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{{Infobox politician|native_name=江泽民|birth_date=17 August 1926|birth_place=Yangzhou, Jiansu, [[Republic of China]]|death_date=30 November 2022|death_place=[[Shanghai]], [[China]]|death_cause=Leukemia and organ failure|nationality=Chinese|political_line=[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br>[[Mao Zedong Thought]]<br>[[Socialism with Chinese Characteristics]]<br>[[Three Represents]]|political_party=[[Communist Party of China]]|image=Jiang Zemin.png}} | {{Infobox politician|native_name=江泽民|birth_date=17 August 1926|birth_place=Yangzhou, Jiansu, [[Republic of China]]|death_date=30 November 2022|death_place=[[Shanghai]], [[China]]|death_cause=Leukemia and organ failure|nationality=Chinese|political_line=[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br>[[Mao Zedong Thought]]<br>[[Socialism with Chinese Characteristics]]<br>[[Three Represents]]|political_party=[[Communist Party of China]]|image=Jiang Zemin.png}} | ||
'''Jiang Zemin''' (17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese | '''Jiang Zemin''' (17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] politician who served as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|General Secretary of the]] [[Communist Party of China]] from 1989 to 2002, [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] from 1989 to 2004, and [[President of the People's Republic of China]] from 1993 to 2003. Jiang represented the "[[Leadership core|core]] of the [[Generations of Chinese leadership|third generation]]" of <abbr title="Communist Party of China">CPC</abbr> leaders since 1989.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[CGTN]]|title=Jiang Zemin passes away|date=2022-11-30|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-11-30/Jiang-Zemin-passes-away-1fnPb7HiO2Y/index.html|retrieved=2022-11-30}}</ref> [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|Korean]] leader [[Kim Jong-un]] said Jiang devoted all his life to the happiness of the Chinese people.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[CGTN]]|title=More world leaders mourn passing of former Chinese leader Jiang Zemin|date=2022-12-03|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-12-03/More-world-leaders-mourn-passing-of-former-Chinese-leader-Jiang-Zemin-1fslwiVS9A4/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203062230/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-12-03/More-world-leaders-mourn-passing-of-former-Chinese-leader-Jiang-Zemin-1fslwiVS9A4/index.html|archive-date=2022-12-03|retrieved=2022-12-03}}</ref> | ||
== Life == | == Life == | ||
=== Early life === | === Early life === | ||
Jiang was born on August 17, 1926 in Yangzhou in the [[Jiangsu]] province. His family were Chinese patriots and this viewpoint influenced him while growing up.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Xinhua|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Profile: Jiang Zemin's great, glorious life|date=2022-12-03|url=https://english.news.cn/20221203/b421d53c0baa446e96c76f01159a1d3d/c.html|retrieved=2023-07-18 | Jiang was born on August 17, 1926 in Yangzhou in the [[Jiangsu]] province. His family were Chinese patriots and this viewpoint influenced him while growing up.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Xinhua|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Profile: Jiang Zemin's great, glorious life|date=2022-12-03|url=https://english.news.cn/20221203/b421d53c0baa446e96c76f01159a1d3d/c.html|retrieved=2023-07-18}}</ref> | ||
He entered the Electrical Machinery Department at Central University in [[Nanjing|Nanjing.]]<ref name=":1" /> | He entered the Electrical Machinery Department at Central University in [[Nanjing|Nanjing.]]<ref name=":1" /> | ||
Jiang became a [[Marxism|Marxist]] during college due to his involvement in the anti-[[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japanese]] resistance movement.<ref name=":0 | Jiang became a [[Marxism|Marxist]] during college due to his involvement in the anti-[[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japanese]] resistance movement.<ref name=":0" /> This led him to join the Communist Party of China in 1946.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
He graduated from Jiao Tong University in Shanghai in 1947 and became employed in a food factory.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> | He graduated from Jiao Tong University in Shanghai in 1947 and became employed in a food factory.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> | ||
=== Post- | === Post-Revolution === | ||
In 1949, Jiang became the deputy director of Shanghai Yimin Food No. 1 Factory, the deputy director of Shanghai Soap Factory, and headed the electrical engineering department at Shanghai No. 2 Design Division of the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry.<ref name=":1" /> | In 1949, Jiang became the deputy director of Shanghai Yimin Food No. 1 Factory, the deputy director of Shanghai Soap Factory, and headed the electrical engineering department at Shanghai No. 2 Design Division of the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
In September 1954, he went to Changchun to work for the First Automotive Works. He left China in April 1955 to travel to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] for an internship for a year at the Stalin Automobile Works before returning to China in 1956. Upon returning he became the deputy chief engineer for dynamic mechanics, deputy chief of the dynamic mechanics division, and director of the power factory for First Automotive Works.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> | In September of 1954, he went to Changchun to work for the First Automotive Works. He left China in April of 1955 to travel to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] for an internship for a year at the Stalin Automobile Works before returning to China in 1956. Upon returning he became the deputy chief engineer for dynamic mechanics, deputy chief of the dynamic mechanics division, , and director of the power factory for First Automotive Works.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> | ||
In 1962 | In 1962 he was the director of the Shanghai Electrical Apparatus Research Institute. Then, in May of 1966 he became the director of the Wuhan Heat-Power Machinery Institute. In 1970, he joined the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
During the 1960s, he organized the design of nuclear power equipment. From 1971 to 1973, he was the head of an expert machine-building team in [[Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)|Romania]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Xinhua]]|title=Jiang Zemin passes away|date=2022-11-30|url=https://english.news.cn/20221130/4ec6705052f648ca8e4890025eb8c003/c.html|retrieved=2022-11-30}}</ref> | During the 1960s, he organized the design of nuclear power equipment. From 1971 to 1973, he was the head of an expert machine-building team in [[Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)|Romania]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Xinhua]]|title=Jiang Zemin passes away|date=2022-11-30|url=https://english.news.cn/20221130/4ec6705052f648ca8e4890025eb8c003/c.html|retrieved=2022-11-30}}</ref> | ||
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In 1982, he became the secretary and vice-minister of the Leading Party Members Group of the Ministry of Electronics Industry and then became the secretary and minister of the Leading Party Members Group one year later.<ref name=":1" /> | In 1982, he became the secretary and vice-minister of the Leading Party Members Group of the Ministry of Electronics Industry and then became the secretary and minister of the Leading Party Members Group one year later.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
During the 12th National Congress of the CPC, he was elected as a member of the CPC Central Committee in September of 1982. This led him to become mayor of [[Shanghai]] in 1985.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
He | He joined the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in November of 1987.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
=== | === Later Life === | ||
Before the 16th National Congress of the CPC, Jiang announced he would retire as General Secretary of the CPC and support the new leadership of [[Hu Jintao]]. Jiang remained Chairman of the CMC until 2004.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
===== | ==== Official appearances after retirement ==== | ||
==== Death ==== | |||
Jiang Zemin died on 30 November 2022. Following his death, the national flags at Tian'anmen, Zhongnanhai, the Great Hall of the People, and all Chinese embassies were flown at half mast until his funeral on 6 December.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Chang Sha, Liang Jun|newspaper=[[People's Daily]]|title=Announcement by Comrade Jiang Zemin's Funeral Committee (No. 1)|date=2022-11-30|url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2022/1201/c90000-10178425.html|retrieved=2022-11-30}}</ref> | |||
== Leadership == | == Leadership == | ||
=== Leadership === | |||
In 1985, Jiang became mayor of Shanghai and deputy secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the CPC. The first plenary session of the 13th [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] in 1987 elected him to the Politburo and made him secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Committee. With the support of the Central Committee, he defended socialism and defeated the [[1989 Tian'anmen Square riots|1989 counterrevolution attempt]].<ref name=":0" /> | |||
=== Paramount leader === | |||
The fifth plenary session of the 13th Central Committee elected Jiang as General Secretary, and he became Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] at the 7th [[National People's Congress]] in 1990.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
==== Return of Hong Kong and Macao ==== | |||
[[ | Jiang peacefully liberated [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] and [[Macao Special Administrative Region|Macao]] from European [[colonialism]] and reunified them with China.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
=== | ==== Crackdown on Falun Gong ==== | ||
Jiang | Jiang initiated a formal crackdown on the nationalist religious cult [[Falun Gong]]. The cult espoused fanatical counterrevolutionary beliefs, going so far as to advocate the destruction of the PRC, reactionary views on feminism and homosexuality, and is funded by the CIA, making it apparent that it was irreconcilably contradictory to modern China and [[Marxism]] as a whole. Jiang's administration formally outlawed the cult in 1999 and created the 610 Office to continue to crack down on their activities. | ||
==== Foreign policy ==== | |||
=== Foreign policy === | |||
Foreign policy in the Jiang Zemin administration primarily followed the groundwork set by the [[Deng Xiaoping]] administration. Jiang made many attempts to improve China's relations with the [[United States of America|United States]]. In 1998, on a visit to China, US president Bill Clinton said that the two countries were "partners in the world, not adversaries". Despite this claim, multiple instances of US aggression occurred during the Jiang administration, including the the illegal apprehension of the ''Yinhe'' in 1993 and the NATO bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in 1999. | Foreign policy in the Jiang Zemin administration primarily followed the groundwork set by the [[Deng Xiaoping]] administration. Jiang made many attempts to improve China's relations with the [[United States of America|United States]]. In 1998, on a visit to China, US president Bill Clinton said that the two countries were "partners in the world, not adversaries". Despite this claim, multiple instances of US aggression occurred during the Jiang administration, including the the illegal apprehension of the ''Yinhe'' in 1993 and the NATO bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in 1999. | ||
=== Economic development === | ==== Economic development ==== | ||
==== Three Represents ==== | |||
Jiang developed the theory of [[Three Represents]], which represents China's [[productive forces]], its advanced culture, and the interests of the majority of its people.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== Legacy == | == Legacy == | ||
=== Three Represents === | === Three Represents === | ||
=== Other areas === | === Other areas === | ||
=== Family and personal life === | === Family and personal life === | ||
== Awards and honors == | == Awards and honors == | ||
== Works{{cite book|first=Zemin|last=Jiang|url=http://book.theorychina.org/upload/9912d625-487c-4b71-bc52-c514d6037af2/|title=Selected Works of Jiang Zemin|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=2010|isbn=978-7-119-06025-5|edition=1st|volume=I|location=Beijing|author-mask=Jiang Zemin}}{{cite book|first=Zemin|last=Jiang|url=http://book.theorychina.org/upload/388036ce-a4ae-4eec-ab04-85254ea5b72f/|title=Selected Works of Jiang Zemin|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=2012|isbn=978-7-119-07383-5|edition=1st|volume=II|location=Beijing|author-mask=1}}{{cite book|first=Zemin|last=Jiang|title=Selected Works of Jiang Zemin|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=2013|isbn=978-7-119-07978-3|edition=1st|volume=III|location=Beijing|author-mask=1}} | == Works == | ||
* {{cite book|first=Zemin|last=Jiang|url=http://book.theorychina.org/upload/9912d625-487c-4b71-bc52-c514d6037af2/|title=Selected Works of Jiang Zemin|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=2010|isbn=978-7-119-06025-5|edition=1st|volume=I|location=Beijing|author-mask=Jiang Zemin}} | |||
* {{cite book|first=Zemin|last=Jiang|url=http://book.theorychina.org/upload/388036ce-a4ae-4eec-ab04-85254ea5b72f/|title=Selected Works of Jiang Zemin|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=2012|isbn=978-7-119-07383-5|edition=1st|volume=II|location=Beijing|author-mask=1}} | |||
* {{cite book|first=Zemin|last=Jiang|title=Selected Works of Jiang Zemin|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=2013|isbn=978-7-119-07978-3|edition=1st|volume=III|location=Beijing|author-mask=1}} | |||
== See also == | == See also == |