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=== Dutch Revolution === | === Dutch Revolution === | ||
In the 16th century, the [[Protestant Reformation]] quickly spread through the Low Countries, which were ruled by [[ | In the 16th century, the [[Protestant Reformation]] quickly spread through the Low Countries, which were ruled by [[Hapsburg Spain]]. century. The Spanish cracked down on Protestants in 1566, leading to armed resistance against their rule. [[William of Orange]] led a [[bourgeois revolution]] against [[Philip II|Philip Hapsburg]] which resulted in more than 40 years of war. The Spanish retook [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]] but failed to conquer the Netherlands. Calvinists in [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]], [[Kingdom of France (987–1792)|France]], [[Kingdom of England (927–1707)|England]], and [[Kingdom of Scotland (843–1707)|Scotland]] supported the Dutch Revolution and sent troops to resist the Spanish. When Spain began a third offensive in 1584, [[Elizabeth Tudor]] of England intervened and defeated the Spanish armada, and Spain finally surrendered in 1609.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Wave of Bourgeois Revolutions|page=99–101|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
=== Colonialism === | === Colonialism === | ||
The Netherlands led the [[Slavery|slave]] trade until being overtaken by the [[Kingdom of England (927–1707)|English]] in 1675. They colonized a part of [[North America]] which they called New Amsterdam and was renamed [[State of New York|New York]] after the English took over. | The Netherlands led the [[Slavery|slave]] trade until being overtaken by the [[Kingdom of England (927–1707)|English]] in 1675. They colonized a part of [[North America]] which they called New Amsterdam and was renamed [[State of New York|New York]] after the English took over. The Netherlands banned slavery in 1863 during the [[Statesian Civil War]].<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=What Is Liberalism?|page=15–16|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> | ||
The Netherlands banned slavery in 1863 during the [[Statesian Civil War]].<ref | |||
== Politics == | == Politics == |