The edit can be undone. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, and then publish the changes below to finish undoing the edit.
Latest revision | Your text | ||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Infobox country|name=Arab Republic of Egypt|native_name=جمهورية مصر العربية|image_flag=Flag of Egypt.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Egypt.svg|capital=[[Cairo]]|largest_city=[[Cairo]]|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary semi-presidential republic | {{Infobox country|name=Arab Republic of Egypt|native_name=جمهورية مصر العربية|image_flag=Flag of Egypt.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Egypt.svg|capital=[[Cairo]]|largest_city=[[Cairo]]|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary semi-presidential republic|image_map=Egypt map.png|map_width=260|official_languages=Arabic|national_languages=Egyptian Arabic|area_km2=1,010,408|population_estimate=102,674,145|population_estimate_year=2021}} | ||
'''Egypt''' (مصر | '''Egypt''' (مصر), officially known and recognized as the '''Arab Republic Egypt''' (جمهورية مصر العربية), is a transcontinental ('Eurafrasian'), nation in the North African, and Western Asian Region of Africa, and Asia. | ||
== History == | |||
Egypt | ===Ancient Egypt=== | ||
[[Menes]] united Upper and Lower Egypt by military conquest and proclaimed himself pharaoh. He created a centralized state with a [[ruling class]] of priests and officials below himself. During the Old Kingdom, Egypt conquered the Sinai Peninsula and used its copper to make tools. The pharaohs were overthrown around 2250 BCE following a period of famine and foreign invasion. | |||
Egypt's | Around 1600 BCE, the New Kingdom took power in Egypt before collapsing again to invaders in the 12th century BCE. Stonemasons and carpenters organized first recorded [[Strike action|strike]] in history in 1170 BCE.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=18–24|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
===Nasser period=== | |||
In 1952, the [[Free Officers]] led by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] organized a nationalist revolution against King [[Farouk]]. They included [[Communism|communists]], nationalists of the [[Wafd Party]], members of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], and aristocrats who were against the monarchy. Nasser supported [[Anti-colonialism|anti-colonial]] forces in [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|Algeria]] and nationalized the [[Suez Canal]]. The USA and [[Europe]] rejected Egypt's request for assistance, so it turned to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|USSR]]. In 1956, [[French Republic|France]], [[State of Israel|Israel]], and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]] attacked the Suez Canal, but Egypt successfully defended it. In 1957, Cairo hosted the [[Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Conference]], a successor to the [[Bandung Conference]], with delegates from 45 Asian and African countries.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Cairo|page=51–53|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> | |||
===Arab Republic of Egypt=== | |||
=== Arab Spring === | |||
=== Presidency of Hosni Mubarak (Oct, 1981 - 2011) === | |||
== | ===== '''2011 Egyptian revolution''' ===== | ||
=== | == Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) == | ||
=== Muslim Brotherhood === | |||
=== | === Supreme Council of the Armed Forces === | ||
=== | === 2012 Egyptian Presidential Election === | ||
=== | === Presidency of Mohamed Morsi (June, 2012 - July 2013) === | ||
=== | === Egyptian Constitution of 2012 === | ||
===== 2013 Egyptian coup d'état ===== | |||
=== | === Interim Presidency of Adly Mansour ( July, 2013 - June 2014) === | ||
=== | === Current Presidency of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi === | ||
=== | === Egyptian Constitution of 2014 === | ||
Morsi supported U.S. efforts to overthrow [[Bashar al-Assad]] in [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]] and passed a new constitution limiting the rights of women and religious minorities.<ref name=":0" /> | In 2011, millions of people in Egypt rose up to overthrow the U.S.-backed police state led by [[Hosni Mubarak]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Mazda Majidi|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=U.S. imperialism and the coup in Egypt|date=2013-07-20|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/us-imperialism-and-the-coup-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714134706/https://www.liberationnews.org/us-imperialism-and-the-coup-html/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-13}}</ref> Due to the lack of a revolutionary socialist party, the capitalist Muslim Brotherhood party took power under [[Mohamed Morsi]].<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=How can we make a revolution? Lessons of Egypt and Occupy|date=2014-07-06|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/can-make-revolution-lessons-egypt-occupy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505234706/https://www.liberationschool.org/can-make-revolution-lessons-egypt-occupy/|archive-date=2021-05-05|retrieved=2022-07-13}}</ref> Morsi supported U.S. efforts to overthrow [[Bashar al-Assad]] in [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]] and passed a new constitution limiting the rights of women and religious minorities.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
In 2013, General [[Abdel Fattah al-Sisi|Abdul Fatah Saeed el-Sisi]] removed Morsi from power and appointed [[Hazem El Beblawi|Hazem Al Beblawi]] as prime minister. The military has killed almost 100 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name=":0" /> In 2022, General el-Sisi told poor people to "eat leaves" to survive due to food shortages.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|author=Dejan Kukic|newspaper=[[In Defence of Marxism]]|title=Sisi says “let them eat leaves” as food crisis sharpens class lines in Egypt|date=2022-07-08|url=https://www.marxist.com/sisi-says-let-them-eat-leaves-as-food-crisis-fuels-sharpens-class-lines-in-egypt.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709165928/https://www.marxist.com/sisi-says-let-them-eat-leaves-as-food-crisis-fuels-sharpens-class-lines-in-egypt.htm|archive-date=2022-07-09|retrieved=2022-07-16}}</ref> | |||
In 2013, | |||
== Geography == | == Geography == | ||
[[File:Egypt administrative regions.png|thumb]] | [[File:Egypt administrative regions.png|thumb]]Egypt's natural borders include the Red Sea, and the Aqaba Gulf, which forms the Sinai Peninsula. The country operates the Suez Canal, which links the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea. Egypt borders Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, all sharing a tri point border at the Hassanein Plateau. Other areas include the Hala'ib Triangle, which both Sudan and Egypt have a little dispute over, which covers the Elba National Park as well as the administer town of Hala'ib, a fact which both countries <nowiki>''</nowiki>de facto<nowiki>''</nowiki> run the region. The Bir Tawil Trapezoid is also a <nowiki>''</nowiki>disputed<nowiki>''</nowiki> spill of land, that both countries neither claim. In addition to disputes, Saudi Arabia also lays claim to the Tiren and Sanafir Islands, off the coast of the Red Sea. About 90%+ of the country lives on 5.5% of the country in the north region of the Nile River Delta. Egypt contains a lot of eroded rock formations, extinct volcano calderas, plateaus, mountains, oasis, sand dunes, as well as several Wadis. The country geographically is settled in the incredibly arid western Saharan and Libyan deserts, of northern Africa. With the exclusion of the Sinai Peninsula and its snowcapped mountains and average rainfall, the rest of the country rarely receives precipitation, with the rest of the country averaging around 1 inch of rain each year (2.54 cm). Landscapes like the Al-Farrafrah white desert, are of example. The most recognizable, and most distinguishable asset of the Egyptian nation, the Nile River. As the longest river in the world, at over 6.600 kms, flowing north, draining into the Mediterranean. The river has for eons, and millennia, supplied, and nourished the lands around the Egypt and its insanely arid, and dry deserts, to cultivate food, and vitalize the increasing population, therefore creating the world's first major, and early civilizations. Egyptians have rare access to fresh water which is irrigated, and has in return made the nation, the biggest cultivator of dates, and artichokes. The Nile in the south is the famous Nasser Reservoir, which was created by one of the largest dams in the world, constructed in 1971, to control floods. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:African countries]] | [[Category:African countries]] | ||
[[Category:Countries]] | [[Category:Countries]] | ||
[[Category:Asian countries]] | [[Category:Asian countries]] | ||