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{{Infobox country|name=Bogd Khanate of Mongolia|native_name=ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ<br>Богд хаант Монгол Улс|image_flag=Flag of Bogd Khanate.svg|image_coat=Bogd Khanate Emblem.svg|capital=Niislel Khüree|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|government_type=[[Theocratic]] [[monarchy]]|leader_title1=Khan|leader_name1=[[Bogd Khan]]|life_span=1911–1924|image_map=Mongolia map.svg|map_width=260|common_languages=Mongolian | {{Infobox country|name=Bogd Khanate of Mongolia|native_name=ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ<br>Богд хаант Монгол Улс|image_flag=Flag of Bogd Khanate.svg|image_coat=Bogd Khanate Emblem.svg|capital=Niislel Khüree|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|government_type=[[Theocratic]] [[monarchy]]|leader_title1=Khan|leader_name1=[[Bogd Khan]]|life_span=1911–1924|image_map=Mongolia map.svg|map_width=260|common_languages=Mongolian}} | ||
The | The '''Khanate of Mongolia''' was a theocratic feudal state that existed between the [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911|1911 national liberation revolution]] and the [[Mongolian People's Revolution|1921 socialist revolution]] in Mongolia. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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=== Russian and Chinese invasions === | === Russian and Chinese invasions === | ||
In 1917, peasants in the provinces of Tsetsen Khan and Tushetu Khan protested against feudalism and foreign imperialism but did not achieve anything.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=A. A. Guber, et al.|year=1973|title=History of the Mongolian People's Republic|title-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheMPR/page/n116/mode/1up|chapter=The | In 1917, peasants in the provinces of Tsetsen Khan and Tushetu Khan protested against feudalism and foreign imperialism but did not achieve anything.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=A. A. Guber, et al.|year=1973|title=History of the Mongolian People's Republic|title-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheMPR/page/n116/mode/1up|chapter=The National-Liberation Movement of the Mongolian People|page=}}</ref><sup>:271</sup> | ||
In late 1917, fighting broke out near the northern border of Mongolia between workers and peasants and invading [[White Army|Whites]] and local feudal lords. In early 1918, the capitalists, [[Landlord|landlords]], [[Kulak|kulaks]], and Whiteguards who had been overthrown in Russia began fleeing into Mongolia, making the peasants desire a revolution in their own country. When the Whites took control of Siberia in late 1918, Soviet workers and peasants fled to Mongolia. The Bogd Khan allied with the pro-Japanese Anhui clique of Chinese warlords, who invaded Mongolia in 1918. In mid-1919, after retaking the East, the Soviet government abolished all unequal treaties Russia had had with Mongolia. The Khan rejected the Whiteguard [[Grigory Semyonov|Semyonov]]'s plan to unify all Mongol lands into a single state that Japan could control, which collapsed in 1919.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:272–5</sup> | In late 1917, fighting broke out near the northern border of Mongolia between workers and peasants and invading [[White Army|Whites]] and local feudal lords. In early 1918, the capitalists, [[Landlord|landlords]], [[Kulak|kulaks]], and Whiteguards who had been overthrown in Russia began fleeing into Mongolia, making the peasants desire a revolution in their own country. When the Whites took control of Siberia in late 1918, Soviet workers and peasants fled to Mongolia. The Bogd Khan allied with the pro-Japanese Anhui clique of Chinese warlords, who invaded Mongolia in 1918. In mid-1919, after retaking the East, the Soviet government abolished all unequal treaties Russia had had with Mongolia. The Khan rejected the Whiteguard [[Grigory Semyonov|Semyonov]]'s plan to unify all Mongol lands into a single state that Japan could control, which collapsed in 1919.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:272–5</sup> | ||
The Bogd Khan gave power to Chinese warlords led by [[Chen Yi]] in 1919 and continued to receive a large salary for himself and his wife. Mongolian feudal lords were still able to exploit the peasants without interference. In 1919 | The Bogd Khan gave power to Chinese warlords led by [[Chen Yi]] in 1919 and continued to receive a large salary for himself and his wife. Mongolian feudal lords were still able to exploit the peasants without interference. In November 1919, the [[Xu Shichang|Chinese president]] abolished the autonomy of Outer Mongolia. China forced the Mongolian peasants to pay for its military and for all losses caused to Chinese companies after independence in 1911.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:275–7</sup> | ||
== Economy == | == Economy == | ||
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== Education == | == Education == | ||
The first secular school in Mongolia opened in Örgöö in 1912 with 47 students. The same year, a military school opened in Khurzhir-bulan taught by Russian instructors.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:262</sup> | |||
The first secular school in Mongolia opened in Örgöö in 1912 with 47 students. The same year, a military school opened in Khurzhir-bulan taught by Russian instructors.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:262 | |||
An anti-monarchist newspaper was founded in 1915. An official history of Mongolia was released in 1919 in 11 volumes.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:263</sup> | An anti-monarchist newspaper was founded in 1915. An official history of Mongolia was released in 1919 in 11 volumes.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:263</sup> |