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The government and public systems of the Joseon dynasty were organized according to principles of [[Neo-Confucianism]], the official state ideology. Unlike the Goryeo dynasty, in which agricultural lands were privately controlled by aristocrats and local clans, the Joseon dynasty installed a centralized government that was responsible for overseeing the legal administration, the military, and the performance of national rituals.<ref>[https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/showroom/list/759?showroomCode=DM0045 “Medieval and Early Modern History.”] National Museum of Korea. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230826041616/https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/showroom/list/759?showroomCode=DM0045 Archived] 2023-08-26.</ref> | The government and public systems of the Joseon dynasty were organized according to principles of [[Neo-Confucianism]], the official state ideology. Unlike the Goryeo dynasty, in which agricultural lands were privately controlled by aristocrats and local clans, the Joseon dynasty installed a centralized government that was responsible for overseeing the legal administration, the military, and the performance of national rituals.<ref>[https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/showroom/list/759?showroomCode=DM0045 “Medieval and Early Modern History.”] National Museum of Korea. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230826041616/https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/showroom/list/759?showroomCode=DM0045 Archived] 2023-08-26.</ref> | ||
[[Sejong]], the fourth king of the [[Feudalism|feudal]] Joseon dynasty, invented the Korean writing system in 1444.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Rodong Sinmun]]|title=Korean Characters Hunminjongum, Treasure and Pride of Nation|date=2023-04-27|url=http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMy0wNC0yNy1IMDA3QDdAMUBAMEA1==|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819015659/http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMy0wNC0yNy1IMDA3QDdAMUBAMEA1==|archive-date=2023-08-19}}</ref> Koreans had used the traditional [[Chinese Characters|Chinese characters]] for a writing system for many centuries. The invention of the Korean writing system contributed to increasing literacy and enhancing communication between the people and the government.<ref name=":13" /> In the modern day, the Korean writing system's invention is commemorated throughout Korea on Korean Alphabet Day, observed in north Korea on January 15th (the day the alphabet was created) and in south Korea on October 9 (the day the alphabet was proclaimed).<ref>[https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/16065452#home “북한 한글날은 '조선글날’인 1월15일…왜?” ("Why is north Korea's Hangeul day, 'Chosongul day', on January 15?")] 중앙일보. 중앙일보. The JoongAng. October 9, 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230826043741/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/16065452 Archived] 2023-08-26.</ref> | [[Sejong]], the fourth king of the [[Feudalism|feudal]] Joseon dynasty, invented the Korean writing system in 1444.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Rodong Sinmun]]|title=Korean Characters Hunminjongum, Treasure and Pride of Nation|date=2023-04-27|url=http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMy0wNC0yNy1IMDA3QDdAMUBAMEA1==|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819015659/http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMy0wNC0yNy1IMDA3QDdAMUBAMEA1==|archive-date=2023-08-19}}</ref> Koreans had used the traditional [[Chinese Characters|Chinese characters]] for a writing system for many centuries. The invention of the Korean writing system contributed to increasing literacy and enhancing communication between the people and the government.<ref name=":13" /> In the modern day, the Korean writing system's invention is commemorated throughout Korea on Korean Alphabet Day, observed in north Korea on January 15th (the day the alphabet was created) and in south Korea on October 9 (the day the alphabet was proclaimed).<ref>[https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/16065452#home “북한 한글날은 '조선글날’인 1월15일…왜?” ("Why is north Korea's Hangeul day, 'Chosongul day', on January 15?")] 중앙일보. 중앙일보. The JoongAng. October 9, 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230826043741/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/16065452 Archived] 2023-08-26.</ref> | ||
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Jong Mun-bu's volunteer army defeated Japanese pirates invading northern Korea in the 16th century.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Rodong Sinmun]]|title=A Historic Relic, Monument to Great Victory in Pukgwan|date=2023-02-19|url=http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMy0wMi0xOS1IMDA3QDdAMUBAMEA5==|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819015136/http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMy0wMi0xOS1IMDA3QDdAMUBAMEA5==|archive-date=2023-08-19}}</ref> | Jong Mun-bu's volunteer army defeated Japanese pirates invading northern Korea in the 16th century.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Rodong Sinmun]]|title=A Historic Relic, Monument to Great Victory in Pukgwan|date=2023-02-19|url=http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMy0wMi0xOS1IMDA3QDdAMUBAMEA5==|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819015136/http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMy0wMi0xOS1IMDA3QDdAMUBAMEA5==|archive-date=2023-08-19}}</ref> | ||
By the mid-19th century, the western powers had forced the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]] of China and Japan to open their doors and then asked the same of Joseon, but Joseon rejected such requests, facing naval attacks by the [[French Republic|French]] in 1866 and by the USA in 1871, as well as by Japan in 1875. Ultimately, Joseon was forced to sign an unequal treaty with Japan in 1876 under military threat.<ref name=":14">[https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/History/The-Fall-Joseon "The Fall of Joseon: Imperial Japan’s Annexation of Korea."] Korea.net. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220912184320/https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/History/The-Fall-Joseon Archived] 2022-09-12.</ref> | |||
By the mid-19th century, the western powers had forced the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]] of China and Japan to open their doors and then asked the same of Joseon, but Joseon rejected such requests, facing naval attacks by the [[French Republic|French]] in 1866 and by the USA in 1871, as well as by Japan in 1875. | |||
Joseon was forced to sign an unequal treaty with Japan in 1876 under military threat.<ref name=":14">[https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/History/The-Fall-Joseon "The Fall of Joseon: Imperial Japan’s Annexation of Korea."] Korea.net. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220912184320/https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/History/The-Fall-Joseon Archived] 2022-09-12.</ref | |||
Throughout the 1800s, a series of [[Peasantry|peasant]] rebellions arose throughout Korea, reflecting the economic and social problems experienced by the peasantry. Additionally, in the 1860s, the ideology of Donghak (Korean: 동학; "Eastern learning") was developed and gained a following among academics. Donghak ideology was characterized by egalitarian tendencies and reflected an anxiety about the looming threat of western aggression, and displayed a reformist attitude toward the prevailing Confucian ideology and governance of Joseon. Donghak ideology and leaders had an influence on subsequent peasant uprisings, although the uprisings were ultimately driven by the peasantry's own impetus.<ref>Bae Hang-seob, [https://oak.go.kr/repository/journal/18654/NRF003_2013_v16n2_399.pdf "Foundations for the Legitimation of the Tonghak Peasant Army and Awareness of a New Political Order."] Acta Koreana Volume 16, Number 2, December 2013: 399-430. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230826102104/https://oak.go.kr/repository/journal/18654/NRF003_2013_v16n2_399.pdf Archived] 2023-08-26.</ref> | Throughout the 1800s, a series of [[Peasantry|peasant]] rebellions arose throughout Korea, reflecting the economic and social problems experienced by the peasantry. Additionally, in the 1860s, the ideology of Donghak (Korean: 동학; "Eastern learning") was developed and gained a following among academics. Donghak ideology was characterized by egalitarian tendencies and reflected an anxiety about the looming threat of western aggression, and displayed a reformist attitude toward the prevailing Confucian ideology and governance of Joseon. Donghak ideology and leaders had an influence on subsequent peasant uprisings, although the uprisings were ultimately driven by the peasantry's own impetus.<ref>Bae Hang-seob, [https://oak.go.kr/repository/journal/18654/NRF003_2013_v16n2_399.pdf "Foundations for the Legitimation of the Tonghak Peasant Army and Awareness of a New Political Order."] Acta Koreana Volume 16, Number 2, December 2013: 399-430. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230826102104/https://oak.go.kr/repository/journal/18654/NRF003_2013_v16n2_399.pdf Archived] 2023-08-26.</ref> |