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{{Infobox country|name=Holy Roman Empire|native_name=Heiliges Römisches Reich<br>Sacrum Imperium Romanum|image_flag=Flag of the Holy Roman Empire.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire.svg|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|government_type=Monarchy|life_span=800/962–1806|image_map=Holy Roman Empire (1789).svg|map_width=260|map_caption=The empire in 1789|common_languages=German<br>Latin|population_estimate=29,000,000|population_estimate_year=1800}} | {{Infobox country|name=Holy Roman Empire|native_name=Heiliges Römisches Reich<br>Sacrum Imperium Romanum|image_flag=Flag of the Holy Roman Empire.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire.svg|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|government_type=Monarchy|life_span=800/962–1806|image_map=Holy Roman Empire (1789).svg|map_width=260|map_caption=The empire in 1789|common_languages=German<br>Latin|population_estimate=29,000,000|population_estimate_year=1800}} | ||
The '''Holy Roman Empire''' (German: ''Heiliges Römisches Reich'') was a political entity in | The '''Holy Roman Empire''' (German: ''Heiliges Römisches Reich'') was a political entity in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods. Its power base was in [[Republic of Austria|Austria]], but it extended across what is now [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]], [[Czech Republic|Czechia]], [[Hungary]], and northern [[Italian Republic|Italy]]. It was deeply divided and had internal conflicts between the Emperor and local princes.<ref name=":022222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Wave of Bourgeois Revolutions|page=94–103|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
The Czech population revolted in 1415 after the execution of the radical preacher [[Jan Hus]]. The rebellion included egalitarian Taborites who called for the elimination of [[exploitation]] and destruction of the feudal ruling class. | The Czech population revolted in 1415 after the execution of the radical preacher [[Jan Hus]]. The rebellion included egalitarian Taborites who called for the elimination of [[exploitation]] and destruction of the feudal ruling class. | ||
Under the rule of the Hapsburg dynasty, the Holy Roman Empire fought with [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spain]] against [[Kingdom of France (987–1792)|France]] from 1494 and 1559 in northern Italy.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=European Feudalism|page=88|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | Under the rule of the Hapsburg dynasty, the Holy Roman Empire fought with [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spain]] against [[Kingdom of France (987–1792)|France]] from 1494 and 1559 in northern Italy.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=European Feudalism|page=88|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
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=== Thirty Years' War === | === Thirty Years' War === | ||
In the early 17th century, Spain launched a feudal [[counterrevolution]] against the Reformation. Anti- | In the early 17th century, Spain launched a feudal [[counterrevolution]] against the Reformation. Anti-Catholic nobles in Bohemia threw three imperial officials out of a window in Prague in 1618 and then refused to recognize the new Catholic emperor [[Ferdinand Hapsburg II|Ferdinand]], granting the crown of Bohemia to a German Protestant prince named [[Frederick V of Palatine|Frederick of Palatine]]. Catholic forces defeated Frederick in 1620 and restored the Catholic imperial government. The [[Republic of the Seven United Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Denmark–Norway (1524–1814)|Denmark]], [[Swedish Empire (1611–1721)|Sweden]], and France intervened against Spain, defeating the Hapsburgs in 1648. The population reduced the German population by half between 1618 and 1648 and drained Spain's resources, allowing France to surpass it in military power.<ref name=":022222" /> | ||
== Economy == | == Economy == | ||
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==== Burghers ==== | ==== Burghers ==== | ||
The urban middle class, the ancestors of modern [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] [[Liberalism|liberals]], controlled the [[Guild|guilds]] and wanted more legislative power. It criticized the urban aristocracy (patricians) for favorite elite families that had been rich for centuries.<ref name=":0" /> | The urban middle class, the ancestors of modern [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] [[Liberalism|liberals]], controlled the [[Guild|guilds]] and wanted more legislative power. It criticized the urban aristocracy (patricians) for favorite elite families that had been rich for centuries.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Medieval history]] | [[Category:Medieval history]] |