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==== End of the Self-strenghtening movement and First Sino-Japanese war ==== | ==== End of the Self-strenghtening movement and First Sino-Japanese war ==== | ||
The insufficiency of the movement began to be demonstrated in the mid-1880s when China was defeated in a war against [[France]]. [[Third Republic of France|France]], at the time, was in the process of colonizing what was then called [[Indochina]] (now [[Southeast Asia]]), including [[Vietnam]]. At the time, Vietnam was a tributary state of China and they appealed to the Qing to defend them against the French. China sent some of their modernized navy down to the gulf of Tonkin, but were defeated there in a further humiliation and setback. | The insufficiency of the movement began to be demonstrated in the mid-1880s when China was defeated in a war against [[France]]. [[Third Republic of France|France]], at the time, was in the process of colonizing what was then called [[Indochina]] (now [[Southeast Asia]]), including [[Vietnam]]. At the time, Vietnam was a tributary state of China and they appealed to the Qing to defend them against the French. China sent some of their modernized navy down to the gulf of Tonkin, but were defeated there in a further humiliation and setback. | ||
Ten years later, the failures of the self-strenghtening movement were most clearly revealed in a war between China and Japan. When Japan had been forcibly opened by the United States in the 1850s, they had decided to embark upon a campaign of modernization through the [[Meiji restoration|Meiji Restoration]]. By the end of the 19th century, Japan had gone a long way to achieving this goal. In the war of 1894-1895, which was fought mostly in [[Korea]] (attempting to establish control over the peninsula), China was dealt one defeat after another both on land and at sea. For China, it was further humiliating to be defeated by Japan as they were a long-time neighbor, seen as the "little brothers" for most of Chinese history.<ref name=":030" /> | Ten years later, the failures of the self-strenghtening movement were most clearly revealed in a war between China and Japan. When Japan had been forcibly opened by the United States in the 1850s, they had decided to embark upon a campaign of modernization through the [[Meiji restoration|Meiji Restoration]]. By the end of the 19th century, Japan had gone a long way to achieving this goal. In the war of 1894-1895, which was fought mostly in [[Korea]] (attempting to establish control over the peninsula), China was dealt one defeat after another both on land and at sea. For China, it was further humiliating to be defeated by Japan as they were a long-time neighbor, seen as the "little brothers" for most of Chinese history.<ref name=":030" /> | ||