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{{Infobox country|name=Kingdom of England|image_flag=Flag of England.svg|image_coat=Medieval coat of arms of England.svg|capital=London|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]] (10th–17th century)<br>[[Capitalism]] (17th–18th century)|government_type=Monarchy|life_span=927–1707|image_map=England and Wales.svg|map_width=260}} | {{Infobox country|name=Kingdom of England|image_flag=Flag of England.svg|image_coat=Medieval coat of arms of England.svg|capital=London|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]] (10th–17th century)<br>[[Capitalism]] (17th–18th century)|government_type=Monarchy|life_span=927–1707|image_map=England and Wales.svg|map_width=260}} | ||
The '''Kingdom of England''' was a medieval and early modern state located on the island of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]] | The '''Kingdom of England''' was a medieval and early modern state located on the island of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]]. It limited the power of feudal barons by largely relying on mercenaries rather than knights, which gave it a military advantage against [[Kingdom of France (987–1792)|France]] and other countries.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=European Feudalism|page=86–88|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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=== Wars of the Roses === | === Wars of the Roses === | ||
From 1445 to 1485, descendants of [[Edward III|Edward Plantagenet]], representing the houses of Lancaster and York, battled for the throne. At the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, [[Henry VII|Henry Tudor]] of Lancaster defeated and killed [[Richard III|Richard]] of York | From 1445 to 1485, descendants of [[Edward III|Edward Plantagenet]], representing the houses of Lancaster and York, battled for the throne. At the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, [[Henry VII|Henry Tudor]] of Lancaster defeated and killed [[Richard III|Richard]] of York. He then married Richard's niece [[Margaret Tudor|Margaret]] to unite the two dynasties.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
The Tudor dynasty centralized power while strengthening Parliament and decreasing the power of the feudal lords.<ref name=":0222" /> Henry also created treaties with France and [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Holland]] to increase the wool trade and evade the Pope's monopoly.<ref name=":0" /> | The Tudor dynasty centralized power while strengthening Parliament and decreasing the power of the feudal lords.<ref name=":0222" /> Henry also created treaties with France and [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Holland]] to increase the wool trade and evade the Pope's monopoly.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
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=== Protestant Reformation === | === Protestant Reformation === | ||
Under the influence of the early [[bourgeoisie]], [[Henry VIII]] broke away from the [[Catholic Church]] in the 1530s, | Under the influence of the early [[bourgeoisie]], [[Henry VIII|Henry Tudor]] broke away from the [[Catholic Church]] in the 1530s, selling monastery lands to the gentry.<ref name=":022222" /> In 1530, he passed a law that punished able-bodied vagabonds with whipping and imprisonment and executed them for the third offence.<ref name=":1" /> His successor, [[Mary Tudor]], tried to restore Catholicism but failed, and [[Protestant Reformation|Protestantism]] became the official religion of England. In 1547, the first year of his reign, [[Edward VI|Edward]] ordered that anyone who refused to work would become a [[Slavery|slave]] of the person who reported them. Queen [[Elizabeth Tudor|Elizabeth]] ordered any unlicensed beggars above the age of 18 to be executed unless they will work for someone for two years.<ref name=":1" /> In 1588, Elizabeth defeated the [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spanish]] armada which was attacking the [[Netherlands]] during its [[bourgeois revolution]].<ref name=":022222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Wave of Bourgeois Revolutions|page=100–115|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
In 1547, the first year of his reign, [[Edward VI]] ordered that anyone who refused to work would become a [[Slavery|slave]] of the person who reported them | |||
=== Civil war === | === Civil war === | ||
The English Revolution consisted of four groups: [[Absolutism|conservative royalists]] who wanted to undo the civil war, Presbyterians who wanted to create a compromise with the king and uphold big land ownership, independents like [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]], and radical Levellers. | The English Revolution consisted of four groups: [[Absolutism|conservative royalists]] who wanted to undo the civil war, Presbyterians who wanted to create a compromise with the king and uphold big land ownership, independents like [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]], and radical Levellers. | ||
In 1629, King [[James Stuart]] dissolved the Parliament and aligned with Catholic powers.<ref name=":022222" /> He passed laws against beggars that remained in effect until the early 18th century.<ref name=":1" /> His successor, [[Charles Stuart|Charles | In 1629, King [[James Stuart]] dissolved the Parliament and aligned with Catholic powers.<ref name=":022222" /> He passed laws against beggars that remained in effect until the early 18th century.<ref name=":1" /> His successor, [[Charles Stuart|Charles]], attempted to impose Anglican Protestantism on [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], which caused a war from 1637 to 1639. Charles resurrected Parliament to try to get funds for the war, but they refused to support him. In 1641, a fight broke out in Westminster between monarchists and progressive protestors. The [[House of Commons]] then impeached and arrested twelve leading bishops. | ||
In January 1642, Charles entered the House of Commons and attempted to organize a coup before fleeing to set up a rival capital at Oxford. Royalists still controlled one-third of the House of Commons and two-thirds of the [[House of Lords]]. In 1645, Parliament banned its members from holding military commands. Oliver Cromwell emerged as a leading revolutionary and defeated all monarchist resistance by 1646. Charles later escaped from captivity and resumed the civil war, forming an alliance with Presbyterians from Scotland and Wales. The Independents then captured and executed King Charles in 1649 but also crushed the Levellers. | In January 1642, Charles entered the House of Commons and attempted to organize a coup before fleeing to set up a rival capital at Oxford. Royalists still controlled one-third of the House of Commons and two-thirds of the [[House of Lords]]. In 1645, Parliament banned its members from holding military commands. Oliver Cromwell emerged as a leading revolutionary and defeated all monarchist resistance by 1646. Charles later escaped from captivity and resumed the civil war, forming an alliance with Presbyterians from Scotland and Wales. The Independents then captured and executed King Charles in 1649 but also crushed the Levellers. | ||