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=== Early history === | === Early history === | ||
The first relationship between the Lakota and the [[United States of America|United States]] was established in 1805 by a treaty of non-aggression. The USA made similar treaties in 1815 and 1825, which did not violate Lakota sovereignty. In the early 19th century, the Lakota became dependent on horses, guns, tools, and other items from [[Settler colonialism|settlers]]. They abandoned [[Agriculture|farming]] and relied completely on bison hunting, increasing their dependence on weapons and ammunition from settlers.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|year=2014|title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States|chapter=Ghost Dance Prophecy|pdf=https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/10601/An%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Ortiz.pdf|city=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=9780807000403|page=186–189}}</ref> | |||
=== Colonization === | === Colonization === | ||
In the 1830s, the Rocky Mountain Fur Company caused the Lakota to move south from the Upper Missouri to Upper Platte region near Fort Laramie. The 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie reduced Lakota sovereignty and ceded a large amount of territory to the United States. After being weakened by starvation, disease, and attacks on their villages, the Lakota signed another treaty at Fort Laramie in 1868, making them dependent on the [[Government of the United States of America|U.S. government]] for food and rations. The U.S. government ensured their dependence by exterminating the buffalo between 1870 and 1876. | In the 1830s, the Rocky Mountain Fur Company caused the Lakota to move south from the Upper Missouri to Upper Platte region near Fort Laramie. The 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie reduced Lakota sovereignty and ceded a large amount of territory to the United States. After being weakened by starvation, disease, and attacks on their villages, the Lakota signed another treaty at Fort Laramie in 1868, making them dependent on the [[Government of the United States of America|U.S. government]] for food and rations. The U.S. government ensured their dependence by exterminating the buffalo between 1870 and 1876. | ||
In 1876, after [[George Armstrong Custer|Custer]]'s Seventh Cavalry discovered gold, the United States seized the Black Hills, which was reserved to the Sioux by the 1868 treaty. | In 1876, after [[George Armstrong Custer|Custer]]'s Seventh Cavalry discovered gold, the United States seized the Black Hills, which was reserved to the Sioux by the 1868 treaty. After the Lakota surrendered in 1877, they also lost the area around the Powder River, and the [[United States Army|U.S. army]] drove them out of [[Nebraska]] in the same year. | ||
In 1888, a government commission arrived in Sioux territory with a proposal to reduce their land to six small reservations and open nine million acres to settlers. The commission failed to receive signatures from three-quarters of Sioux men, so they returned and forced the Sioux to sell their land for $1.50 per acre.<ref name=":0" /> | In 1888, a government commission arrived in Sioux territory with a proposal to reduce their land to six small reservations and open nine million acres to settlers. The commission failed to receive signatures from three-quarters of Sioux men, so they returned and forced the Sioux to sell their land for $1.50 per acre.<ref name=":0" /> On December 29, 1890, U.S. soldiers massacred 300 defenseless Lakotas at Wounded Knee.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Gloria La Riva]]|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Historic 50-year Wounded Knee anniversary honors Lakota and AIM resistance|date=2023-03-02|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/historic-50-year-wounded-knee-anniversary-honors-lakota-and-aim-resistance/|retrieved=2023-03-04}}</ref> By the 1920s, settler ranchers had occupied almost all of the best grazing lands.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
=== American Indian Movement === | === American Indian Movement === | ||
On February 27, 1973, the [[American Indian Movement]] sent a caravan of hundreds of people to liberate the Pine Ridge Reservation from the rule of the corrupt [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]-backed comprador [[Dick Wilson]]. Within hours, the FBI and [[United States Department of Defense|Pentagon]] began a siege with armored tanks and .50-caliber machine guns. AIM held out for 71 days while relying on supplies from many native nations and other activists. After the end of the siege, Wilson's [[police]] assassinated more than 60 people. In 1975, the FBI framed [[Leonard Peltier]] for the death of two FBI agents on the reservation, and he has been in prison for over 40 years.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2017-10-31|title=People’s hero, AIM founder Dennis Banks 1937-2017|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/peoples-hero-aim-founder-dennis-banks-1937-2017/|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129112614/https://www.liberationnews.org/peoples-hero-aim-founder-dennis-banks-1937-2017/|archive-date=2022-11-29|retrieved=2023-01-14|author=[[Gloria La Riva]]}}</ref> | On February 27, 1973, the [[American Indian Movement]] sent a caravan of hundreds of people to liberate the [[Pine Ridge Reservation]] from the rule of the corrupt [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]-backed comprador [[Dick Wilson]]. Within hours, the FBI and [[United States Department of Defense|Pentagon]] began a siege with armored tanks and .50-caliber machine guns. AIM held out for 71 days while relying on supplies from many native nations and other activists. After the end of the siege, Wilson's [[police]] assassinated more than 60 people. In 1975, the FBI framed [[Leonard Peltier]] for the death of two FBI agents on the reservation, and he has been in prison for over 40 years.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2017-10-31|title=People’s hero, AIM founder Dennis Banks 1937-2017|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/peoples-hero-aim-founder-dennis-banks-1937-2017/|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129112614/https://www.liberationnews.org/peoples-hero-aim-founder-dennis-banks-1937-2017/|archive-date=2022-11-29|retrieved=2023-01-14|author=[[Gloria La Riva]]}}</ref> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Nations]] | [[Category:Nations]] | ||