Editing Anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army

{{Infobox guerilla organization|name=Anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army|split_to=[[Official Irish Republican Army]]<br>[[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]|split_from=[[Irish Republican Army (original)]]|dates=March 1922-December 1969|native_name=Óglaigh na hÉireann|allegiance=[[Irish Republic]]|ideology=[[Irish Republicanism]]<br>[[Abstentionism]]<br>'''Factions:'''<br>[[Catholic Nationalism]]<br>[[Socialism]]<br>[[Communism]]|position=Big tent|opponents=[[Irish Free State]]<br>[[Republic of Ireland]]<br>[[United Kingdom]]|war=[[Irish Civil War]]<br>[[S-Plan]]<br>[[Northern Campaign]]<br>[[Campaign of Resistance to British Occupation]]<br>[[The Troubles]]|leader1_title=Chief of Staff|leader2_title=Quartermaster General|image=Irish_flag.png.png|misc=|module=|organizations=[[Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin]] (political wing, sometimes)}}

The '''Anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army''' was an Irish Republican militant organization that existed from the split between the Pro-Treaty and Anti-Treaty IRA in 1922 to the split between the Provisional IRA and the Official IRA in 1969.<ref>{{Web citation|author=MÍCHEÁL MAC DONNCHA|newspaper=An Phoblacht|title=The IRA Convention of March 1922|date=2022-03-25|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/28296}}</ref>

It participated in several armed campaigns against the United Kingdom and the collaborator [[Irish Free State]] and later [[Republic of Ireland]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Matt Treacy|year=2011|title=The IRA 1956-69: Rethinking the Republic|title-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt155jckh}}</ref>

== History ==
The Anti-Treaty IRA split from the Irish Republican Army in March of 1922 after the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] was passed by the Dáil Éireann in a close vote. The split was within the Republican movement as a whole, with the political party [[Sinn Féin]] also fracturing and Republican women's organization [[Cumann na mBan]] and youth organization [[Fianna Éireann]] also siding with the Anti-Treaty forces.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=DAVID CONVERY|newspaper=Jacobin|title=Ireland’s Civil War Ended in Victory for the Irish Counterrevolution|date=2022-06-28|url=https://jacobin.com/2022/06/ireland-civil-war-irish-counterrevolution-free-state-labour-sinn-fein-british-treaty}}</ref>

In June a general election was held. The pro-treaty faction of Sinn Féin won, and quickly after the Anti-Treaty IRA occupied the [[Four Courts]] in Dublin. On June 28, 1922 the Pro-Treaty faction of the IRA, by then organized into the Army of the Irish Free State under British control, attacked the anti-treaty forces, beginning the [[Irish Civil War]].<ref name=":0" />

By the end of August the situation changed dramatically. Arthur Griffith, then president of the Dáil died of an illness on August 12, 1922, and 10 days later on the August 22 leader of the Free State military [[Michael Collins]] was killed in his home county Cork. This killing was blamed on Anti-Treaty assassins, but it is possible it was a ricocheted warning shot by his own guards that killed him. The same month the Anti-Treaty forces were forced out of the major cities, leading to a guerilla campaign in the West, particularly in Cork and Kerry.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=CAIN|title=A Chronology of Key Events in Irish History
1800 to 1967|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch1800-1967.htm}}</ref>

Anti-Treaty IRA Chief of Staff [[Liam Lynch]] was killed in battle by Pro-Treaty forces on April 10, 1923. Shortly after this [[Frank Aiken]], the new Chief of Staff, ordered the Anti-Treaty IRA to disarm and Anti-Treaty political leader [[Eamon de Valera]] affirming this desision on May 24, marking the end of the Civil War.<ref name=":1" />

In 1926 Eamon de Valera and his supporters broke from [[Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin]], affiliated with the Anti-Treaty IRA, over the issue of abstentionism. De Valera wished to participate in the elections within the Irish Free State, going against the long-standing practice of abstentionism in the Republican movement. This breakaway group became [[Fianna Fáil]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1927 Anti-Treaty IRA members assassinated Free State Minister for Justice [[Kevin O'Higgins]] leading to the passing of the [[Electoral Amendment Act]], requiring all candidates in parliamentary elections to vow to take their seats if elected. This further marginalized the Anti-Treaty movement.<ref name=":1" />

In 1936, with Eamon de Valera as President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, the IRA was banned, causing further decline in the organization.<ref name=":1" />

In 1939 the Anti-Treaty IRA [[S-Plan]] began. It was a bombing campaign within Great Britain, targeting a variety of military and government buildings. This campaign was controversial within the IRA, with many prominent Republicans including [[Tom Barry]] resigning due to it. As part of this campaign the IRA raided the Magazine Fort in Phoenix Park, Dublin. This campaign led to the creation of the [[Offences Against the State Act]] and the [[Emergency Powers Act]] in the Irish Free State, creating courts to prosecute IRA members and allowing the internment and execution of them. The British government also increased its repression of IRA volunteers in the North.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Irish Statute Book|title=Emergency Powers Act, 1939|url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1939/act/28/enacted/en/print.html#:~:text=%E2%80%94(1)%20The%20Government%20may,of%20public%20order%2C%20or%20for}}</ref> Many Republicans were interned during this period and nine were executed in the Free State and Northern Ireland. These nine in order of the date they were executed were:

* [[Peter Barnes]] and [[James McCormick]], on February 7, 1940, for their roles in the [[Coventry Bombing]], a planned attack on an electrical station where a bomb exploded prematurely in front of a shop instead as part of the S-Plan.<ref>{{Web citation|author=MÍCHEÁL MAC DONNCHA|newspaper=An Phoblacht|title=The re-interment of Peter Barnes and James McCormick|date=2019-07-04|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/27612}}</ref>
* [[Patrick McGrath]] and [[Thomas Harte]], both executed on September 6, 1940 for the killing of two collaborator police officers.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|author=MÍCHEÁL Mac DONNCHA|newspaper=An Phoblacht|title=Remembering the Past: Executed IRA men reinterred|date=2008-09-18|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/19125}}</ref>
* [[Richard Goss]], executed on August 9, 1941 for shooting at government soldiers and police, though he was not charged with causing either of the two injuries to police and despite the fact none were killed.<ref name=":2" />
* [[George Plant]] on March 5, 1942, who was executed for the killing of a suspected informant.<ref name=":2" />
* [[Tom Williams]], executed by hanging on September 2, 1942 in Northern Ireland for the killing of an RUC officer.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=An Phoblacht|title=Tom Williams remembered|date=2007-09-13|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/17446}}</ref>
* [[Maurice O'Neill]], executed on November 12, 1942. He was charged with 'shooting with intent' after a shootout at an IRA safehouse resulted in the death of a detective. Along with Goss, he is one of only two people executed for a crime other than murder in the Republic of Ireland.<ref name=":2" />
* Chief of Staff of the IRA [[Charlie Kerins]], hanged on December 1, 1944 for the killing of a collaborator detective.<ref name=":2" /> 
In 1948 the Irish Free State became independent from the Commonwealth of Nations, creating the Republic of Ireland.<ref name=":1" />

In December, 1956 the last major offensive by the Anti-Treaty IRA, The Campaign of Resistance to British Occupation, began.  On January 1 of the next year 2 IRA volunteers, [[Sean South]] and [[Fergal O'Hanlon]], were killed in an attempted attack on Brookeborough Barracks. Internment was reintroduced in response to the campaign, with revolutionary figures like [[Ruairí Ó Brádaigh]] and [[Seamus Costello]] being imprisoned under these laws. The campaign ended in February 1962.<ref name=":1" />

In 1966, after several years of growing tension due to the growing civil rights movement in Ireland, the [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] was founded. Its founding statement included a declaration of war against the IRA, with a vow to kill all members of it.<ref name=":1" />

The Anti-Treaty IRA split on December 28, 1969. This split was over the issue of abstentionism, with the [[Official Irish Republican Army]] wishing to participate in elections, while the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] kept the old policy of abstentionism. This split marked the end of the Anti-Treaty IRA.<ref name=":1" />

== Ideology ==
The Anti-Treaty IRA was a broad organization throughout its history, encompassing most Anti-Treaty and Abstentionist Republicans committed to the armed struggle. However, most radical left and otherwise progressive elements such as the fledgling [[Communist Party of Ireland]] within the broader Republican movement aligned with the Anti-Treaty forces rather than the Free State, which was supported by, among others, Fascists like [[Eoin O'Duffy]] and the most reactionary elements within the [[Catholic Church]] and the bourgeoise in general.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Patrick Long|newspaper=Dictionary of Irish Biography|title=O'Duffy, Eoin|url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/oduffy-eoin-a6728}}</ref>

== References ==
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[[Category:Political organizations]]
[[Category:Irish organizations]]