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{{Infobox country|name=Kingdom of England|image_flag=Flag of England.svg|image_coat=Medieval coat of arms of England.svg|capital=London|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]] (10th–17th century)<br>[[Capitalism]] (17th–18th century)|government_type=Monarchy|life_span=927–1707|image_map=England and Wales.svg|map_width=260}} | {{Infobox country|name=Kingdom of England|image_flag=Flag of England.svg|image_coat=Medieval coat of arms of England.svg|capital=London|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]] (10th–17th century)<br>[[Capitalism]] (17th–18th century)|government_type=Monarchy|life_span=927–1707|image_map=England and Wales.svg|map_width=260}} | ||
The '''Kingdom of England''' was a medieval and early modern state located on the island of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]] | The '''Kingdom of England''' was a medieval and early modern state located on the island of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]]. It limited the power of feudal barons by largely relying on mercenaries rather than knights, which gave it a military advantage against [[Kingdom of France (987–1792)|France]] and other countries.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=European Feudalism|page=86–88|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Norman invasion === | === Norman invasion === | ||
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=== Wars of the Roses === | === Wars of the Roses === | ||
From 1445 to 1485, descendants of [[Edward III|Edward Plantagenet]], representing the houses of Lancaster and York, battled for the throne. At the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, [[Henry VII|Henry Tudor]] of Lancaster defeated and killed [[Richard III|Richard]] of York | From 1445 to 1485, descendants of [[Edward III|Edward Plantagenet]], representing the houses of Lancaster and York, battled for the throne. At the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, [[Henry VII|Henry Tudor]] of Lancaster defeated and killed [[Richard III|Richard]] of York. He then married Richard's niece [[Margaret Tudor|Margaret]] to unite the two dynasties.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
The Tudor dynasty centralized power while strengthening Parliament and decreasing the power of the feudal lords.<ref name=":0222" /> Henry also created treaties with France and [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Holland]] to increase the wool trade and evade the Pope's monopoly.<ref name=":0" /> | The Tudor dynasty centralized power while strengthening Parliament and decreasing the power of the feudal lords.<ref name=":0222" /> Henry also created treaties with France and [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Holland]] to increase the wool trade and evade the Pope's monopoly.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
=== Protestant Reformation === | === Protestant Reformation === | ||
Under the influence of the early [[bourgeoisie]], [[Henry VIII]] broke away from the | Under the influence of the early [[bourgeoisie]], [[Henry VIII|Henry Tudor]] broke away from the Catholic Church in the 1530s, selling monastery lands to the gentry. His successor, [[Mary Tudor]], tried to restore Catholicism but failed, and [[Protestant Reformation|Protestantism]] became the official religion of England. In 1588, Queen [[Elizabeth Tudor|Elizabeth]] defeated the [[Hapsburg Spain|Spanish]] armada which was attacking the [[Netherlands]] during its [[bourgeois revolution]].<ref name=":022222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Wave of Bourgeois Revolutions|page=100–115|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
=== Civil war === | === Civil war === | ||
The English Revolution consisted of four groups: | The English Revolution consisted of four groups: conservative royalists who wanted to undo the civil war, Presbyterians who wanted to create a compromise with the king and uphold big land ownership, independents like [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]], and radical Levellers. | ||
In 1629, King [[James Stuart]] dissolved the Parliament and aligned with Catholic powers. | In 1629, King [[James Stuart]] dissolved the Parliament and aligned with Catholic powers. His successor, [[Charles Stuart|Charles]], attempted to impose Anglican Protestantism on [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], which caused a war from 1637 to 1639. Charles resurrected Parliament to try to get funds for the war, but they refused to support him. In 1641, a fight broke out in Westminster between monarchists and progressive protestors. The [[House of Commons]] then impeached and arrested twelve leading bishops. | ||
In January 1642, Charles entered the House of Commons and attempted to organize a coup before fleeing to set up a rival capital at Oxford. Royalists still controlled one-third of the House of Commons and two-thirds of the [[House of Lords]]. In 1645, Parliament banned its members from holding military commands. Oliver Cromwell emerged as a leading revolutionary and defeated all monarchist resistance by 1646. Charles later escaped from captivity and resumed the civil war, forming an alliance with Presbyterians from Scotland and Wales. The Independents then captured and executed King Charles in 1649 but also crushed the Levellers. | In January 1642, Charles entered the House of Commons and attempted to organize a coup before fleeing to set up a rival capital at Oxford. Royalists still controlled one-third of the House of Commons and two-thirds of the [[House of Lords]]. In 1645, Parliament banned its members from holding military commands. Oliver Cromwell emerged as a leading revolutionary and defeated all monarchist resistance by 1646. Charles later escaped from captivity and resumed the civil war, forming an alliance with Presbyterians from Scotland and Wales. The Independents then captured and executed King Charles in 1649 but also crushed the Levellers. | ||
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=== Glorious Revolution === | === Glorious Revolution === | ||
[[James II of England|James | [[James II of England|James the 2nd]] became King of England in 1685 and was Catholic and pro-French. He wanted to rule as an absolute monarch. [[James Scott]], the Duke of Monmouth and James's son, attempted to claim the throne but was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor. The Parliament organized a coup against the King and installed [[William of Orange|William]] and [[Mary of Orange]] as the new rulers of England, Scotland, and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]. The army mutinied in favor of William and forced James to flee to France. James's supporters attempted to overthrow the Protestant monarchy in 1689, 1715, and 1745 with French backing.<ref name=":022222" /> | ||
Following the Glorious Revolution, the new [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois government]] established the death penalty for more than 150 crimes, most of which were minor property crimes such as theft. Until 1803, attempted murder was only a misdemeanor, but stealing a single shilling was a capital crime. Many peasants lost their land as common land was enclosed.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=White Servants|page=77–78|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> | Following the Glorious Revolution, the new [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois government]] established the death penalty for more than 150 crimes, most of which were minor property crimes such as theft. Until 1803, attempted murder was only a misdemeanor, but stealing a single shilling was a capital crime. Many peasants lost their land as common land was enclosed.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=White Servants|page=77–78|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> |