Editing Federal Republic of Germany

{{Infobox country
| name = Federal Republic of Germany
| native_name = Bundesrepublik Deutschland
| image_flag = File:Flag of Germany.svg
| image_coat = File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg
|national_motto=Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit<ref group=Note>From 1949 to 1962, this was 'Gott mit uns' ('God with us').</ref>|englishmotto=Unity and Justice and Freedom| image_map = Germany (ortographic projection).svg
| map_width = 320px
| capital = [[Berlin]]<ref group=Note>From 1949 until unification in 1990, the capital city was [[Bonn]].  In 1990, as dictated by the [[Two plus Four Agreement]], Berlin was made the capital; and in the following year, the [[Bundestag]] was moved there.</ref>
| largest_city = capital
|mode_of_production=[[Imperialism|Imperialist Capitalism]]| government_type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois state]]
| established_event1 = Dissolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| established_date1 = 6 August 1806
| established_event2 = Creation of the [[German Confederation]]
| established_date2 = 8 June 1815
| established_event3 = [[German Revolutions of 1848–1849|German Revolutions]]
| established_date3 = 13 March 1848
| established_event4 = Dissolution of the German Confederation
| established_date4 = 24 August 1866
| established_event5 = [[North German Confederation]] gains statehood
| established_date5 = 1 July 1867
|established_event6=Proclamation of the [[German Empire]]|established_date6=18 January 1871|established_event7=Proclamation of the [[Weimar Republic]]|established_date7=9 November 1918|established_event8=Beginning of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]]|established_date8=30 January 1933|established_event9=[[German Instrument of Surrender|Nazi surrender]]|established_date9=8 May 1945|established_event10=Proclamation of the Federal Republic|established_date10=27 May 1949|established_event11=[[German reunification|West German annexation of the GDR]]|established_date11=3 October 1990| population_estimate = 83,190,556
| population_estimate_year   = 2020
| leader_title1 = President
| leader_name1 = [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]]
| leader_title2 = Chancellor
| leader_name2 = [[Olaf Scholz]]
}}'''Germany''', officially the '''Federal Republic of Germany''' ''(German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland)'', is a country in [[Central Europe]]. It is bordered by [[French Republic|France]], [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]], [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Republic of Poland|Poland]], [[Czech Republic|Czechia]], [[Republic of Austria|Austria]] and [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]] as well as having northern coasts on the [[North Sea]] and [[Baltic Sea]]. It is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] state in [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], the second-most populous country in [[Europe]] after [[Russian Federation|Russia]], and the most populous and influential member state of the [[European Union]].
==History==

=== Medieval history ===
{{Main article|Holy Roman Empire (800–1806)}}

=== Unification and German Empire ===
{{Main article|German Empire (1871–1918)}}

=== Weimar Republic ===
{{Main article|German Reich (1918–1933)}}

=== Nazi Germany ===
{{Main article|German Reich (1933–1945)}}

=== West Germany ===
[[File:Divided Germany.png|thumb|280x280px|British-occupied Germany  (green), French-occupied Germany (blue), Soviet-occupied Germany (red), and US-occupied Germany (yellow)]]
After the defeat of Axis forces during the [[Second World War]], Germany was divided into four zones occupied by the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], [[United States of America|USA]], France and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]]. At the [[Yalta Conference]] in early 1945, they agreed to make all of Germany pay $10 billion reparations to the USSR. The USA violated this agreement in May 1946 and only let the USSR take reparations from the east.<ref name=":052" />

In 1946, Hesse (part of the US zone) held a referendum on nationalizing [[Bank|banks]] and essential industries. 62% voted in favor for the first vote and 72% did the second time. In British-occupied North Rhine-Westphalia, a majority also voted to expropriate the ruling class. The occupying powers vetoed the results of these referendums.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Bruni de la Motte, John Green|year=2015|title=Stasi State or Socialist Paradise?|chapter=A Difficult Birth - How the GDR Came About|page=|city=London|publisher=Artery Publications|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F1F044D71B58A8E0438E6343D942F662}}</ref><sup>:14–5</sup>

In 1948, France, the UK, and the USA merged their occupation zones to form West Germany. The Soviet Union then tried to blockade West Berlin to make it pay reparations, but the USA broke the blockade with an airlift.<ref name=":052">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Comparative Analysis of East and West German Financial Systems in Light of the New Evidence|page=154|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref> The USA wrote the constitution of West Germany, which was never approved by voters. The constitution refused to recognize the GDR as a legitimate country.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Detailed Autopsy of the Collapse of the Superior System in the Divided Germany|page=|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref><sup>:114</sup>

In 1952, Chancellor [[Konrad Adenauer]] rejected a Soviet offer for reunification.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:17</sup>

=== Annexation of the GDR ===
In December 1989, the West pressured the GDR into adopting a 3:1 exchange rate between the Eastern and Western currencies even though the eastern mark had a much higher purchasing power for basic consumer goods. Westerners flowed into the GDR and plundered the country by buying commodities for less than 10% of their normal prices using the new exchange rate.

The majority of East Germans only began to support unification in 1990, when Westerners had dropped the GDR's standard of living by more than two-thirds by shopping there with the 3:1 exchange rate. At this time, they still wanted a left-wing government. Western conservatives promised to establish a 1:1 exchange rate if bourgeois parties won the GDR's elections, leading those parties to narrowly win the 1990 elections and impose a [[Capitalism|capitalist]] counterrevolution.<ref name=":05" /><sup>:149–50</sup>
=== Russo-Ukrainian conflict ===
Germany joined NATO's sanctions regime against Russia during the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict]], and have supplied billions of dollars to support Ukraine.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Russia Today|title=Germany to spend billions on weapons for Ukraine – media|date=2022-04-15|url=https://www.rt.com/news/553958-germany-ukraine-weapons-funding/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=RSS|archive-url=https://archive.ph/uYl7S|archive-date=2023-07-23|retrieved=2023-10-01}}</ref> Despite promises early in the war that they would not send tanks, eventually acquiesced to demands to supply Ukraine with Leopard and Leopard II tanks.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Adam Durbin|newspaper=BBC|title=Ukraine war: Germany sends much-awaited Leopard tanks|date=2023-03-28|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65095126|archive-url=https://archive.ph/8Nqrt|archive-date=2023-03-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}</ref> 

Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] announced he would more than double Germany's military budget, putting it on track to become the third largest military in the world.<ref>{{News citation|author=Rob Schmitz|newspaper=NPR|title=Germany is building what's expected to become Europe's largest military|date=2022-03-17|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087137501/germany-is-building-whats-expected-to-become-europe-s-largest-military?t=1647958115615|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324053152/https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087137501/germany-is-building-whats-expected-to-become-europe-s-largest-military|archive-date=2022-03-24|retrieved=2022-05-08}}</ref> The German government banned displaying the [[Flag of the Soviet Union|Soviet flag]], flown by the liberators during the Second World War, and allowed the use of the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] flag, which was only used by Nazi collaborators during the war.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Peter Schwarz|newspaper=[[WSWS]]|title=May 8 and the rehabilitation of Nazism in Germany|date=2023-05-12|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/05/12/agbd-m12.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512063725/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/05/12/agbd-m12.html|archive-date=2023-05-12}}</ref>

As a consequence of the [[Economic sanctions|sanctions regime]] against Russia, and particularly because of the country's refusal to buy relatively cheap Russian natural gas via pipelines and the [[26 September Nord Stream explosion]], the German economy has fallen into a prolonged economic stagnation and recession.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=People's Daily|title=Germany's economy mired in woes|date=2023-09-29|url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0929/c90000-20078556.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/MX0Rk|archive-date=2023-09-30|retrieved=2023-10-01}}</ref> 

==Economy==
The vast amount of [[Social democracy|social programs]] in Germany are largely sustained off economic exploitation of less developed parts of [[Europe]], with German finance capital having a large amount of influence over the European banking system, the [[eurozone]], and the euro. Furthermore, the German economy, along with the other highly developed economies of Western Europe, are able to benefit greatly as a result of human capital flight from other areas in Europe, particularly the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] and Balkans,<ref>{{News citation|author=Satyajit Das|newspaper=MarketWatch|title=Germany and France can’t afford euro-zone bailout|date=2012-6-7|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/germany-and-france-cant-afford-euro-zone-bailout-2012-06-07?link=MW_story_investinginsight|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|author=Fred Goldstein|newspaper=Workers World|title=German imperialism and the Greek debt crisis|date=2015-3-15|url=https://www.workers.org/2015/03/18697/|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=OECD|title=HIGH-LEVEL CONFERENCE ON SOUTH EAST EUROPE
HUMAN CAPITAL FLIGHT - SHAPING THE FUTURE TOGETHER|date=2022-5-17|url=https://www.oecd.org/south-east-europe/programme/up-coming.htm|retrieved=2022-7-2|quote=Emigration from the Western Balkan Six (WB6) region has been significant for decades, generating a large diaspora. In 2020, more than one in five citizens born in the region lived abroad, predominantly in a handful of OECD countries. This trend is set to continue as more than one third of WB6 citizens surveyed in 2021 consider emigrating. While sustained high emigration levels, especially of young talents}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The Global Economy|title=Human flight and brain drain in Europe|date=2021|url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/human_flight_brain_drain_index/Europe/|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref> which is one of the primary goals of the European Union, that being the unfettered transportation of capital.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The EU single market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm|archive-date=2007-9-1}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Germany election map.png|thumb|2019 German election: [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] (gray), [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] (green), [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] (red), and [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] (blue)]]
The [[Far-right politics|far-right]] Alternative for Germany received 11% of the vote in the 2019 German elections, and is polling at 20% as of early 2024.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Statista|title=Voting intentions for the German parliament from the 2021 General Election to the 22nd of March 2024, by party|date=2024-04-02|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1257178/voting-intention-in-germany/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411122522/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1257178/voting-intention-in-germany/|archive-date=2024-04-11}}</ref>

Since 2015, the AfD has become openly [[Racism|racist]] and [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] and many of its leaders promote Nazi concepts. They also deny [[climate change]]<ref>{{Web citation|date=2019-07-22|title=Dissecting Identity & Democracy: the EU’s new far-right super group|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921200918/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|archive-date=2020-09-21|retrieved=2022-11-23|author=Ellen Rivera, Marsha P. Davis}}</ref> and are Germany's biggest supporters of Israel.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Raphael Ahren|newspaper=The Times of Israel|title=Loathed by Jews, Germany’s far-right AfD loves the Jewish state|date=2017-09-24|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/loathed-by-jews-germanys-far-right-afd-loves-the-jewish-state/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128094523/https://www.timesofisrael.com/loathed-by-jews-germanys-far-right-afd-loves-the-jewish-state/|archive-date=2023-11-28}}</ref>

=== Lack of democracy ===
Unlike the later formed DDR, the West German constitution was passed without ratification of citizens and a thorough denazification policy was not implemented.

Candidates for elections were chosen by rich bureaucrats, and write-in votes were not allowed. It was illegal to work with any organization connected to the GDR.<ref name=":05" /><sup>:122–3</sup>

=== Neo-Nazism ===
The majority of officials in the West German Justice Ministry were former members of the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazi Party]]. 34 out of 170 officials had been members of the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' Nazi paramilitary. In 1957, there were more senior officials who were former Nazis than there had been during [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s rule. Between 1949 and 1980, 54% of interior ministry staffers had been Nazis and 8% had been in the Nazi Interior Ministry led by [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|title=Report: Majority of West German Justice Ministry officials were ex-Nazis following WWII|date=2016-10-11|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/report-majority-of-west-german-justice-ministry-officials-were-ex-nazis-following-wwii-469899|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920141306/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/report-majority-of-west-german-justice-ministry-officials-were-ex-nazis-following-wwii-469899|archive-date=2021-09-20|retrieved=2022-06-11}}</ref>

The [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] was founded in 1964 and grew from 473 to 50,000 members in 1969. It held sixty seats in the legislatures of eight German states. In 1968, West Germany appointed General [[Albert Schnez]] to commander-and-chief of the Bundeswehr. Schnez had joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and was a colonel in the Nazi army.<ref>{{Citation|author=Herbert Aptheker|year=1969|title=Czechoslovakia and Counter-Revolution|title-url=https://archive.org/details/ApthekerCzechoslovakia/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater|chapter=The Question of West Germany|page=12–13|city=[[New York City]]|publisher=[[New Outlook Publishers]]}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
=== Energy ===
The German economy is highly dependent on fossil fuel.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=International Trade Administration|title=Germany - Country Commercial Guide|date=2023-12-06|url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/germany-energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404235347/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/germany-energy|archive-date=2024-04-04}}</ref> Renewable energy has plateaued in the last decade at 15% of total consumption.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=EnergyTransition|title=History of the German Energiewende|url=https://wiki.energytransition.org/wiki/history-of-the-energiewende/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204154243/http://wiki.energytransition.org/wiki/history-of-the-energiewende/|archive-date=2023-12-04}}</ref> Germany shut down its last nuclear power plant in 2023.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management|title=The nuclear phase-out in Germany|url=https://www.base.bund.de/EN/ns/nuclear-phase-out/nuclear-phase-out_node.html#:~:text=The%20last%20three%20nuclear%20power%20plants%20in%20Germany%20were%20shut,April%202023%20at%20the%20latest.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417112115/https://www.base.bund.de/EN/ns/nuclear-phase-out/nuclear-phase-out_node.html#:~:text=The%20last%20three%20nuclear%20power%20plants%20in%20Germany%20were%20shut,April%202023%20at%20the%20latest.|archive-date=2024-04-17}}</ref>
==Demographics==
==Culture==

== References ==
<references /> 

===Notes===
<references group=Note />
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:Global north]]
[[Category:Outline needs additional content]]
[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:Formerly fascist countries]]
[[Category:Countries]]