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=== Rashidun Caliphate === | === Rashidun Caliphate === | ||
Muhammad's first two successors, [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], directed their armies against the [[Empire of Iranians (224–651)|Persian]] and [[Byzantium|Byzantine]] empires, who had already been weakened by massive wars. Islam quickly spread, with Muslims conquering Damascus ([[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]]), Ctesiphon ([[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]]), Cairo, and Alexandria ([[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]]) by 642. Their use of camels allowed them to easily travel across deserts and ambush larger armies. Muslim rulers tolerated previous religions such as Christianity, Judaism, and [[Zoroastrianism]], although many of their followers converted. Muslim rule usually increased quality of life as taxes were lowered and [[Landlord|landlords]] fled.<ref name=":02" /> The second, third, and fourth caliphs (Umar, [[Uthman]], and [[Ali]]) were all murdered, and Mu'awiya took power in 661 following a civil war and founded the [[Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)|Umayyad Caliphate]].<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The Medieval World|page= | Muhammad's first two successors, [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], directed their armies against the [[Empire of Iranians (224–651)|Persian]] and [[Byzantium|Byzantine]] empires, who had already been weakened by massive wars. Islam quickly spread, with Muslims conquering Damascus ([[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]]), Ctesiphon ([[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]]), Cairo, and Alexandria ([[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]]) by 642. Their use of camels allowed them to easily travel across deserts and ambush larger armies. Muslim rulers tolerated previous religions such as Christianity, Judaism, and [[Zoroastrianism]], although many of their followers converted. Muslim rule usually increased quality of life as taxes were lowered and [[Landlord|landlords]] fled.<ref name=":02" /> The second, third, and fourth caliphs (Umar, [[Uthman]], and [[Ali]]) were all murdered, and Mu'awiya took power in 661 following a civil war and founded the [[Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)|Umayyad Caliphate]].<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The Medieval World|page=61|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
=== Umayyad Caliphate === | === Umayyad Caliphate === | ||
The Umayyads took power in 661 and held power for a century while developing strong literature, art, and [[agriculture]].<ref name=":022" /> They conquered Kabul in what is now [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] in 664. Their armies quickly crossed [[North Africa]] and invaded the Iberian Peninsula, which they fully controlled by 711.<ref name=":02" /> | The Umayyads took power in 661 and held power for a century while developing strong literature, art, and [[agriculture]].<ref name=":022" /> They conquered Kabul in what is now [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] in 664. Their armies quickly crossed [[North Africa]] and invaded the Iberian Peninsula, which they fully controlled by 711.<ref name=":02" /> | ||
== Divisions == | == Divisions == | ||