elite. [...] The Contragate exposé was the backlash of the conservative elite, who viewed the Right as overly reckless and assuming far too much power." The authors explain that Ronald Reagan and his rollback henchmen drew criticism from Congress and the entire nation, the scope of the investigation remained extremely limited, with the leadership of the House and Senate committees specifically avoiding delving into the history of the CIA-linked proprietaries and public-private networks, "Thus the CIA's capabilities for covert and illegal interventionist operations remained protected for the future, while the 'rogues' of the Right were conveniently and temporarily scapegoated."<ref name=":2" />

In 1982, the Intelligence Identities Protection Act was signed into law by President Reagan, establishing criminal penalties for any person who discloses information which identifies a U.S. covert intelligence agent. Prior to the passage of the act, [[CovertAction Magazine|CovertAction Information Bulletin]] (now CovertAction Magazine) used to publish a "Naming Names" column which would identify names and locations of covert agents and their stations.<ref>"Naming Names." CovertAction Information Bulletin, No. 14-15. October 1981. [https://www.invissin.ru/upload/CAQ/14-15,%20Oct%201981.pdf PDF]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316023252/https://www.invissin.ru/upload/CAQ/14-15,%20Oct%201981.pdf Archive].</ref>

In modern times, the CIA has undertaken efforts to try to rebrand itself as being "liberal" and "woke" in a disingenuous effort to appeal to the liberal sensitivities of the American upper-middle class population.<ref>{{News citation|title=The CIA and the New Dialect of Power|url=https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2021/11/the-cia-and-the-new-dialect-of-power/|newspaper=American Affairs Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215131731/https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2021/11/the-cia-and-the-new-dialect-of-power/}}</ref> [[Moderate Rebels]] has produced a [[Library:Parody of Woke CIA Recruitment Ad|parody CIA recruitment ad]] ridiculing this trend.

In honor of the 60th anniversary of the [[Korean War|Korean war]], the CIA released several formerly classified documents regarding the war in a collection titled "Baptism by Fire" in 2013. Among the released documents, author [[Jeffrey Kaye]] asserted that the "handprint of [[Unit 731]]" was "all over" various documents which made reference to the long-alleged biological warfare conducted by U.S. forces against north Koreans.<ref>Xu Chi. [http://www.news.cn/english/northamerica/2021-09/18/c_1310196215.htm “Interview: CIA Confidential Files Expose Use of Unit 731-Inspired U.S. Bioweapons in Korean War -- U.S. Author.”] 2021-09-18. News.cn.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20220905125247/http://www.news.cn/english/northamerica/2021-09/18/c_1310196215.htm Archived] 2022-09-05.</ref><ref>Jeffrey Kaye. [https://jeff-kaye.medium.com/a-real-flood-of-bacteria-and-germs-communications-intelligence-and-charges-of-u-s-4decafdc762 "“A real flood of bacteria and germs” — Communications Intelligence and Charges of U.S. Germ Warfare during the Korean War."] 2020-09-17. Medium.</ref>

In 2019, former CIA director and Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] stated to an audience from [[Texas A&M University]] that the CIA trains employees to lie, cheat and steal, saying: "When I was a cadet--what's the cadet motto at [[West Point]]? 'You will not lie, cheat, or steal, or tolerate those who do.' I was the CIA director. We lied, we cheated, we stole. We had entire training courses. It reminds you of the glory of the American experiment."<ref name=":5">[https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/We-Lied-Cheated-and-Stole-Pompeo-Comes-Clean-About-CIA-20190424-0033.html “‘We Lied, Cheated and Stole’: Pompeo Comes Clean about CIA.”] Telesurenglish.net. teleSUR. 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316233629/https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/We-Lied-Cheated-and-Stole-Pompeo-Comes-Clean-About-CIA-20190424-0033.html Archived] 2023-03-16.</ref>

== Directors ==
The director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA), formerly the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), serves as one of the chief intelligence advisers to the president of the United States. Following a change in the early 2000s, the [[director of national intelligence]] (DNI) oversees and directs the implementation of the National Intelligence Program budget and serves as the head of the [[United States Intelligence Community|Intelligence Community]] and is principal advisor to the President for intelligence matters.<ref>[https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do “What We Do.”] Dni.gov. 2018.</ref>

This is a chronologically ordered list of CIA directors (both the old position called DCI and the new position called D/CIA), from the earliest to the most recent.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-Central-Intelligence-Agency-directors-1787118 “List of CIA Directors.”] Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency and Directors of Central Intelligence
!Name
!Tenure
!Administration(s)
!Notes
|-
|Rear Adm. [[Sidney W. Souers]], U.S. Naval Reserve
|January 23, 1946–June 10, 1946
| rowspan="3" |[[Harry S. Truman]]
|
|-
|Lieut. Gen. [[Hoyt S. Vandenberg]], U.S. Army
|June 10, 1946–May 1, 1947
|
|-
|Rear Adm. [[Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter]], U.S. Navy
|May 1, 1947–October 7, 1950
|
|-
|Gen. [[Walter Bedell Smith]], U.S. Army
|October 7, 1950–February 9, 1953
| rowspan="2" |[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
|
|-
|[[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]]
|February 9, 1953 – February 26, 1953
|(Acting director)
|-
|Allen W. Dulles
|February 26, 1953–November 29, 1961
|[[John F. Kennedy]]
|
|-
|[[John A. McCone]]
|November 29, 1961–April 28, 1965
| rowspan="2" |[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|
|-
|Vice Adm. [[William F. Raborn]], Jr., U.S. Navy
|April 28, 1965–June 30, 1966
|
|-
|[[Richard M. Helms]]
|June 30, 1966–February 2, 1973
| rowspan="2" |[[Richard Nixon]]
|
|-
|[[James R. Schlesinger]]
|February 2, 1973–July 2, 1973
|
|-
|[[William E. Colby]]
|September 4, 1973–January 30, 1976
| rowspan="2" |[[Gerald Ford]]
|
|-
|[[George H. W. Bush|George H.W. Bush]]
|January 30, 1976–January 20, 1977
|<ref group="Notes">[[George H. W. Bush|George H.W. Bush]] later became U.S. Vice President (1981-1989), then President (1989-1993). His son is former President [[George W. Bush]] (2001-2009).</ref>
|-
|Adm. [[Stansfield Turner]], U.S. Navy
|March 9, 1977–January 20, 1981
|[[Jimmy Carter]]
|
|-
|[[William J. Casey]]
|January 28, 1981–January 29, 1987
| rowspan="2" |[[Ronald Reagan]]
|
|-
|[[Robert M. Gates]]
|December 18, 1986 – May 26, 1987
|(Acting director)
|-
|[[William H. Webster]]
|May 26, 1987–August 31, 1991
| rowspan="2" |George H.W. Bush
|
|-
|Robert M. Gates
|November 6, 1991–January 20, 1993
|
|-
|[[R. James Woolsey]]
|February 5, 1993–January 10, 1995
| rowspan="3" |[[Bill Clinton]]
|
|-
|[[John M. Deutch]]
|May 10, 1995–December 15, 1996
|
|-
|[[George J. Tenet]]
|December 16, 1996 – July 11, 1997
|(Acting director)
|-
|George J. Tenet
|July 11, 1997 – July 11, 2004
| rowspan="3" |[[George W. Bush]]
|
|-
|[[Porter J. Goss]]
|September 24, 2004–May 26, 2006
|<ref group="Notes">The position called Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was replaced by director of Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA), making [[Porter J. Goss|Porter Goss]] both the last DCI and first D/CIA. In addition, the position of the [[director of national intelligence]] (DNI) was strengthened in this period, placing the DNI as the executive head of the [[United States Intelligence Community|Intelligence Community]] (IC). Before the DNI was formally established, the head of the Intelligence Community was the director of central intelligence (DCI).</ref>
|-
|Gen. [[Michael V. Hayden]], U.S. Air Force
|May 30, 2006–February 13, 2009
|
|-
|[[Leon E. Panetta]]
|February 13, 2009–June 30, 2011
| rowspan="3" |[[Barack Obama]]
|
|-
|Gen. [[David Petraeus]], U.S. Army
|September 6, 2011–November 9, 2012
|
|-
|[[John Brennan]]
|March 8, 2013–January 20, 2017
|
|-
|[[Mike Pompeo]]
|January 23, 2017–April 26, 2018
| rowspan="2" |[[Donald Trump]]
|
|-
|[[Gina Haspel]]
|May 21, 2018–January 19, 2021
|
|-
|[[William J. Burns]]
|March 19, 2021–Present
|[[Joe Biden]]
|Incumbent
|}
'''Notes:'''
<references group="Notes" />

== Operations by region ==

=== Africa ===
Although CIA officers had been present in Africa since the agency's inception, a dedicated Africa division was formed in 1959.<ref name=":1" /> As more and more African nations gained formal independence from European colonial powers following the Second World War, the United States and other Western powers grew concerned with how to maintain control over Africa's resources, as African resources and markets continued to be vital to Western economies.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|author=Ellen Ray, William Schaap, Karl Van Meter, Louis Wolf (Eds.)|year=1980|title=Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa|title-url=https://archive.org/details/CIAInAfrica/|chapter=OVERVIEW: Introduction (Philip Agee)|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/CIAInAfrica/page/n14/mode/1up?view=theater|city=London|publisher=Zed Press}}</ref> Western powers thus sought to influence the establishment of [[Neocolonialism|neo-colonial]] governments and institutions which would not pose a threat to their traditional colonial interests. Such interests included access to minerals<ref name=":6" /> (including [[nuclear]] material such as [[uranium]]),<ref name=":1" /> as well as the labor and infrastructure to [[Mining|mine]] them, and access to [[Petroleum politics|petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] resources. They also sought to ensure access to markets for food and manufactured products, opportunities for [[capital]] investments, and important sea routes through the [[Suez Canal]] and around the Cape, and to otherwise ensure optimal operating conditions for Western corporations.<ref name=":6" />

As observed by former CIA case officer [[Philip Agee]], in the 1960s, operations by the US government and US companies expanded both in support of and in competition with the former colonial powers.<ref name=":6" /> As a competitor, the US was interested in undermining European colonial influence to the extent that it could open up Europe's (former) colonies to US influence and commercial penetration.<ref>{{Citation|author=Ellen Ray, William Schaap, Karl Van Meter, Louis Wolf (Eds.)|year=1980|title=Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa|title-url=https://archive.org/details/CIAInAfrica/|chapter=The CIA and African Trade Unions (Barry Cohen)|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/CIAInAfrica/page/n84/mode/1up?view=theater|city=London|publisher=Zed Press}}</ref> However, though the US competed with its European allies for natural resources and markets, "the U.S. had set up military bases in Africa and joined the Europeans in opposing the nationalist and anti-colonial movements that were supported by socialist countries or whose nationalism and radicalism made them seem threatening, while supporting those which were moderate and pro-capitalist."<ref name=":6" /> During this period, the CIA participated in the overthrow of [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] leaders [[Kwame Nkrumah]] in [[Republic of Ghana|Ghana]] and [[Patrice Lumumba]] in the [[Republic of the Congo (1960–1971)|Congo]].<ref>{{News citation|author=Djibo Sobukwe|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=NATO and Africa|date=2022-07-13|url=https://blackagendareport.com/nato-and-africa|retrieved=2022-07-15}}</ref>

==== Angola ====
In November 1975, the CIA and [[apartheid]] [[South Africa]] invaded [[People's Republic of Angola (1975–1992)|Angola]] when it became independent from [[Portuguese Republic|Portugal]]. [[Fidel Castro]] deployed 350,000 Cubans in Angola who fought until 1989 and defeated the white supremacist forces.<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|author=Abayome Azikiwe|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=CIA turned in Mandela in ’62, still undermines Africa|date=2016-05-25|url=https://www.workers.org/2016/05/25544/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211030649/https://www.workers.org/2016/05/25544/|archive-date=2022-02-11|retrieved=2022-10-09}}</ref>

==== Democratic Republic of the Congo ====
Patrice Lumumba was chosen prime minister of the independent [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (then [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]]) by the newly-elected parliament following independence from [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]] in June 1960. Ideologically an [[African nationalism|African nationalist]] and [[Pan-Africanism|pan-Africanist]], he led the [[Congolese National Movement]] (MNC) party from 1958 until his assassination.

Lumumba was very popular, but too nationalist and seemingly left-leaning for the imperialists. Both [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]] and the US were affected by the Cold War in their attitude to Lumumba, as they feared he was increasingly subject to communist influence. CIA Director Allen Dulles authorized a fund of up to $100,000 to replace Lumumba's government with a pro-Western regime. With CIA help, Lumumba was deposed, first by President [[Joseph Kasavubu]], and later by Army strongman (cultivated by the CIA) [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]. The CIA made a plan to assassinate Lumumba with poison carried from the United States by CIA operative [[Sidney Gottlieb|Sid Gottlieb]]. The poisoning plan was aborted, but Lumumba was caught and murdered.<ref name=":2" /> After Lumumba's murder, Mobutu Sese Seko ruled until 1996 as a CIA puppet.<ref name=":3" />

==== Ghana ====
''See also: [[Republic of Ghana#1966 coup d'etat]]''

On 24 February 1966, Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana, was overthrown in a CIA-supported coup. A 1966 U.S. government internal memorandum describes Nkrumah as "strongly pro-Communist" and says that "Nkrumah was doing more to undermine our interests than any other black African."<ref>Komer, Robert W. [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d260 "Memorandum From the President’s Acting Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Komer) to President Johnson."] Johnson Library, National Security File, Memos to the President. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XXIV, Africa. Document #260. Office of the Historian. United States Department of State. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220518133259/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d260 Archived] 2022-05-18.</ref> The memo was written by [[Robert W. Komer]], who later became the head of the [[Phoenix Program]] in [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]].<ref>Charles Quist-Adade (2021-02-24). [https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/02/24/how-did-a-fateful-cia-coup-executed-55-years-ago-this-february-24-doom-much-of-sub-saharan-africa/ "How Did a Fateful CIA Coup—Executed 55 Years Ago this February 24—Doom Much of Sub-Saharan Africa?"] ''[[CovertAction Magazine]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220126041140/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/02/24/how-did-a-fateful-cia-coup-executed-55-years-ago-this-february-24-doom-much-of-sub-saharan-africa/ Archived] from the original on 2022-01-26.</ref> Prior to the coup, Western imperialist financial institutions such as the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] had been denying assistance to Nkrumah's government. Only weeks after the reactionary coup regime took power and began selling off state-owned enterprises that had been developed under a socialist model, the IMF invited the leaders of the coup regime to meetings about receiving aid.<ref name=":4">Nkrumah, Kwame. ''Dark Days in Ghana''. 1968.</ref>

1965 U.S. security council memorandums from several months before the coup, also written by Robert Komer, and not released until years later, show U.S officials discussing among themselves that pro-Western coup plotters in Ghana were keeping U.S. officials "briefed", and a U.S. security council staffer states that "we and other Western countries (including France) have been helping to set up the situation by ignoring Nkrumah's pleas for economic aid" hoping that this would "spark" the coup.<ref>Komer, Robert W. [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d253 "Memorandum From Robert W. Komer of the National Security Council Staff to the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy)."] Washington, May 27, 1965. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968. Volume XXIV, Africa. Document 253. Office of the Historian, United States Department of State. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311105443/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d253 Archived] 2023-03-11.</ref> Weeks after the coup, March 12 1966 U.S. internal documents discuss that the new, "almost pathetically pro-Western" regime should be given gifts of surplus grain to "whet their appetite" for further U.S. support.<ref>Komer, Robert W. [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d260 "Memorandum From the President’s Acting Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Komer) to President Johnson."] Johnson Library, National Security File, Memos to the President. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XXIV, Africa. Document #260. Office of the Historian. United States Department of State. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220518133259/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d260 Archived] 2022-05-18.</ref>

In his book about the coup, ''[[Library:Dark Days in Ghana|Dark Days in Ghana]]'', Nkrumah describes the above tactic as "standard practice" in the then-recent wave of coups in Asia, Latin America and Africa. He states that wherever progressive governments have been replaced by counter-revolutionary forces, imperialist financial organizations have rushed to bolster them up with loans and various forms of so-called "aid". He explains that this practice "is a necessary corollary to the 'big lie' usually employed to justify the overthrow of 'undesirable governments'—the lie of 'economic chaos' and a 'starving' population. But more important, it serves to tighten the stranglehold of foreign economic control over the captive people by creating more indebtedness and a deeper penetration by foreign business interests."<ref name=":4" />

Former CIA case officer John Stockwell wrote that the CIA station in Ghana played a "major role" in the overthrow of Nkrumah's government, and that "The Accra station was [...] encouraged by headquarters to maintain contact with dissidents of the Ghanian army for the purpose of gathering intelligence on their activities. It was given a generous budget, and maintained intimate contact with the plotters as a coup was hatched."<ref>Stockwell, John. ''In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story.'' 1978.</ref>

==== Libya ====
In 2011, [[Barack Obama]] sent hundreds of CIA operatives to [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libya]] to organize airstrikes against [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s socialist government.<ref name=":3" />

==== Niger ====
In 2018, a facility in Dirkou, [[Republic of the Niger|Niger]] was converted into a CIA [[drone]] base.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Mohammed Abunahel|newspaper=World BEYOND War|title=The United States Has Built a Network of Drone Bases Across Africa|date=2024-03-22|url=https://worldbeyondwar.org/the-united-states-has-built-a-network-of-drone-bases-across-africa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322170935/https://worldbeyondwar.org/the-united-states-has-built-a-network-of-drone-bases-across-africa/|archive-date=2024-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Abigail Fielding-Smith|newspaper=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism|title=Deciphering the new CIA drone base in Niger|date=2018-09-11|url=https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2018-09-11/deciphering-the-new-cia-drone-base-in-niger/}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
Following the surrender of [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] in the Second World War, the U.S. sought to dominate [[East Asia]] and the [[Oceania|Pacific]]. A conflict over a policy of aggressive total rollback of communism vs. containment of communism was taking place among the U.S. ruling class, but regardless of tactics preferred by either end of the spectrum, the need to establish U.S. influence in Asia was a priority, whether it was with the long-term rollback goal encapsulated by containment policy (isolate communist countries so they eventually collapse on their own), or the aggressive immediate rollback policy that would entail surrounding China and the Soviet Union to invade and attack them. 

The [[Pivot to Asia]] announced under the [[Barack Obama|Obama]] administration indicates Asia as the priority of U.S. foreign policy and geopolitical interest, with China's rise being considered unacceptable to U.S. hegemony. Carrying on with largely the same objectives of containment and rollback of communism from the original Cold War, this state of affairs is increasingly regarded as the [[New Cold War]].

==== East Asia ====
One of the first major conflicts in which the CIA was involved was the occupation of the [[Korea|Korean peninsula]] by U.S. forces, the establishment of a [[Republic of Korea|puppet government in the south]], and the subsequent [[Korean War]]. Relatedly, the CIA has had extensive involvement of shaping the course of Japanese politics ever since the end of World War II, with the CIA spending millions to support right-wing parties in Japan and to infiltrate the [[Japan Socialist Party]], and placing agents in youth groups, student groups and labor groups.<ref>Weiner, Tim. [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/09/world/cia-spent-millions-to-support-japanese-right-in-50-s-and-60-s.html “C.I.A. Spent Millions to Support Japanese Right in 50’S and 60’S."] The New York Times. Published 1994. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922181753/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/09/world/cia-spent-millions-to-support-japanese-right-in-50-s-and-60-s.html Archived] 2022-09-22.</ref>

==== Southeast Asia ====
The [[Phoenix Program]] was designed and coordinated by the CIA during the [[Vietnam War]]. Regarding CIA and US imperialist activity in [[Southeast Asia]], Bodenheimer and Gould state, "Because of the interrelatedness of the 1958-70 events in Southeast Asia, and the resolve of the United States to keep control of all governments in that region, the rollback activities in Southeast Asia can be considered as one complex, prolonged, major covert operation working in conjunction with the overt Vietnam War."<ref name=":2" />

=== Europe ===
''See: [[Operation Gladio]], [[Operation Paperclip]]''

=== North America ===
The CIA's activities in [[North America]] have been heavily concentrated in [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]], although some victims of [[Project MKUltra|MKUltra]] and related projects which aimed to develop procedures and identify psychoactive drugs that could be used in interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through brainwashing and psychological torture were inflicted on U.S. and [[Canada|Canadian]] citizens.

==== Guatemala ====
In [[Republic of Guatemala|Guatemala]] in February 1953, the government of [[Jacobo Arbenz]] expropriated almost 400,000 acres of unused [[United Fruit Company]] land as part of a moderate land reform program. Compensation was offered, which United Fruit rejected. United Fruit approached the CIA to take action. The CIA trained a small army, and arranged for the CIA-run airline Civil Air Transport to conduct bombing raids. The main thrust of the operation was psychological warfare. A CIA radio station was set up to create rumors making the government and population think that a major rebellion was taking place. As a result, the small CIA army and a few bombing raids created a panic.<ref name=":2" /> General [[Ydigoras Fuentes]] took power in 1958. In 1960, the CIA crushed progressive elements of the Guatemalan military, and a guerrilla movement began in the countryside, led by former military officers who had attempted the uprising of 1960. Fuentes lost U.S. support when he allowed former progressive leader [[Juan José Arévalo]] to return to the country, and he planned to step down in 1964 and allow an election. In March 1963 the United States organized another coup, and Colonel [[Enrique Peralta Azurdia|Enrique Peralta]] overthrew Fuentes. However, the U.S. was not entirely satisfied with the policies of Peralta, either, and backed [[Julio Cesar Mendez Montenegro]] in the election held in March 1966.<ref>William Blum (2004). ''[https://williamblum.org/books/killing-hope Killing Hope]'': [https://williamblum.org/chapters/killing-hope/guatemala 'Guatemala, 1962 to 1980s: A less publicized “final solution”']. Common Courage Press. <small>ISBN 9781567512526</small></ref>

==== Jamaica ====
In 1972, [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] [[Michael Manley]] was elected prime minister of [[Jamaica]]. Henry Kissinger initiated measures to destabilize the government, including a withdrawal of U.S. aid and the sending of CIA-trained Cuban exiles to Jamaica to instigate violent incidents which had a devastating effect on the tourist business, critical to the Jamaican economy. CIA-trained labor leaders also engaged in anti-government strikes. In addition to the CIA activities, U.S. aluminum companies reduced their Jamaican production, further damaging the economy. The United States closed Jamaica out of the international public and private lending market. Economic austerity measures initiated by the U.S.-dominated International Monetary Fund led to price increases and wage freezes.<ref name=":2" /><ref>cganemccalla. [https://newsone.com/543415/how-the-cia-created-the-jamaican-shower-posse/ “How the CIA Created the Jamaican Shower Posse.”] NewsOne. June 3, 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052114/https://newsone.com/543415/how-the-cia-created-the-jamaican-shower-posse/ Archived] 2022-10-02.</ref><ref>Saul Landau. [https://www.tni.org/es/node/7503 “Behind the Violence in Jamaica.”] Transnational Institute. July 18, 2005. Originally Published on ZNet, 26 July 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220529191052/https://www.tni.org/es/node/7503 Archived] 2022-05-29.

‌</ref> This pattern of economic destabilization coupled with electoral rollback by any means possible is a typical one seen with U.S imperialism.

=== South America ===
The CIA has been involved in numerous coups, color revolutions, destabilization efforts, and right-wing death squads and regimes in [[South America]], and throughout [[Latin America]] in general. During [[Operation Condor]], a terrorist campaign conducted in multiple South American countries throughout the 1970s and 1980s, "the CIA and top-ranking US officials supported, laid the groundwork for, and were even directly involved in Condor’s crimes."<ref>[https://jacobin.com/2020/11/operation-condor-cia-latin-america-repression-torture “The CIA’s Secret Global War against the Left.”] Jacobin.com.</ref><ref name=":5" />

The United States provided support to many military juntas that came to power in Latin America (both in Central and South America), training them on harsh counterinsurgency techniques at the United States Army [[School of the Americas]] (Spanish: ''Escuela de las Américas'') located in Fort Benning in Columbus, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], USA. The school was renamed the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC) in the early 2000s.<ref>[https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/No-Prisoners-Only-Bodies-US-Declassified-Documents-Expose-Argentine-Dictatorship-Crimes-20190414-0013.html “‘No Prisoners, Only Bodies’: US Declassified Documents Expose Argentine Dictatorship Crimes.”] Telesurenglish.net. teleSUR. 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230401103046/https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/No-Prisoners-Only-Bodies-US-Declassified-Documents-Expose-Argentine-Dictatorship-Crimes-20190414-0013.html Archived] 2023-04-01.</ref><ref>[https://www.rt.com/usa/361286-school-americas-names-court/ “Court Overrules Disclosure of US ‘School of Assassins’ Graduates Names.”] RT International. October 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220307114317/https://www.rt.com/usa/361286-school-americas-names-court/ Archived] 2022-03-07.</ref>

==== Argentina ====
''See: [[Argentine Republic#Operation Condor]]''

==== Chile ====
On September 4, 1970, socialist candidate [[Salvador Allende]] received the plurality of votes in the [[Republic of Chile|Chilean]] election. A congressional runoff election was required to decide between the top two candidates, and Allende's victory in Congress was assured because he had the support of the third-place candidate. On September 8, [[Henry Kissinger]] ordered a "cold blooded assessment" of "the pros and cons and problems and prospects involved should a Chilean military coup be organized now with U.S. assistance...." On September 15, President [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] told CIA Director Richard Helms and Henry Kissinger that they must do everything possible to prevent Allende from assuming power.

As a result of the Nixon order, CIA operatives were sent into Chile to pass money and weapons to right-wing Chilean military officers to assassinate Allende. A quarter of a million dollars was authorized to bribe members of the Chilean Congress to vote against Allende. The CIA and U.S. Army attaché Col. Paul Wimert contacted two groups of right-wing Chilean officers, headed by Gens. Roberto Viaux and Camilo Valenzuela, to arrange a coup or assassination. On October 22, Gen. René Schneider was murdered by Viaux's people in the hopes that the resultant upheavals in the military would precipitate action against Allende; Schneider was a moderate and opposed any military action against Allende. However the Schneider killing angered Chilean moderates, thus ensuring Allende's election in the October 24 congressional vote.

Following this failure, the United States began a policy of economic destabilization, using organizations such as [[The World Bank]] to shut Chile out of international credit markets. While U.S. economic aid disappeared, aid to the military and U.S. training of military personnel increased. CIA covert tactics continued at the cost of several million dollars per year. The CIA financed long strikes, particularly in the trucking industry, disrupting distribution of consumer goods and creating shortages of necessities. The CIA trained members of the extreme rightist organization [[Patria y Libertad]] in bombing and guerrilla warfare. The CIA recruited agents within the Chilean military. The CIA sponsored the spreading of false rumors about the government. Right-wing newspaper [[El Mercurio|''El Mercurio'']] received considerable CIA funds. The CIA collected names of pro-Allende individuals to be targeted for arrest after a coup and supplied plans for which installations should be occupied during a coup. During the September 1973 coup, U.S. military attachés were in the field with the Chilean army, a Navy commando team landed in Chile, U.S. ships were in Chilean waters, and U.S. fighter planes were at an Argentine base just across the Chilean border. Following the coup which installed Gen. [[Augusto Pinochet]]'s military dictatorship, Richard Helms, CIA Director during the Chilean operation, denied in sworn testimony that the CIA had tried to overthrow Allende. Helms was later indicted for perjury and pleaded no contest.<ref name=":2" />

=== Oceania ===

== Functions of the CIA ==
Philip Agee has described the range which covert activities may include, writing that these "may range from a simple poison-pen letter (which may be true or falsified), to supporting or splitting political parties, to establishing and manipulating trade unions, to fielding armies on a battlefield. They also include undermining public support for governments, overthrowing governments, and political assassinations" and that targets include "governments, political parties, military and security services, trade unions, youth and student organizations, cultural and professional societies, and the public-information media."<ref>{{Citation|author=Ellen Ray, William Schaap, Karl Van Meter, Louis Wolf (Eds.)|year=1980|title=Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa|title-url=https://archive.org/details/CIAInAfrica/|chapter=THE RANGE OF COVERT INTERVENTION: Introduction (Philip Agee)|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/CIAInAfrica/page/n60/mode/1up?view=theater|city=London|publisher=Zed Press}}</ref>

According to Stockwell, among the "major functions" of the CIA is the dissemination of false information to the press and the funding of authors to promote CIA propaganda in the U.S. literary sphere. Stockwell said in a 1983 interview that it was common practice to create "totally false propaganda" to create an "illusion" of communist atrocities, such as by planting false stories in newspapers and circulating fake photographs in the media. Citing anti-[[Republic of Cuba|Cuban]] propaganda as an example, Stockwell said, "We didn't know of one single atrocity committed by the Cubans. It was pure, raw, false propaganda to create an illusion of communists, you know eating babies for breakfast and the sort. Totally false propaganda."<ref name=":0">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK1tfkESPVY "Former CIA Agent John Stockwell Talks about How the CIA Worked in Vietnam and Elsewhere."] Witness to War. YouTube. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220823212511/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK1tfkESPVY Archive link].</ref>

Former CIA case officer [[Ralph McGehee]] described the CIA in the following way: "The CIA is not an intelligence agency. In fact, it acts largely as an anti-intelligence agency, producing only that information wanted by policymakers to support their plans and suppressing information that does not support those plans. As the covert action arm of the President, the CIA uses disinformation, much of it aimed at the U.S. public, to mold opinion." McGehee further states: "Instead of gathering genuine intelligence that could serve as the basis for reasonable policies, the CIA often ends up distorting reality, creating out of whole cloth 'intelligence' to justify policies that have already been decided upon. Policymakers then leak this 'intelligence' to the media to deceive us all and gain our support."<ref>Ralph W. McGehee. ''[https://archive.org/details/11-deadly-deceits-my-25-years-in-ralph-w.-mc-gehee Deadly Deceits: My 25 Years in the CIA]''. 1983. Open Road Integrated Media, New York. </ref>

=== Influencing public opinion ===
The CIA, through numerous agents and front organizations, plays a large role in disseminating disinformation and attempting to influence public opinion.  

In addition to disseminating false stories and fake photos to the press, the CIA has also been involved in the printing of an untold number of books that contain CIA talking points regarding topics such as history and Marxism. According to Stockwell, a thousand of such books were printed during the Vietnam War, and many of the authors who produced these books under the auspices of the CIA went on to become respected figures in academia.<ref name=":0" /> 

The CIA and its front organizations have also taken an interest in funding and being involved with particular ideological currents and philosophical schools, such as can be seen with the CIA's interest in the [[Non-Communist Left]] and the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] as well as promotion of the [[Frankfurt School]] and influencing the development of [[critical theory]].<ref>Gabriel Rockhill. [https://mronline.org/2022/07/06/the-cia-the-frankfurt-schools-anti-communism/ “The CIA & the Frankfurt School’s Anti-Communism.”] MR Online. July 6, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220911102147/https://mronline.org/2022/07/06/the-cia-the-frankfurt-schools-anti-communism/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref> 

The [[National Endowment for Democracy]] (NED) is a notable CIA-related organization used for influencing and supporting anti-communist projects.  

Media organizations such as [[Voice of America]], [[Radio Free Asia]], and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]] also promote CIA propaganda. 

The CIA has also experimented with mind control techniques, such as with Project MKUltra. 

=== Running secret wars ===
According to Stockwell, one of the CIA's principal functions is to run secret wars.<ref name=":0" /> As the CIA is an arm of the U.S. imperialist bourgeoisie, the primary objective in these wars is to keep countries open for U.S. capitalist interests. The CIA engages in the covert aspect of this goal. 

The countries targeted for these wars are countries who seek full independence from the economic, political, or military interests of the United States. They may be socialist, revolutionary nationalist, or simply uncooperative with U.S. business interests. They may be targeted with other forms of interference, for instance with economic sanctions, in addition to a covertly CIA-led or CIA-instigated war.

=== Drug trafficking and arms dealing ===
The CIA has regularly been accused of drug trafficking and arms dealing in connection with its other covert activities. Arms dealing and drug trafficking serve the dual purpose of funding covert activities and organizations while also sewing chaos in targeted regions.

== Blowback ==
The issue of blowback, which refers to the unwanted side-effects of a covert operation, is a common result of covert activities. To the civilians suffering the blowback of covert operations, the effect typically manifests itself as "random" acts of political violence without a discernible, direct cause; because the public—in whose name the intelligence agency acted—are unaware of the effected secret attacks that provoked revenge (counter-attack) against them.

“Blowback” is a CIA term first used in March 1954 in a now declassified report on the 1953 operation to overthrow the government of [[Mohammed Mossadegh]] in [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]]. It is a metaphor for the unintended consequences of the US government’s international activities that have been kept secret from the U.S. public.<ref>Chalmers Johnson. [https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/blowback/ “Blowback.”] The Nation. September 27, 2001. [https://archive.ph/lstHj Archive.ph]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220628002237/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/blowback/ Archive.org] 2022-06-28.</ref>

One example of blowback is the CIA's financing and support for the [[Mujahideen]] to fight an anti-Communist proxy guerrilla war against the USSR in Afghanistan. The Mujahideen would later become [[Al Qaeda]] which would commit the [[9/11 attacks|September 11, 2001 attacks]].

Due to the CIA's function as an anti-communist organization, it typically relies on right-wing groups to achieve its policy goals, either by latching on to and supporting pre-existing anti-communist groups and leaders or helping to create them. This leads to the spread of fascism, terrorism, and increased instability in regions where the CIA has used their influence, even after the CIA has ceased actively using them to achieve specific goals.

== See also ==

* [[Interview with former CIA agent John Stockwell]]
* [[List of atrocities commited by the United States of America|List of atrocities committed by the United States of America]]
* [[United States imperialism]]
*[[National Endowment for Democracy]]
*[[United States Department of State]]
*[[United States Intelligence Community]]
*[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
*[[Radio Free Asia]]
*[[Voice of America]]
*[[Project MKUltra]]
*[[CIA Tibetan program]]
*[[Colour revolution]]
*[[Operation Gladio]]
*[[Operation Mockingbird]]
*[[Operation Paperclip]]
*[[Contras]]
*[[Operation Aerodynamic]]
*[[Vault 7]]
*[[Prague Spring]]
*[[Timber Sycamore]]
*[[Operation Cyclone]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:United States of America]]
[[Category:Far-right groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Imperialist secret police]]