Editing Dialectical materialism

'''Dialectical materialism''' is a [[Philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Science|scientific]] worldview based on general principles derived from natural phenomena.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Friedrich Engels]]|year=1883|title=Dialectics of nature|chapter=Notes and fragments|section=Dialectics|quote=Dialectics, so-called objective dialectics, prevails throughout nature, and so-called subjective dialectics, dialectical thought, is only the reflection of the motion through opposites which asserts itself everywhere in nature, and which by the continual conflict of the opposites and their final passage into one another, or into higher forms, determines the life of nature.}}</ref> It is a scientific methodology developed from the principles of [[dialectics]] and [[materialism]], and is one of the theoretical foundations of [[Marxism]].<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|year=1913|title=[[Library:The three sources and three component parts of Marxism|The three sources and three component parts of Marxism]]|quote=But Marx did not stop at eighteenth-century materialism: he developed philosophy to a higher level, he enriched it with the achievements of German classical philosophy, especially of Hegel's system, which in its turn had led to the materialism of Feuerbach. The main achievement was dialectics, i.e., the doctrine of development in its fullest, deepest and most comprehensive form, the doctrine of the relativity of the human knowledge that provides use with a reflection of eternally developing matter. The latest discoveries of natural science—radium, electrons, the transmutation of elements—have been a remarkable confirmation of Marx's dialectical materialism despite the teachings of the bourgeois philosophers with their "new" reversions to old and decadent idealism.}}</ref> It's a development from [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]]'s dialectical principles, which were extremely useful, but ultimately deviated towards [[idealism]].<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Karl Marx]]|year=1873|title=[[Library:Capital,_vol._I#(1873)_Afterword_to_the_second_German_edition|Afterword to the second German edition of Capital, vol. I]]|quote=My dialectic method is not only different from the Hegelian, but is its direct opposite. To Hegel, the life process of the human brain, i.e., the process of thinking, which, under the name of “the Idea,” he even transforms into an independent subject, is the demiurgos of the real world, and the real world is only the external, phenomenal form of “the Idea.” With me, on the contrary, the ideal is nothing else than the material world reflected by the human mind, and translated into forms of thought.

The mystifying side of Hegelian dialectic I criticised nearly thirty years ago, at a time when it was still the fashion. [...] The mystification which dialectic suffers in Hegel’s hands, by no means prevents him from being the first to present its general form of working in a comprehensive and conscious manner. With him it is standing on its head. It must be turned right side up again, if you would discover the rational kernel within the mystical shell.}}</ref>

Although it was a method conceived by [[Marx]] and [[Engels]], the term ''dialectical materialism'' was never actually used by either, but appropriately summarizes their philosophical outlook. In the preface and second chapter of [[Library:Socialism: utopian and scientific|''Socialism: utopian and scientific'']], Engels calls it "modern materialism".

Idealist thinking, namely metaphysics, posits the world around us as a collection of unchanging, fixed things. This cause much friction with reality as the real world follows dialectical materialism. Reality is changing and moving always. Ideas can motivate men to move mountains. But they can only do so if their material conditions give them the tools capable of doing so. Conversely, it is very easy, especially with the modern invention of various kinds of diggers, movers and earth shaker machines to move mountains. But almost none get moved. And what few that do, are only moved for strip mining and other forms of [[Capital accumulation|capital extraction]].

Per Wayne Au's [[Library:A Marxist Education Learning to Change the World|A Marxist Education]], a basic summary of dialectical materialism's elements

* asserts that the material world exists outside of human consciousness of it;
* sees everything as in constant motion;
* understands contradiction as the basis for all movement, development, and change;
* sees everything as related and connected, where even opposites make up a relational whole;
* rejects “either/or” and instead sees “and/both,” relationally;
* sees quantity and quality, and their transformation [[Dialectical materialism#Transformation of quantity into quality and vice versa|into each other]], as part of the process of development;
* asserts that there are negative (destructive) and positive (conservative) sides to any contradiction;
* holds that the resolution of a contradiction contains within it both the negation (destruction) of the original relationship and the negation of that negation, which is a new relationship (synthesis) at a different level of development;
* understands the new relationship created in the resolution of a contradiction as carrying aspects of the old relationship within it ([[sublation]]);
* sees the external conditions of a process as playing a strong, sometimes determining role in which internal contradiction is resolved;
* asserts that the development of a process happens in a spiral, not in a straight line.

== History ==
<blockquote>''For more information, see [[idealism]] and [[materialism]].''</blockquote>To understand how dialectical materialism came to exist, it is necessary to briefly go through how both of those components came to exist. In ancient Greece, dialectics was the name given to the art of argumentation. It was considered that in the course of an argument, rich in fertile ideas, the opinions of the disputing parties underwent a change and that something new and of a higher nature resulted.

The ancient Greeks also theorized about materialism but, at the time, materialism referred to the idea that everything is made of matter. They said that everything is made of tiny particles invisible to the naked eye, and that the properties of these atoms made the properties of the resulting object. For example, oil atoms were big and smooth, and vinegar atoms were very small and pointy. They were not entirely wrong (we later discovered atoms and reused their term, but the properties of actual atoms and what the Greeks thought atoms were are very different), but their meaning of materialism was not any more developed than that.

The Ancient Greeks were but one example, and idealism still permeated their cultures. They theorized, for example, that since everything is made of matter, then the gods must live on Earth somewhere -- rather than completely dispelling the ideas of gods (which is idealism), they tried to fit them into their philosophy.

Starting around the Enlightenment (late 18th century Europe), science emerged as a field -- with its rules and methods -- mostly led by nobles who had the time and means to do scientific experiments. These nobles were the first materialists, so-called ''[[Metaphysics|metaphysical]]'' (''beyond physics'') as they did not yet possess the full knowledge necessary to understand dialectics since they were just starting out on scientific experiments in a world still dominated by idealism and feudalism.

Later on, philosopher [[Hegel]] used ''dialectics'' to describe the progress of ideas (thoughts) through contradiction, the process of its development toward a supreme and absolute spirit.<ref>'''V. Adoratsky'''. ''Dialectical materialism'' ''- the theoretical foundation of Marxism-Leninism'', pg. 22-23</ref> Hegel's fundamental question was: where do our ideas come from? How come this or that person had the idea to invent, say, the telephone? How come we didn't have the idea for it earlier? His answer was God, though in that case "God" is more of a concept that means "we may never know".

[[Karl Marx|Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]] were first inspired by Hegel's works and ideas, but later developed a better understanding of reality and its progress and development by applying the dialectical logic to material reality, observing the historical development of society. They put dialectic back ''right-side up,'' by divorcing it from its idealist roots and correctly associating it with materialism. To the question of ''where do our ideas come from?'' Dialectical materialists reply: from the brain, as the result of a chemical interaction. But moreover from our material conditions; the reality in which we live. Indeed, we know for example that the Ancient Greeks had experimented with steam machines. Yet they didn't use them for industrial production, and steam only gained traction in the industrial revolution when we found out about its power output. Idealists would say that the idea already existed in the time of the Ancient Greeks, but the fact that they ''did not use steam technology'' (and it was limited to a couple experiments) shows us material conditions are more important than having the right idea. Essentially, the possibilities of steam did not fit into the Greek mode of production, whose societies by and large relied on slave labour.

It would be wrong to say that dialectical materialism is ''only'' the logical progression of Hegelian dialectics. Dialectical materialism has its own rules, methods and roots that set it apart from Hegel's idealist dialectics. It could not have existed meaningfully earlier in time, as the material conditions and the dialectic was not sufficiently advanced for these ideas to take hold. This is an entirely dialectical observation, and a good example of what material dialectics are.

Most of what dialectical materialism is, comes directly from Hegel. Where Marx and Engels innovated was in two major ways. The relationship between quantity and quality. And the reorientation of the the primary mover being the material, rather than spiritual, or ideal realm. <ref>{{Citation|author=Humphrey McQueen |year=year of publication unknown|title=from Hegel's Logic to Lenin's Imperialism and beyond |pdf=https://www.surplusvalue.org.au/McQueen/marxism/Hegels%20Logic.pdf}}</ref>
== Laws of dialectics ==

=== Transformation of quantity into quality and ''vice versa'' ===
All change has a quantitative aspect, that is, an aspect of mere increase or decrease which does not alter the nature of that which changes. But quantitative change, increase or decrease, cannot go on indefinitely. At a certain point it always leads to a qualitative change; and at that critical point, the qualitative change takes place relatively suddenly.

A classical example of this is water. If water is being heated, it does not go on getting hotter and hotter indefinitely; at a certain critical temperature, it begins to turn into steam, undergoing a qualitative change from liquid to gas. Another example is a rope used to lift a weight, which may have a greater and greater load attached to it, but no rope can lift a load indefinitely great: at a certain point, the rope is bound to break. We can measure the weight attached to the rope as a quantity, a number, and the qualitative change is the fact that the rope broke. It was whole, now it's broken. Dialectical change has happened to it.

There is a very important component to take into account here, and that is the rule of autodynamism. Change in dialectics comes from internal forces; if change has happened through external forces, then it is not dialectics. For example if you put an apple into the juicer, then the solid apple has transformed into a liquid. While that is change, it is not internal change: you have applied mechanical force to the apple.

=== Unity and struggle of opposites ===
Everything exists only in relation to an opposite or contrary thing. The two opposites are therefore united by the interdependence on the existence of the other, yet also struggle against each other. This is also known as a [[contradiction]].

As [[Mao]] explained in ''On Contradiction'', there is a contradiction when two ''things'' are fundamentally opposed, but one cannot exist without the other. In this case a ''thing'' can be anything: ideas, concepts, commodities, fields of science, tangible items...

Examples include the contradiction between theory and praxis. Theory can only exist in relation to practice with the real world (praxis), and praxis cannot exist without practicing theory. Theory without practice leads to [[metaphysics]] and unreliable ideas; praxis without theory leads to vulgar [[empiricism]] and ineffective action and therefore, theory and praxis are in contradiction as they struggle to adjust to reflect each other.

==== Distinction from dualism ====

Dialectical materialism is distinct from [[dualism]]. Dualism frames the world as a pair of mutually negating forces â½½ that of idea and matter, consciousness and being â½½ and that correspondingly, phenomena also fall into two categories â½½ the ideal and the material, which negate each other, and contend against each other, so that the development of nature and society is a constant struggle between ideal and material phenomena. Dialectical materialism views these opposed forces as distinct parts of the whole substance. Like the two sides of a coin.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1907|title=Anarchism Or Socialism?|title-url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:Anarchism_or_socialism%3F|chapter=Chapter II The Materialist Theory|chapter-url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:Anarchism_or_socialism%3F#The_materialist_theory|city=Moscow|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1906/12/x01.htm}}</ref>

=== Negation of the negation ===

=== Progress by leaps ===
Progress happens by leaps. It should be understood that progress does not mean being progressive, but merely that ''things change;'' that something that once existed does not anymore. Once a critical point is reached, then change happens meaningfully. We see for example that feudalism was not deposes by reforms in parliament or to the monarchy, but by revolution headed by bourgeois and capitalists. The same thing can be said about water: when heated, water does not gradually make more steam the more it's heated. It will start off not making any steam, and then once it reaches a certain point, steam starts. This means something can stay still for years (such as a communist party not making any progress), and then suddenly make progress (such as the communist party suddenly seeing a surge in new members as the contradictions of capitalism worsen).

== Examples ==

=== An apple ===
An apple is not set in stone. It will not remain an apple forever. Before being an apple, the fruit was a flower, and before that a bud on a branch. As we can see, change has happened to the apple and will continue to happen. The apple will ripen, and later will fall off the tree and then start rotting, feeding more life. The ''process'' goes on forever even if, at some point, anyone looking at the apple will say "this isn't an apple anymore, it's just mush". The apple itself has stopped existing, but it was just one stage of an ongoing process and the process itself still exists. Incidentally, this is what metaphysical materialists don't understand. They will study the apple as it is an apple, not seeing the whole process. One branch of science will study the apple, and another will study the flower that later becomes the apple.

=== Class struggle ===
There is a very apparent contradiction in the class struggle. The bourgeoisie is fundamentally opposed to the proletariat -- as the former wants to extract more value from their employees, while the latter wants to retain more value from their employer. Yet one class cannot exist without the other: if the bourgeoisie did not have the proletariat to exploit, then they would change into another class over time. For a concrete example, we can look at the end of feudalism. The Bourgeoisie revolted against the old regime of the nobles and feudal masters and eventually took power (such as in France). Before that point, the bourgeoisie existed side-by-side with the nobles and both competed for the supremacy of their class (as in class society, there is always an exploiting class and exploitative class). Yet the proletariat did not exist side-by-side with the serves. There were free cities, in which guilds operated and they employed workers by the day or week, but this is different from the proletariat (as seen in ''Principles of Communism''). It was only after the feudal order was abolished, with the bourgeoisie taking over the state, that the proletariat developed itself. Thus the contradiction mutated, and the class struggle moved from the nobles and serves to the bourgeoisie and proletariat. 

To exemplify another rule of dialectics, we also see that quantitative change leads to qualitative change. Essentially, as more people became either bourgeoisie or manufacture workers (the ancestor of the proletariat), their numbers grew -- quantitative change. When their numbers grew enough and it was impossible for them to develop as a class any longer, and they had a chance of seizing state power, they did -- and if it was successful, then this quantitative change led to qualitative change. 

== References ==
<references />

== See also ==

* [[Marxism]]
* [[Marxism-Leninism]]
* [[Quotes:Dialectical materialism]]

== Further Reading ==
[http://www.readmarxeveryday.org/epop/contents.html Elementary Principles of Philosophy] by Georges Politzer

[[Category:Dialectical materialism]]