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{{Infobox country|name=Kingdom of England|image_flag=Flag of England.svg|image_coat=Medieval coat of arms of England.svg|capital=London|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]] (10th–17th century)<br>[[Capitalism]] (17th–18th century)|government_type=Monarchy|life_span=927–1707|image_map=England and Wales.svg|map_width=260}} | {{Infobox country|name=Kingdom of England|image_flag=Flag of England.svg|image_coat=Medieval coat of arms of England.svg|capital=London|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]] (10th–17th century)<br>[[Capitalism]] (17th–18th century)|government_type=Monarchy|life_span=927–1707|image_map=England and Wales.svg|map_width=260}} | ||
The '''Kingdom of England''' was a medieval and early modern state located on the island of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]] | The '''Kingdom of England''' was a medieval and early modern state located on the island of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]]. It limited the power of feudal barons by largely relying on mercenaries rather than knights, which gave it a military advantage against [[Kingdom of France (987–1792)|France]] and other countries.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=European Feudalism|page=86–88|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
During the 12th century, [[Henry Plantagenet]] increased the power of royal courts while weakening local courts controlled by feudal barons. He established a single set of commercial laws to expand international trade.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Proletarian (newspaper)|Proletarian]]|title=Celebrating Shakespeare: a Marxist-Leninist perspective|date=2016-06-01|url=https://thecommunists.org/2016/06/01/news/culture/celebrating-shakespeare-marxist-leninist-perspective/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208011255/https://thecommunists.org/2016/06/01/news/culture/celebrating-shakespeare-marxist-leninist-perspective/|archive-date=2023-02-08}}</ref> | During the 12th century, [[Henry Plantagenet]] increased the power of royal courts while weakening local courts controlled by feudal barons. He established a single set of commercial laws to expand international trade.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Proletarian (newspaper)|Proletarian]]|title=Celebrating Shakespeare: a Marxist-Leninist perspective|date=2016-06-01|url=https://thecommunists.org/2016/06/01/news/culture/celebrating-shakespeare-marxist-leninist-perspective/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208011255/https://thecommunists.org/2016/06/01/news/culture/celebrating-shakespeare-marxist-leninist-perspective/|archive-date=2023-02-08}}</ref> | ||
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=== Wars of the Roses === | === Wars of the Roses === | ||
From 1445 to 1485, descendants of [[Edward III|Edward Plantagenet]], representing the houses of Lancaster and York, battled for the throne. At the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, [[Henry VII|Henry Tudor]] of Lancaster defeated and killed [[Richard III|Richard]] of York | From 1445 to 1485, descendants of [[Edward III|Edward Plantagenet]], representing the houses of Lancaster and York, battled for the throne. At the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, [[Henry VII|Henry Tudor]] of Lancaster defeated and killed [[Richard III|Richard]] of York. He then married Richard's niece [[Margaret Tudor|Margaret]] to unite the two dynasties.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
The Tudor dynasty centralized power while strengthening Parliament and decreasing the power of the feudal lords.<ref name=":0222" /> Henry also created treaties with France and [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Holland]] to increase the wool trade and evade the Pope's monopoly.<ref name=":0" /> | The Tudor dynasty centralized power while strengthening Parliament and decreasing the power of the feudal lords.<ref name=":0222" /> Henry also created treaties with France and [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Holland]] to increase the wool trade and evade the Pope's monopoly.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
=== Protestant Reformation === | === Protestant Reformation === | ||
Under the influence of the early [[bourgeoisie]], [[Henry VIII]] broke away from the | Under the influence of the early [[bourgeoisie]], [[Henry VIII|Henry Tudor]] broke away from the Catholic Church in the 1530s, selling monastery lands to the gentry. His successor, [[Mary Tudor]], tried to restore Catholicism but failed, and [[Protestant Reformation|Protestantism]] became the official religion of England. In 1588, Queen [[Elizabeth Tudor|Elizabeth]] defeated the [[Hapsburg Spain|Spanish]] armada which was attacking the [[Netherlands]] during its [[bourgeois revolution]].<ref name=":022222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Wave of Bourgeois Revolutions|page=100–115|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
=== Civil war === | === Civil war === | ||
The English Revolution consisted of four groups: | The English Revolution consisted of four groups: conservative royalists who wanted to undo the civil war, Presbyterians who wanted to create a compromise with the king and uphold big land ownership, independents like [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]], and radical Levellers. | ||
In 1629, King [[James Stuart]] dissolved the Parliament and aligned with Catholic powers. | In 1629, King [[James Stuart]] dissolved the Parliament and aligned with Catholic powers. His successor, [[Charles Stuart|Charles]], attempted to impose Anglican Protestantism on [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], which caused a war from 1637 to 1639. Charles resurrected Parliament to try to get funds for the war, but they refused to support him. In 1641, a fight broke out in Westminster between monarchists and progressive protestors. The [[House of Commons]] then impeached and arrested twelve leading bishops. | ||
In January 1642, Charles entered the House of Commons and attempted to organize a coup before fleeing to set up a rival capital at Oxford. Royalists still controlled one-third of the House of Commons and two-thirds of the [[House of Lords]]. In 1645, Parliament banned its members from holding military commands. Oliver Cromwell emerged as a leading revolutionary and defeated all monarchist resistance by 1646. Charles later escaped from captivity and resumed the civil war, forming an alliance with Presbyterians from Scotland and Wales. The Independents then captured and executed King Charles in 1649 but also crushed the Levellers. | In January 1642, Charles entered the House of Commons and attempted to organize a coup before fleeing to set up a rival capital at Oxford. Royalists still controlled one-third of the House of Commons and two-thirds of the [[House of Lords]]. In 1645, Parliament banned its members from holding military commands. Oliver Cromwell emerged as a leading revolutionary and defeated all monarchist resistance by 1646. Charles later escaped from captivity and resumed the civil war, forming an alliance with Presbyterians from Scotland and Wales. The Independents then captured and executed King Charles in 1649 but also crushed the Levellers. | ||
Cromwell became a military dictator in 1653 and divided England into military districts ruled by generals. He died in 1658, and General [[George Monck]] of Scotland launched a coup in 1660 | Cromwell became a military dictator in 1653 and divided England into military districts ruled by generals. He died in 1658, and General [[George Monck]] of Scotland launched a coup in 1660 and restored the monarchy under James's son Charles.<ref name=":022222" /> | ||
=== Glorious Revolution === | === Glorious Revolution === | ||
[[James II of England|James | [[James II of England|James the 2nd]] became King of England in 1685 and was Catholic and pro-French. He wanted to rule as an absolute monarch. [[James Scott]], the Duke of Monmouth and James's son, attempted to claim the throne but was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor. The Parliament organized a coup against the King and installed [[William of Orange|William]] and [[Mary of Orange]] as the new rulers of England, Scotland, and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]. The army mutinied in favor of William and forced James to flee to France. James's supporters attempted to overthrow the Protestant monarchy in 1689, 1715, and 1745 with French backing.<ref name=":022222" /> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Medieval history]] | [[Category:Medieval history]] | ||
[[Category:History of England]] | [[Category:History of England]] |