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[[File:Mesopotamia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Mesopotamia]] | [[File:Mesopotamia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Mesopotamia]] | ||
'''Mesopotamia''' is a historical region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that is centered around what is now [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]]. It was the first place in the world where [[class society]] existed.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page= | '''Mesopotamia''' is a historical region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that is centered around what is now [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]]. It was the first place in the world where [[class society]] existed.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=16–18|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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=== Sumer === | === Sumer === | ||
During the fourth and third millennia BCE, Sumer created massive agricultural surpluses and bronze tools that turned villages into the first cities. They invented writing to keep track of economic records, especially taxes and dues. Temples and estates formally belonged to the gods, and priests managed the land while wage workers or tenant farmers worked it. Priests developed into city governors, and later, kings who frequently went to war with each other.<ref name=":02222" /> | During the fourth and third millennia BCE, Sumer created massive agricultural surpluses and bronze tools that turned villages into the first cities. They invented writing to keep track of economic records, especially taxes and dues. Temples and estates formally belonged to the gods, and priests managed the land while wage workers or tenant farmers worked it. Priests developed into city governors, and later, kings who frequently went to war with each other.<ref name=":02222" /> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Ancient history]] | [[Category:Ancient history]] | ||