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{{Infobox country|name=Bogd Khanate of Mongolia|native_name=ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ<br>Богд хаант Монгол Улс|image_flag=Flag of Bogd Khanate.svg|image_coat=Bogd Khanate Emblem.svg|capital=Niislel Khüree|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|government_type=[[Theocratic]] [[monarchy]]|leader_title1=Khan|leader_name1=[[Bogd Khan]]|life_span=1911–1924|image_map=Mongolia map.svg|map_width=260|common_languages=Mongolian|religion=[[Buddhism]]}} | {{Infobox country|name=Bogd Khanate of Mongolia|native_name=ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ<br>Богд хаант Монгол Улс|image_flag=Flag of Bogd Khanate.svg|image_coat=Bogd Khanate Emblem.svg|capital=Niislel Khüree|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|government_type=[[Theocratic]] [[monarchy]]|leader_title1=Khan|leader_name1=[[Bogd Khan]]|life_span=1911–1924|image_map=Mongolia map.svg|map_width=260|common_languages=Mongolian|religion=[[Buddhism]]}} | ||
The '''Bogd''' '''Khanate of Mongolia''' was a [[Theocracy|theocratic]] [[Feudalism|feudal]] state that existed between the [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911|1911 national liberation revolution]] and the [[Mongolian People's Revolution|1921 socialist revolution]] in Mongolia. | The '''Bogd''' '''Khanate of Mongolia''' was a [[Theocracy|theocratic]] [[Feudalism|feudal]] state that existed between the [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911|1911 national liberation revolution]] and the [[Mongolian People's Revolution|1921 socialist revolution]] in Mongolia. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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In late 1917, fighting broke out near the northern border of Mongolia between workers and peasants and invading [[White Army|Whites]] and local feudal lords. In early 1918, the capitalists, [[Landlord|landlords]], [[Kulak|kulaks]], and Whiteguards who had been overthrown in Russia began fleeing into Mongolia, making the peasants desire a revolution in their own country. When the Whites took control of Siberia in late 1918, Soviet workers and peasants fled to Mongolia. The Bogd Khan allied with the pro-Japanese Anhui clique of Chinese warlords, who invaded Mongolia in 1918. In mid-1919, after retaking the East, the Soviet government abolished all unequal treaties Russia had had with Mongolia. The Khan rejected the Whiteguard [[Grigory Semyonov|Semyonov]]'s plan to unify all Mongol lands into a single state that Japan could control, which collapsed in 1919.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:272–5</sup> | In late 1917, fighting broke out near the northern border of Mongolia between workers and peasants and invading [[White Army|Whites]] and local feudal lords. In early 1918, the capitalists, [[Landlord|landlords]], [[Kulak|kulaks]], and Whiteguards who had been overthrown in Russia began fleeing into Mongolia, making the peasants desire a revolution in their own country. When the Whites took control of Siberia in late 1918, Soviet workers and peasants fled to Mongolia. The Bogd Khan allied with the pro-Japanese Anhui clique of Chinese warlords, who invaded Mongolia in 1918. In mid-1919, after retaking the East, the Soviet government abolished all unequal treaties Russia had had with Mongolia. The Khan rejected the Whiteguard [[Grigory Semyonov|Semyonov]]'s plan to unify all Mongol lands into a single state that Japan could control, which collapsed in 1919.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:272–5</sup> | ||
The Bogd Khan gave power to Chinese warlords led by [[Chen Yi]] in 1919 and continued to receive a large salary for himself and his wife. Mongolian feudal lords were still able to exploit the peasants without interference. In 1919 | The Bogd Khan gave power to Chinese warlords led by [[Chen Yi]] in 1919 and continued to receive a large salary for himself and his wife. Mongolian feudal lords were still able to exploit the peasants without interference. In November 1919, the Chinese president abolished the autonomy of Outer Mongolia. China forced the Mongolian peasants to pay for its military and for all losses caused to Chinese companies after independence in 1911.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:275–7</sup> | ||
In the summer of 1920, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]] and [[United States of America|USA]]-backed Zhili clique overthrew the Anhui clique. Chen Yi arrived in Mongolia as High Commissioner and arrested and tortured many revolutionaries. [[Roman Ungern-Sternberg]] invaded Mongolia in 1920 | In the summer of 1920, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]] and [[United States of America|USA]]-backed Zhili clique overthrew the Anhui clique. Chen Yi arrived in Mongolia as High Commissioner and arrested and tortured many revolutionaries. [[Roman Ungern-Sternberg]] invaded Mongolia in October 1920 and gained the support of the Mongolian nobility against China and created a provisional government led by the nobles Luvsantseven and Zhamyan. He then allied with the Bogd Khan and defeated the Zhili clique in February 1921. Ungern executed the Minister for the Western Province and removed the War Minister from office.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:281–4</sup> | ||
=== Socialist revolution === | === Socialist revolution === | ||
{{Main article|Mongolian People's Revolution}} | {{Main article|Mongolian People's Revolution}} | ||
== Economy == | == Economy == |