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| government_type = Federal presidential republic | | government_type = Federal presidential republic | ||
| leader_title1 = President | | leader_title1 = President | ||
| leader_name1 = | | leader_name1 = Alberto Fernández | ||
| leader_title2 = Vice President | | leader_title2 = Vice President | ||
| leader_name2 = [[ | | leader_name2 = [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]}} | ||
'''Argentina''', officially the '''Argentine Republic''', is a country in [[Latin America]]. It is currently under $44 billion of [[debt]] to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=Judicial coup in Argentina: Corrupt judges conspire with media oligarchs to ban Cristina Kirchner from office|date=2022-12-08|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/08/judicial-coup-argentina-cristina-kirchner/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209044528/https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/08/judicial-coup-argentina-cristina-kirchner/|archive-date=2022-12-09|retrieved=2022-12-10}}</ref> | '''Argentina''', officially the '''Argentine Republic''', is a country in [[Latin America]]. It is currently under $44 billion of [[debt]] to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=Judicial coup in Argentina: Corrupt judges conspire with media oligarchs to ban Cristina Kirchner from office|date=2022-12-08|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/08/judicial-coup-argentina-cristina-kirchner/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209044528/https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/08/judicial-coup-argentina-cristina-kirchner/|archive-date=2022-12-09|retrieved=2022-12-10}}</ref> | ||
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=== Independence === | === Independence === | ||
Argentina declared independence from [[Kingdom of Spain (1813–1874)|Spain]] in 1821. It took a large loan from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] in 1824 and intended to use it to build infrastructure but spent most of it on a war with [[Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)|Brazil]] instead. The British seized two frigates from Argentina after they defaulted on their loan. Argentina finally finished repaying the loan in 1904.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Esteban Almiron|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=How Argentina has been trapped in neocolonial debt for 200 years: An economic history|date=2022-12-18|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/18/argentina-neocolonial-debt-history/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219193206/https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/18/argentina-neocolonial-debt-history/|archive-date=2022-12-19|retrieved=2022-12-20}}</ref> During the early 20th century, the [[ruling class]] held its wealth in European [[Bank|banks]] and favored European currencies over the Argentine peso.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Buenos Aires|page=62–63|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> | Argentina declared independence from [[Kingdom of Spain (1813–1874)|Spain]] in 1821. It took a large loan from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] in 1824 and intended to use it to build infrastructure but spent most of it on a war with [[Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)|Brazil]] instead. The British seized two frigates from Argentina after they defaulted on their loan. Argentina finally finished repaying the loan in 1904.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Esteban Almiron|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=How Argentina has been trapped in neocolonial debt for 200 years: An economic history|date=2022-12-18|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/18/argentina-neocolonial-debt-history/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219193206/https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/18/argentina-neocolonial-debt-history/|archive-date=2022-12-19|retrieved=2022-12-20}}</ref> During the early 20th century, the [[ruling class]] held its wealth in European [[Bank|banks]] and favored European currencies over the Argentine peso.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Buenos Aires|page=62–63|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> | ||
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=== Operation Condor === | === Operation Condor === | ||
In 1976, as part of [[Operation Condor]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] backed a | In 1976, as part of [[Operation Condor]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] backed a far-right coup in Argentina that overthrew president [[Isabel Perón]]. After the coup, a military junta led by [[Jorge Videla|Jorge Rafael Videla]] took power and killed or disappeared 30,000 left-wing dissidents.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Uki Goñi|date=2017-04-28|title=40 years later, the mothers of Argentina’s 'disappeared' refuse to be silent|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/28/mothers-plaza-de-mayo-argentina-anniversary|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref> Under the junta, [[Milton Friedman|Friedmanites]] from the United States controlled Argentina's central bank.<ref name=":0" /> In 1983, military rule ended and Videla was given a life sentence for crimes against humanity in 1985.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Rosario Gabino|date=2008-10-10|title=Argentina: Videla a la cárcel|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7664000/7664716.stm|newspaper=BBC|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref> | ||
=== Recent history === | === Recent history === | ||
[[Raúl Alfonsín]] was elected in 1983 following the end of the junta. His presidency ended with a hyperinflation crisis in 1989. He was succeeded by the [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[Carlos Menem]]. Menem pardoned members of the former junta and reduced taxes and business regulations. By 1990, the inflation rate was 20,000%. He pegged the Argentine peso to the U.S. dollar, oversaw mass privatization, and destroyed the country's extensive rail system. | [[Raúl Alfonsín]] was elected in 1983 following the end of the junta. His presidency ended with a hyperinflation crisis in 1989. He was succeeded by the [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[Carlos Menem]]. Menem pardoned members of the former junta and reduced taxes and business regulations. By 1990, the inflation rate was 20,000%. He pegged the Argentine peso to the U.S. dollar, oversaw mass privatization, and destroyed the country's extensive rail system. | ||
Between 1999 and 2001, [[Liberalism|liberal]] president [[Fernando de la Rúa]] continued to implement the IMF's austerity policies. A bank run began in November 2001, and de la Rúa limited withdrawals to $250 per person per week. Riots and a general [[Strike action|strike]] followed, leading de la Rúa to flee the country on 20 December.<ref name=":0" / | Between 1999 and 2001, [[Liberalism|liberal]] president [[Fernando de la Rúa]] continued to implement the IMF's austerity policies. A bank run began in November 2001, and de la Rúa limited withdrawals to $250 per person per week. Riots and a general [[Strike action|strike]] followed, leading de la Rúa to flee the country on 20 December.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
In February 2022, Argentina joined [[People's Republic of China|China]]'s infrastructure program, the [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{News citation|date=2022-02-06|title=Argentina officially joins BRI in major boost for China-Latin America cooperation|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202202/1251555.shtml|newspaper=Global Times|retrieved=2022-02-08}}</ref> The areas of cooperation include green energy, technology, education, agriculture, communication, and nuclear energy.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Benjamin Norton]]|date=2022-02-12|title=Trapped in IMF debt, Argentina turns to Russia and joins China's Belt & Road|url=https://youtu.be/NZzATH_759s|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]}}</ref> | |||
== Economy == | == Economy == | ||
Argentina's debt is tied to the U.S. dollar, and it cannot print its own money.<ref name=":0" /> | Argentina's debt is tied to the [[United States of America|U.S.]] dollar, and it cannot print its own money.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||