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{{Infobox country|name=Hawaii|native_name=Hawaiʻi|largest_city=[[Honolulu]] | {{Infobox country|name=Hawaii|native_name=Hawaiʻi|image_flag=Hawaiian flag.png|largest_city=[[Honolulu]]|capital=[[Honolulu]]|image_map=Location of Hawaii in Pacific Ocean.png|image_map_size=150|official_languages=English, Hawaiian|established_event1=Unification of Hawaii|established_date1=April 1810|established_event2=Monarchy overthrown|established_date2=January 17, 1893|established_event3=U.S. annexation|established_date3=July 4, 1898|established_event4=Statehood|established_date4=August 21, 1959|area_km2=10,931|population_census=1,455,271|population_census_year=2020}} | ||
'''Hawaii''' (''Hawaiʻi'') is | '''Hawaii''' (''Hawaiʻi'') is a [[United States of America|US]] state in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Although considered to be a state under U.S. law, this designation is challenged by the assertion that Hawaii is an illegally occupied nation whose people did not consent to its seizure and ongoing military occupation by the United States. | ||
Previously an internationally recognized sovereign indigenous monarchy, Hawaii was [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom|conquered by the US empire in 1893]] in order to satisfy the economic and military interests of the US ruling class. The Hawaiian islands provide a strategic location for the U.S. military's presence in the Pacific, with 11 military bases on the island of | Previously an internationally recognized sovereign indigenous monarchy, Hawaii was [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom|conquered by the US empire in 1893]] in order to satisfy the economic and military interests of the US ruling class. The Hawaiian islands provide a strategic location for the U.S. military's presence in the Pacific, with 11 military bases on the island of O'ahu alone, including [[Pearl Harbor]], headquarters of the [[U.S. Pacific Command]].<ref>Lowkey. [https://www.mintpressnews.com/red-hill-disaster-two-hawaiian-activists-discuss-latest-episode-two-centuries-colonialism/279403/ “The Red Hill Disaster: Two Hawaiian Activists Discuss the Latest Episode in Two Centuries of Colonialism.”] MintPress News. January 11, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220823112844/https://www.mintpressnews.com/red-hill-disaster-two-hawaiian-activists-discuss-latest-episode-two-centuries-colonialism/279403/ Archived] 2022-08-23. | ||
</ref> Hawaii was incorporated as a U.S. state in 1959, making it the most recent state to be incorporated into the U.S. | </ref> Hawaii was incorporated as a U.S. state in 1959, making it the most recent state to be incorporated into the U.S. | ||
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The scars of [[colonialism]] and anti-indigenous oppression remain to this day. In 2021, [[Empire Files]] reported that indigenous Hawaiians are fighting against the US Navy for polluting the island's water.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2021-12-30|title=Native Hawaiians Fight US Navy for Polluting Island’s Water|url=|newspaper=[[Empire Files]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref> | The scars of [[colonialism]] and anti-indigenous oppression remain to this day. In 2021, [[Empire Files]] reported that indigenous Hawaiians are fighting against the US Navy for polluting the island's water.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2021-12-30|title=Native Hawaiians Fight US Navy for Polluting Island’s Water|url=|newspaper=[[Empire Files]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref> | ||
The tourist economy of Hawaii leads to high real estate prices and a major housing crisis for | The tourist economy of Hawaii leads to high real estate prices and a major housing crisis for working class Hawaiian families as available land is bought up and dominated by use for the tourist industry.<ref name=":0" /> Hawaii has one of the highest rates of homelessness of the 50 U.S. states.<ref>[https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2020-AHAR-Part-1.pdf "The 2020 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress."] The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. HUD Exchange. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2020-AHAR-Part-1.pdf Archived] 2022-08-23.</ref> According to the 2020 O'ahu Point-in-Time Count, over half of all homeless individuals in O'ahu identified as [[Native Hawaiian]] or [[Pacific Islander]].<ref>[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5db76f1aadbeba4fb77280f1/t/5efa984a8ae4f774863509e8/1593481306526/PIC+2020+PIT+Count+Report+Final.pdf "2020 O'ahu Point-In-Time Count: Comprehensive Report"]. Partners in Care. O'ahu's Continuum of Care. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5db76f1aadbeba4fb77280f1/t/5efa984a8ae4f774863509e8/1593481306526/PIC+2020+PIT+Count+Report+Final.pdf Archived] 2022-08-23.</ref> Partners in Care, an O'ahu-based coalition dedicated to ending homelessness, estimates that Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are overrepresented by 210% in Oahu’s homeless population.<ref>Williamson Chang, Abbey Seitz. [https://www.civilbeat.org/2021/01/its-time-to-acknowledge-native-hawaiians-special-right-to-housing/ "It’s Time to Acknowledge Native Hawaiians' Special Right To Housing."] January 8, 2021. Honolulu Civil Beat. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220630160918/https://www.civilbeat.org/2021/01/its-time-to-acknowledge-native-hawaiians-special-right-to-housing/ Archived] 2022-08-13.</ref> | ||
According to a 2010 report by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Native Hawaiians serve more time in prison and more time on probation than other racial or ethnic groups in the state. Native Hawaiians are also more likely to have their parole revoked and be returned to prison compared to other racial or ethnic groups. Additionally, Hawaii has the largest proportion of its population of women in prison compared to any other state, with Native Hawaiian women comprising a disproportionate number of women in the prison. Forty-four percent of the women incarcerated under the jurisdiction of the state of Hawaii are Native Hawaiian. Comparatively, 19.8 percent of the general population of women in Hawaii identify as Native Hawaiian or part Native Hawaiian. The report further states that incarcerated parents who lose their children may never get them back, and for many women in Hawaii prisons, this is a common occurrence. According to the report, Hawaii's prison institutions make the Hawaiian Native population "even more vulnerable than ever to the loss of land, culture, and community."<ref name=":1">{{Citation|year=2010|title=The Disparate Treatment of Native Hawaiians in the Criminal Justice System|pdf=https://caphawaii.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/disparate-treatment-of-native-hawaiians-in-cj.pdf|publisher=Office of Hawaiian Affairs}}</ref> | According to a 2010 report by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Native Hawaiians serve more time in prison and more time on probation than other racial or ethnic groups in the state. Native Hawaiians are also more likely to have their parole revoked and be returned to prison compared to other racial or ethnic groups. Additionally, Hawaii has the largest proportion of its population of women in prison compared to any other state, with Native Hawaiian women comprising a disproportionate number of women in the prison. Forty-four percent of the women incarcerated under the jurisdiction of the state of Hawaii are Native Hawaiian. Comparatively, 19.8 percent of the general population of women in Hawaii identify as Native Hawaiian or part Native Hawaiian. The report further states that incarcerated parents who lose their children may never get them back, and for many women in Hawaii prisons, this is a common occurrence. According to the report, Hawaii's prison institutions make the Hawaiian Native population "even more vulnerable than ever to the loss of land, culture, and community."<ref name=":1">{{Citation|year=2010|title=The Disparate Treatment of Native Hawaiians in the Criminal Justice System|pdf=https://caphawaii.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/disparate-treatment-of-native-hawaiians-in-cj.pdf|publisher=Office of Hawaiian Affairs}}</ref> | ||
The [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] is a grassroots political and cultural campaign to re-establish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom of Hawaii due to desire for sovereignty, self-determination, and self-governance. Some groups also advocate for some form of redress from the United States for the 1893 overthrow of Queen | The [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] is a grassroots political and cultural campaign to re-establish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom of Hawaii due to desire for sovereignty, self-determination, and self-governance. Some groups also advocate for some form of redress from the United States for the 1893 overthrow of Queen Lili'uokalani, and for the prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation. | ||
== Geography == | == Geography == | ||
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=== Early contact with colonizers === | === Early contact with colonizers === | ||
1778 marked the arrival of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] captain [[James Cook]], the first colonizer to try to explore and exploit Hawaiʻi. The Hawaiians defended the islands against Cook, ultimately killing him for his aggression against their nation. A 2017 [[Liberation School]] article notes that the British invasion "set in motion the arrival of an onslaught of missionaries and marauders who began to stake their claim to the Pacific island" and says that their aim was "to uproot the native economic and cultural system and replace it with a different social design based on a foreign religion and the supremacy of [[private property]] above all else" and well as "an interest in laying claim to Hawaiʻi’s vast wealth." The article goes on to point out that many of the chief | 1778 marked the arrival of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] captain [[James Cook]], the first colonizer to try to explore and exploit Hawaiʻi. The Hawaiians defended the islands against Cook, ultimately killing him for his aggression against their nation. A 2017 [[Liberation School]] article notes that the British invasion "set in motion the arrival of an onslaught of missionaries and marauders who began to stake their claim to the Pacific island" and says that their aim was "to uproot the native economic and cultural system and replace it with a different social design based on a foreign religion and the supremacy of [[private property]] above all else" and well as "an interest in laying claim to Hawaiʻi’s vast wealth." The article goes on to point out that many of the chief capitalists who formed the initial colonial ruling class arrived as missionaries or were the sons of missionaries.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
=== Hawaiian Kingdom === | === Hawaiian Kingdom === | ||
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Hawaii's independence was recognized by the United States in 1842 and by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)|Britain]] and [[Kingdom of France (1814–1848)|France]] in 1843. | Hawaii's independence was recognized by the United States in 1842 and by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)|Britain]] and [[Kingdom of France (1814–1848)|France]] in 1843. | ||
In 1874, King [[Lunalilo]] died without naming an heir | In 1874, King [[Lunalilo]] died without naming an heir and the Hawaiian legislature elected [[Kalākaua]] as constitutional monarch.<ref name=":4" /> The United States signed a treaty with the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1875, which gave them access to Pearl Harbor.<ref name=":5">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[The Red Nation]]|title=RIMPAC and the Military Occupation of Hawai‘i|date=2016-08-16|url=http://therednation.org/rimpac-and-the-military-occupation-of-hawaii/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629171607/http://therednation.org/rimpac-and-the-military-occupation-of-hawaii/|archive-date=2022-06-29|retrieved=2022-08-30}}</ref> | ||
In 1887, a pro-U.S. militia called the [[Honolulu Rifles]] threatened King Kalākaua and forced him to sign a new constitution without approval of the legislature. The [[Bayonet Constitution]] removed power from the king and made it so only the legislature could change or repeal laws. | In 1887, a pro-U.S. militia called the [[Honolulu Rifles]] threatened King Kalākaua and forced him to sign a new constitution without approval of the legislature. The [[Bayonet Constitution]] removed power from the king and made it so only the legislature could change or repeal laws. | ||
King Kalākaua died in 1891 while visiting the United States and Queen [[Liliʻuokalani]] succeeded him.<ref name=":4">{{News citation|newspaper=The Hawaiian Kingdom|title=Political History|url=https://hawaiiankingdom.org/political-history.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029034316/https://hawaiiankingdom.org/political-history.shtml|archive-date=2021-10-29}}</ref> Liluʻuokalani tried to pass a constitution preventing | King Kalākaua died in 1891 while visiting the United States and Queen [[Liliʻuokalani]] succeeded him.<ref name=":4">{{News citation|newspaper=The Hawaiian Kingdom|title=Political History|url=https://hawaiiankingdom.org/political-history.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029034316/https://hawaiiankingdom.org/political-history.shtml|archive-date=2021-10-29}}</ref> Liluʻuokalani tried to pass a constitution preventing settlers from voting but was overthrown in 1893. The U.S. military surrounded the palace and forced her to hand control of the islands to the Committee of Safety.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Danny Shaw|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=The struggle for self-determination in Hawaiʻi|date=2017-07-17|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/the-struggle-for-self-determination-in-hawaii/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208174657/https://www.liberationschool.org/the-struggle-for-self-determination-in-hawaii/|archive-date=2021-12-08|retrieved=2022-06-20}}</ref> | ||
=== | === U.S. occupation === | ||
The United States established a puppet state after the 1893 coup conducted by resident American and European capitalists and landholders led by [[Sanford Dole]], who was the head of a committee acting on the behalf of the interests of the sugar industry.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sanford-Ballard-Dole “Sanford Ballard Dole | President of the Republic of Hawaii | Britannica.”] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> The coup occurred with the foreknowledge of John L. Stevens, the U.S. minister to Hawaii, and 300 U.S. Marines from the U.S. cruiser Boston were called to Hawaii, allegedly to protect Statesian lives. On February 1, Minister John Stevens recognized Dole’s new government on his own authority and proclaimed Hawaii a U.S. protectorate. Dole submitted a treaty of annexation to the U.S. Senate, but most [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] opposed it, especially after it was revealed that most Hawaiians did not want annexation.<ref name=":2">[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/americans-overthrow-hawaiian-monarchy “Americans Overthrow Hawaiian Monarchy.”] History.com. February 9, 2010. </ref> In 1895, Robert Wilcox attempted a rebellion to restore the monarchy and Hawaiian sovereignty.<ref name=":5" /> | |||
In 1896, the Hawaiian language was banned. In 1897, 90 percent of Hawaiian nationals had signed what became known as the Kū’e Petitions opposing and effectively stopping legal annexation through a treaty between the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and the U.S. In 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out, and the strategic use of the naval base at Pearl Harbor during the war convinced Congress to approve formal annexation. Despite mass opposition and local resistance, Hawaii was officially annexed by the United States in July 1898.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Imani Altemus-Williams. 2015. [https://intercontinentalcry.org/towards-hawaiian-independence/ “Towards Hawaiian Independence | Intercontinental Cry.”] Intercontinentalcry.org. December 7, 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://intercontinentalcry.org/towards-hawaiian-independence/ Archived] 2022-08-24.</ref> | |||
Hawaiʻi remained designated as a U.S. territory for another 60 years, and on Aug. 21, 1959 Hawaiʻi was pronounced the 50th state of the United States of America.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
Hawaiʻi remained designated as a U.S. territory for another 60 years, and on | |||
In 1993, President | In 1993, President Bill Clinton issued an apology to the Native Hawaiian people in the form of a joint resolution passed in Congress called the Apology Resolution, and advocated for reconciliation efforts between Native Hawaiians and the U.S. government. He admitted to the fact that Hawaiians did not relinquish their inherent sovereignty or national lands, but stopped shy of admitting guilt in the violation of international law and circumvention of the rights of citizens of the Hawaiian Kingdom.<ref name=":3" /> | ||
According to an article from Intercontinental Cry, "Despite an abundance of prime agricultural land, Hawai’i has become almost exclusively reliant on the United States for its food."<ref name=":3" /> Prior to occupation, Hawaii had an extensive and diversified agricultural system. That sustainable framework was supplanted by an agricultural system based around large scale production of sugar and pineapple for export. The last time Hawaii produced at least half of its own food was in the 1960s, just after its incorporation as a U.S. state.<ref>Terrell, Jessica. [https://www.civilbeat.org/2021/01/hawaiis-food-system-is-broken-now-is-the-time-to-fix-it/ “Hawaii’s Food System Is Broken. Now Is the Time to Fix It.”] Honolulu Civil Beat. January 27, 2021.</ref> | According to an article from Intercontinental Cry, "Despite an abundance of prime agricultural land, Hawai’i has become almost exclusively reliant on the United States for its food."<ref name=":3" /> Prior to occupation, Hawaii had an extensive and diversified agricultural system. That sustainable framework was supplanted by an agricultural system based around large scale production of sugar and pineapple for export. The last time Hawaii produced at least half of its own food was in the 1960s, just after its incorporation as a U.S. state.<ref>Terrell, Jessica. [https://www.civilbeat.org/2021/01/hawaiis-food-system-is-broken-now-is-the-time-to-fix-it/ “Hawaii’s Food System Is Broken. Now Is the Time to Fix It.”] Honolulu Civil Beat. January 27, 2021.</ref> | ||
== Hawaiian genocide == | == Hawaiian genocide == | ||
From the beginning of European contact in 1778 to shortly after its annexation in 1898, the native Hawaiian population decreased by 90% due to colonization and disease.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Stephanie Launiu|date=2021-09-07|title=11 Things You May Not Know About Hawai'i and Native Hawaiians|url=https://wanderwisdom.com/travel-destinations/Hawaii-and-Native-Hawaiians-What-You-May-Not-Know|newspaper=Wander Wisdom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013221408/https://wanderwisdom.com/travel-destinations/Hawaii-and-Native-Hawaiians-What-You-May-Not-Know|archive-date=2021-10-13|retrieved=2022-01-16}}</ref> After the | From the beginning of European contact in 1778 to shortly after its annexation in 1898, the native Hawaiian population decreased by 90% due to colonization and disease.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Stephanie Launiu|date=2021-09-07|title=11 Things You May Not Know About Hawai'i and Native Hawaiians|url=https://wanderwisdom.com/travel-destinations/Hawaii-and-Native-Hawaiians-What-You-May-Not-Know|newspaper=Wander Wisdom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013221408/https://wanderwisdom.com/travel-destinations/Hawaii-and-Native-Hawaiians-What-You-May-Not-Know|archive-date=2021-10-13|retrieved=2022-01-16}}</ref> After the U.S.-backed coup of Hawaii, the Hawaiian language was banned and children who spoke it were beaten.<ref>{{Citation|author=United States Native Hawaiians Study Commission|year=1983|title=Native Hawaiians Study Commission : report on the culture, needs, and concerns of native Hawaiians.|city=Washington, D.C.|publisher=United States Department of the Interior|title-url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/native-hawaiians-study-commission-report-on-the-culture-needs-and-concerns-of-native-hawaiians/oclc/10865978}}</ref> Hawaiian is now considered a severely endangered language.<ref>{{News citation|title=Hawaiian|url=https://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/125|newspaper=Endangered Languages Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211121532/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/125/revitalization|archive-date=2021-12-28|retrieved=2022-01-16}}</ref> | ||
== Military == | == Military == | ||
[[Naval Station Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] was handed over to the United States in 1887 and became a navy base. A quarter of Hawaiian land is now occupied by the U.S. military and there are 50,000 troops spread across the islands. 60 million rounds of ammunition are used on the islands every year by the U.S. military. Hawaiians protested against the military when they used Kahoʻolawe island for bombing runs.<ref name=":0" /> The U.S. military has 19 bases in Hawaii and spends over $8 billion every year.<ref name=":5" /> | [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] was handed over to the United States in 1887 and became a navy base. A quarter of Hawaiian land is now occupied by the U.S. military and there are 50,000 troops spread across the islands. 60 million rounds of ammunition are used on the islands every year by the U.S. military. Hawaiians protested against the military when they used Kahoʻolawe island for bombing runs.<ref name=":0" /> The U.S. military has 19 bases in Hawaii and spends over $8 billion every year.<ref name=":5" /> | ||
=== Pollution of O‘ahu water supply by U.S. Navy === | === Pollution of O‘ahu water supply by U.S. Navy === | ||
Since 1943, the U.S. Navy has stored upwards of 200 million gallons of fuel only about 100 feet above an underground aquifer on the island of Oahu, including at the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility. In 2021, the Hawaii Department of Health announced that the Navy found gasoline and diesel-range hydrocarbons in the Red Hill shaft. The levels detected were up to 350 times what the State considers safe for drinking water, and that around 93,000 people had been affected. According to an article by Breakthrough News, the Navy claimed that the site of the polluting oil wells was critical for the "mission readiness" of the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command with what the US military has considered to be "increasing aggression" from Russia and China.<ref>[https://breakthroughnews.org/hawaiians-demand-justice-after-pollution-of-water-source-from-navy-facility/ "Hawaiians Demand Justice after Pollution of Water Source from Navy Facility."] Breakthrough News. 2021. Breakthroughnews.org. 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://breakthroughnews.org/hawaiians-demand-justice-after-pollution-of-water-source-from-navy-facility/ Archived] 2022-08-23.</ref> A 2022 article by the Honolulu Civil Beat states that the commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet said Oahu residents had been right to believe Red Hill was unsafe, and that the results of two U.S. Pacific Fleet investigations into the disaster reveal that a leak on May 6 was much worse than initially reported – some 20,000 gallons escaped instead of the initially reported 1,000 – and that the failure to properly investigate that leak was a major factor in another one happening on Nov. 20. The second spill injected as many as 3,322 gallons of fuel into the drinking water, adding that the findings "back up community members’ longstanding concerns that Red Hill is fundamentally unsafe, a contention that the Navy denied for years – until now."<ref>Jedra, Christina. 2022. [https://www.civilbeat.org/2022/06/red-hill-investigations-the-navy-failed-to-prevent-and-respond-to-fuel-contamination/ “Red Hill Investigations: The Navy Failed to Prevent and Respond to Fuel Contamination.”] Honolulu Civil Beat. Honolulu Civil Beat. July 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://www.civilbeat.org/2022/06/red-hill-investigations-the-navy-failed-to-prevent-and-respond-to-fuel-contamination/ Archived] 2022-08-23.</ref> The US department of defense eventually announced plans for the permanent shut down the Red Hill fueling facility in 2022. Groups like | Since 1943, the U.S. Navy has stored upwards of 200 million gallons of fuel only about 100 feet above an underground aquifer on the island of Oahu, including at the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility. In 2021, the Hawaii Department of Health announced that the Navy found gasoline and diesel-range hydrocarbons in the Red Hill shaft. The levels detected were up to 350 times what the State considers safe for drinking water, and that around 93,000 people had been affected. According to an article by Breakthrough News, the Navy claimed that the site of the polluting oil wells was critical for the "mission readiness" of the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command with what the US military has considered to be "increasing aggression" from Russia and China.<ref>[https://breakthroughnews.org/hawaiians-demand-justice-after-pollution-of-water-source-from-navy-facility/ "Hawaiians Demand Justice after Pollution of Water Source from Navy Facility."] Breakthrough News. 2021. Breakthroughnews.org. 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://breakthroughnews.org/hawaiians-demand-justice-after-pollution-of-water-source-from-navy-facility/ Archived] 2022-08-23.</ref> A 2022 article by the Honolulu Civil Beat states that the commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet said Oahu residents had been right to believe Red Hill was unsafe, and that the results of two U.S. Pacific Fleet investigations into the disaster reveal that a leak on May 6 was much worse than initially reported – some 20,000 gallons escaped instead of the initially reported 1,000 – and that the failure to properly investigate that leak was a major factor in another one happening on Nov. 20. The second spill injected as many as 3,322 gallons of fuel into the drinking water, adding that the findings "back up community members’ longstanding concerns that Red Hill is fundamentally unsafe, a contention that the Navy denied for years – until now."<ref>Jedra, Christina. 2022. [https://www.civilbeat.org/2022/06/red-hill-investigations-the-navy-failed-to-prevent-and-respond-to-fuel-contamination/ “Red Hill Investigations: The Navy Failed to Prevent and Respond to Fuel Contamination.”] Honolulu Civil Beat. Honolulu Civil Beat. July 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://www.civilbeat.org/2022/06/red-hill-investigations-the-navy-failed-to-prevent-and-respond-to-fuel-contamination/ Archived] 2022-08-23.</ref> The US department of defense eventually announced plans for the permanent shut down the Red Hill fueling facility in 2022. Groups like O'ahu Water Protectors, Sierra Club, Hawai’i Peace and Justice, Ka’ohewai and Ka Lāhui Hawaii Political Action Committee had been organizing for years against the hazardous tanks. The military has said that it is going to move to a fueling system in the Indo-Pacific, seeking contracts with other countries, while the defense department proposed a decentralized fueling arrangement for US military bases.<ref>Peoples Dispatch. 2022. [https://peoplesdispatch.org/2022/03/09/hawaiian-activists-celebrate-closure-announcement-of-navys-fuel-facility/ “Hawaiian Activists Celebrate Closure Announcement of Navy’s Fuel Facility : Peoples Dispatch.”] Peoples Dispatch. March 9, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://peoplesdispatch.org/2022/03/09/hawaiian-activists-celebrate-closure-announcement-of-navys-fuel-facility/ Archived] 2022-08-23.</ref> | ||
== Incarceration == | == Incarceration == | ||
[[File:Native Hawaiian Incarceration Demographics.png|thumb|Although 24 percent of the general population in | [[File:Native Hawaiian Incarceration Demographics.png|thumb|Although 24 percent of the general population in Hawai'i is Native Hawaiian, 39 percent of the people under the custody of the Hawai'i Department of Public Safety are Native Hawaiian.<ref name=":1" />]] | ||
According to a 2010 report by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Hawaii's prison institutions make the Hawaiian Native population "even more vulnerable than ever to the loss of land, culture, and community" and that, in Hawaii, "Native Hawaiians are much more likely to get a prison sentence than almost all other groups, except for Native Americans" and notes that Native Hawaiians receive longer prison sentences than most other racial or ethnic groups, Native Hawaiians make up the highest percentage of people incarcerated in out-of-state facilities, and Native Hawaiian men and women are both disproportionately represented in Hawaii’s criminal justice system, but that the disparity is greater for women. In Hawaii, women make up a larger proportion (13 percent) of the prison system than any other state in the U.S. Incarcerated parents who lose their children may never get them back and for many women in Hawaii prisons, this is a common occurrence. Hawaii state law allows family courts to terminate parental rights when a child has been removed from a parent. In addition, persons with a criminal history are barred from becoming foster or adoptive parents, and simply living with, or being married to, a person convicted of a crime limits the individual family rights. Given that Native Hawaiians make up the largest percentage of the state prison population, the impact on families is widespread and affects many generations. Native Hawaiian youth were the most frequently arrested in all offense categories.<ref name=":1" /> | According to a 2010 report by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Hawaii's prison institutions make the Hawaiian Native population "even more vulnerable than ever to the loss of land, culture, and community" and that, in Hawaii, "Native Hawaiians are much more likely to get a prison sentence than almost all other groups, except for Native Americans" and notes that Native Hawaiians receive longer prison sentences than most other racial or ethnic groups, Native Hawaiians make up the highest percentage of people incarcerated in out-of-state facilities, and Native Hawaiian men and women are both disproportionately represented in Hawaii’s criminal justice system, but that the disparity is greater for women. In Hawaii, women make up a larger proportion (13 percent) of the prison system than any other state in the U.S. Incarcerated parents who lose their children may never get them back and for many women in Hawaii prisons, this is a common occurrence. Hawaii state law allows family courts to terminate parental rights when a child has been removed from a parent. In addition, persons with a criminal history are barred from becoming foster or adoptive parents, and simply living with, or being married to, a person convicted of a crime limits the individual family rights. Given that Native Hawaiians make up the largest percentage of the state prison population, the impact on families is widespread and affects many generations. Native Hawaiian youth were the most frequently arrested in all offense categories.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
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[[Category:Colonial outposts]] | [[Category:Colonial outposts]] | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Stubs]] | |||
[[Category:USA states]] | [[Category:USA states]] | ||