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| image_coat = File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg | | image_coat = File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg | ||
|national_motto=Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit<ref group=Note>From 1949 to 1962, this was 'Gott mit uns' ('God with us').</ref>|englishmotto=Unity and Justice and Freedom| image_map = Germany (ortographic projection).svg | |national_motto=Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit<ref group=Note>From 1949 to 1962, this was 'Gott mit uns' ('God with us').</ref>|englishmotto=Unity and Justice and Freedom| image_map = Germany (ortographic projection).svg | ||
| map_width = | | map_width = 220px | ||
| capital = [[Berlin]]<ref group=Note>From 1949 until unification in 1990, the capital city was [[Bonn]]. In 1990, as dictated by the [[Two plus Four Agreement]], Berlin was made the capital; and in the following year, the [[Bundestag]] was moved there.</ref> | | capital = [[Berlin]]<ref group=Note>From 1949 until unification in 1990, the capital city was [[Bonn]]. In 1990, as dictated by the [[Two plus Four Agreement]], Berlin was made the capital; and in the following year, the [[Bundestag]] was moved there.</ref> | ||
| largest_city = capital | | largest_city = capital | ||
|mode_of_production=[[ | |mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]| government_type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois state]] | ||
| established_event1 = Dissolution of the | | established_event1 = [[Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire]] | ||
| established_date1 = 6 August 1806 | | established_date1 = 6 August 1806 | ||
| established_event2 = Creation of the [[German Confederation]] | | established_event2 = Creation of the [[German Confederation]] | ||
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| established_event3 = [[German Revolutions of 1848–1849|German Revolutions]] | | established_event3 = [[German Revolutions of 1848–1849|German Revolutions]] | ||
| established_date3 = 13 March 1848 | | established_date3 = 13 March 1848 | ||
| established_event4 = Dissolution of the German Confederation | | established_event4 = [[Dissolution of the German Confederation]] | ||
| established_date4 = 24 August 1866 | | established_date4 = 24 August 1866 | ||
| established_event5 = [[North German Confederation]] gains statehood | | established_event5 = [[North German Confederation]] gains statehood | ||
| established_date5 = 1 July 1867 | | established_date5 = 1 July 1867 | ||
|established_event6=Proclamation of the [[German Empire]]|established_date6=18 January 1871|established_event7=Proclamation of the [[Weimar Republic]]|established_date7=9 November 1918|established_event8=Beginning of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi | |established_event6=Proclamation of the [[German Empire]]|established_date6=18 January 1871|established_event7=Proclamation of the [[Weimar Republic]]|established_date7=9 November 1918|established_event8=Beginning of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Period]]|established_date8=30 January 1933|established_event9=[[German Instrument of Surrender]]|established_date9=8 May 1945|established_event10=Proclamation of the Federal Republic|established_date10=27 May 1949|established_event11=[[German reunification|West German annexation of the GDR]]|established_date11=3 October 1990| population_estimate = 83,190,556 | ||
| population_estimate_year = 2020 | | population_estimate_year = 2020 | ||
| leader_title1 = President | | leader_title1 = President | ||
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| leader_title2 = Chancellor | | leader_title2 = Chancellor | ||
| leader_name2 = [[Olaf Scholz]] | | leader_name2 = [[Olaf Scholz]] | ||
}}'''Germany''', officially the '''Federal Republic of Germany' | }}'''Germany''', officially the '''Federal Republic of Germany''', is a country in [[Central Europe]]. It is the second-most populous country in [[Europe]] after [[Russian Federation|Russia]], and the most populous member state of the [[European Union]]. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
=== | === Foundation === | ||
[[File:Divided Germany.png|thumb|280x280px|British-occupied Germany (green), French-occupied Germany (blue), Soviet-occupied Germany (red), and US-occupied Germany (yellow)]] | [[File:Divided Germany.png|thumb|280x280px|British-occupied Germany (green), French-occupied Germany (blue), Soviet-occupied Germany (red), and US-occupied Germany (yellow)]] | ||
After the defeat of Axis forces during the [[Second World War]], Germany was divided into four zones occupied by the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], [[United States of America|USA]], France and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]]. | After the defeat of Axis forces during the [[Second World War]], Germany was divided into four zones occupied by the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], [[United States of America|USA]], [[French Republic|France]] and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]]. As cold war tensions started to erupt during the so-called Berlin "Blockade", territory occupied by the latter three was merged to form the Federal Republic.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|title=Report: Majority of West German Justice Ministry officials were ex-Nazis following WWII|date=2016-10-11|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/report-majority-of-west-german-justice-ministry-officials-were-ex-nazis-following-wwii-469899|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920141306/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/report-majority-of-west-german-justice-ministry-officials-were-ex-nazis-following-wwii-469899|archive-date=2021-09-20|retrieved=2022-06-11}}</ref> | ||
=== Neo-Nazism in West Germany === | |||
The majority of officials in the West German Justice Ministry were former members of the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazi Party]]. 34 out of 170 officials had been members of the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' Nazi paramilitary. In 1957, there were more senior officials who were former Nazis than there had been during [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s rule. Between 1949 and 1980, 54% of interior ministry staffers had been Nazis and 8% had been in the Nazi Interior Ministry led by [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref name=":0" /> | |||
The [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] was founded in 1964 and grew from to 50,000 members in 1969. It held sixty seats in the legislatures of eight German states. In 1968, West Germany appointed General [[Albert Schnez]] to commander-and-chief of the Bundeswehr. Schnez had joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and was a colonel in the Nazi army.<ref>{{Citation|author=Herbert Aptheker|year=1969|title=Czechoslovakia and Counter-Revolution|title-url=https://archive.org/details/ApthekerCzechoslovakia/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater|chapter=The Question of West Germany|page=12–13|city=[[New York City]]|publisher=[[New Outlook Publishers]]}}</ref> | |||
=== Russo-Ukrainian conflict === | === Russo-Ukrainian conflict === | ||
Due to the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict]], Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] announced he would more than double Germany's military budget, putting it on track to become the third largest military in the world.<ref>{{News citation|author=Rob Schmitz|newspaper=NPR|title=Germany is building what's expected to become Europe's largest military|date=2022-03-17|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087137501/germany-is-building-whats-expected-to-become-europe-s-largest-military?t=1647958115615|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324053152/https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087137501/germany-is-building-whats-expected-to-become-europe-s-largest-military|archive-date=2022-03-24|retrieved=2022-05-08}}</ref> | |||
Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] announced he would more than double Germany's military budget, putting it on track to become the third largest military in the world.<ref>{{News citation|author=Rob Schmitz|newspaper=NPR|title=Germany is building what's expected to become Europe's largest military|date=2022-03-17|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087137501/germany-is-building-whats-expected-to-become-europe-s-largest-military?t=1647958115615|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324053152/https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087137501/germany-is-building-whats-expected-to-become-europe-s-largest-military|archive-date=2022-03-24|retrieved=2022-05-08 | |||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
The vast amount of [[Social democracy|social programs]] in Germany are largely sustained off economic exploitation of less developed parts of [[Europe]], with German finance capital having a large amount of influence over the | The vast amount of [[Social democracy|social programs]] in Germany are largely sustained off economic exploitation of less developed parts of [[Europe]], with German finance capital having a large amount of influence over the european banking system, the [[eurozone]], and the euro. Furthermore, the German economy, along with the other highly developed economies of western europe, are able to benefit greatly as a result of human capital flight from other areas in Europe, particularly the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] and Balkans,<ref>{{News citation|author=Satyajit Das|newspaper=MarketWatch|title=Germany and France can’t afford euro-zone bailout|date=2012-6-7|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/germany-and-france-cant-afford-euro-zone-bailout-2012-06-07?link=MW_story_investinginsight|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|author=Fred Goldstein|newspaper=Workers World|title=German imperialism and the Greek debt crisis|date=2015-3-15|url=https://www.workers.org/2015/03/18697/|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=OECD|title=HIGH-LEVEL CONFERENCE ON SOUTH EAST EUROPE | ||
HUMAN CAPITAL FLIGHT - SHAPING THE FUTURE TOGETHER|date=2022-5-17|url=https://www.oecd.org/south-east-europe/programme/up-coming.htm|retrieved=2022-7-2|quote=Emigration from the Western Balkan Six (WB6) region has been significant for decades, generating a large diaspora. In 2020, more than one in five citizens born in the region lived abroad, predominantly in a handful of OECD countries. This trend is set to continue as more than one third of WB6 citizens surveyed in 2021 consider emigrating. While sustained high emigration levels, especially of young talents}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The Global Economy|title=Human flight and brain drain in Europe|date=2021|url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/human_flight_brain_drain_index/Europe/|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref> which is one of the primary goals of the European Union, that being the unfettered transportation of capital.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The EU single market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm|archive-date=2007-9-1}}</ref> | HUMAN CAPITAL FLIGHT - SHAPING THE FUTURE TOGETHER|date=2022-5-17|url=https://www.oecd.org/south-east-europe/programme/up-coming.htm|retrieved=2022-7-2|quote=Emigration from the Western Balkan Six (WB6) region has been significant for decades, generating a large diaspora. In 2020, more than one in five citizens born in the region lived abroad, predominantly in a handful of OECD countries. This trend is set to continue as more than one third of WB6 citizens surveyed in 2021 consider emigrating. While sustained high emigration levels, especially of young talents}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The Global Economy|title=Human flight and brain drain in Europe|date=2021|url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/human_flight_brain_drain_index/Europe/|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref> which is one of the primary goals of the [[European Union]], that being the unfettered transportation of capital.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The EU single market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm|archive-date=2007-9-1}}</ref> | ||
==Politics== | ==Politics== | ||
[[File:Germany election map.png|thumb|2019 German election: [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] (gray), [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] (green), [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] (red), and [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] (blue)]] | [[File:Germany election map.png|thumb|2019 German election: [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] (gray), [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] (green), [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] (red), and [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] (blue)]] | ||
Unlike the later formed [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|DDR]], the constitution was passed without ratification of citizens and a thorough denazification policy was not implemented. | |||
The [[Far-right politics|far-right]] Alternative for Germany received 11% of the vote in the 2019 German elections. Since 2015, it has become openly [[Racism|racist]] and [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] and many of its leaders promote Nazi concepts. The AfD also denies [[climate change]].<ref>{{Web citation|date=2019-07-22|title=Dissecting Identity & Democracy: the EU’s new far-right super group|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921200918/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|archive-date=2020-09-21|retrieved=2022-11-23|author=Ellen Rivera, Marsha P. Davis}}</ref> | |||
The | |||
==Infrastructure== | ==Infrastructure== | ||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
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===Notes=== | ===Notes=== | ||
<references group= | <references group=lower-alpha /> | ||
[[Category:Countries]] | |||
[[Category:Imperialist countries]] | [[Category:Imperialist countries]] | ||
[[Category:Global north]] | [[Category:Global north]] | ||
[[Category:Outline needs additional content]] | [[Category:Outline needs additional content]] | ||