Editing Mexican United States

{{Infobox country
| name                   = Mexican United States
| native_name            = Estados Unidos Mexicanos<br>Mēxihcatl Tlacetilīlli Tlahtohcāyōtl
| image_flag             = Flag of Mexico.svg
| largest_city           = Mexico City
|image_coat=Coat of arms of Mexico.svg| capital                = Mexico City
| area_km2               = 1,972,550
| population_census      = 126,014,024
| population_census_year = 2020
|image_map=Mexico map.svg|map_width=260| national_languages     = Spanish
| government_type        = Federal presidential republic
| mode_of_production     = [[Capitalism]]
| leader_title1          = President
| leader_name1           = [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]
}}
'''Mexico''', officially the '''Mexican United States''', is a country in [[Iberoamerica|Iberomerica]]. It has a long history of [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] infiltration as its four presidents who ruled from 1958 to 1982 were all CIA assets.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|date=2023-05-02|title=Former President of Mexico Revealed as CIA Asset|url=https://orinocotribune.com/former-president-of-mexico-revealed-as-cia-asset/|newspaper=[[Orinoco Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503122648/https://orinocotribune.com/former-president-of-mexico-revealed-as-cia-asset/|archive-date=2023-05-03|retrieved=2023-05-06|author=Saheli Chowdhury}}</ref> As a consequence of the 1994 [[EZLN|Zapatista]]-led revolution, a [[Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities|communist autonomous region]] existed in Chiapas.

== History ==

=== Pre-colonial ===
The earliest advanced civilization in Mexico was the Olmecs, which lasted from 1500 to 400 BCE.<ref>{{Citation|author=Richard A. Diehl|year=2004|title=The Olmecs: America's First Civilization|chapter=|section=|page=9–25|quote=|pdf=|city=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0500285039|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> They were succeeded by the Mayans and the Zapotecs. In 1428, the [[Aztec Empire]], also known as the Triple Alliance, was established, which ruled until Mexico was colonized by [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spain]].<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Frances Berdan|date=|title=El tributo a la Triple Alianza|url=https://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/el-tributo-la-triple-alianza-0|newspaper=Arqueología Mexicana|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-08|quote=}}</ref>

=== Spanish occupation ===
Spain colonized Mexico starting in 1521, killing 200,000 Aztecs,<ref>{{Citation|author=Clodfelter|year=2017|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts|chapter=|section=|page=32|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=9781476625850|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and created the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]. The Spanish replaced the indigenous [[Mode of production|modes of production]] with [[feudalism]] and introduced European-style [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] gender roles. The 1527 Narváez expedition to modern-day [[Florida]] was a failure, and only four men returned to Mexico City alive.<ref name=":0" />

In 1598, [[Juan de Oñate]] established the province of Santa Fe, which was inhabited by Pueblo people, and enslaved the native population. The colonizers demanded labor and agricultural goods from the Pueblo and attacked them for practicing their traditional religion. This led to a revolt in 1680 led by a San Juan Pueblo named Popé which gave the Pueblo independence for thirteen years. While independent, they sold guns and horses to the [[Navajo]] and [[Apache]], who had previously been their enemies. In the 1690's, the Spanish recolonized the area and defeated a second attempted revolt.<ref name=":0" />

In the 18th century, the Spanish continued colonizing western North America and established settlements in modern-day [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], [[Colorado]], and [[Arizona]]. Many expansion efforts were prevented by the nomadic Apache and Comanche peoples. Towards the end of the century, the Spanish began the Franciscan Mission system in [[State of California|California]] and enslaved natives and forced them to convert to [[Christianity]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Nodrada|newspaper=Medium|title=The Chicane National Question and the Era of Neocolonialism|date=2020-08-03|url=https://nodrivers.medium.com/the-chicane-national-question-and-the-era-of-neocolonialism-17e09ecb0713|retrieved=2022-05-08}}</ref>

=== Independence ===
In the 1810s, [[Miguel Hidalgo]] and [[José María Morelos]] started a revolt of the lower classes, including indigenous people and Africans, in southern Mexico. They were defeated in the mid-1810s. In 1821, Mexico won its independence from an urban movement of merchants and [[landlords]]. It briefly had an emperor but became a republic a few years after independence. In 1829, chattel [[slavery]] was abolished, although it was still practiced by English-speaking settlers in Texas in exchange for protection against the Apache. In the 1830s, the government expropriated much of the church's land and gave it to private owners.<ref name=":0" />

=== Texas Revolt and U.S. invasion ===
In 1835, white settlers in Texas began a revolt against Mexico and established [[Republic of Texas|their own republic]] in 1836 with a constitution that allowed slavery. In 1845, the [[United States of America|United States]] admitted Texas as a state even though it was still claimed by Mexico. This led to an attack from Mexico, beginning the [[Mexican–Statesian War]]. Mexico City was occupied by the U.S. in 1847 and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ceding Arizona, Colorado, [[Nevada]], New Mexico, Texas, and [[Utah]] to the U.S.<ref name=":0" /> The USA bought more Mexican land in 1853 with the Gadsden Purchase.<ref name=":1232">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=The Permanent Indian Frontier|page=153|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref> In the same year, [[William Walker]] invaded with a private army and tried to create a settler republic in Sonora and Baja California. Mexico forced him back into California.<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Going Global|page=180|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref>

=== Díaz presidency ===
The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]], United States, Spain, and [[French Republic|France]] invaded Mexico during its first 50 years of independence. During this time, indigenous president [[Benito Juarez]] separated the church and state and redistributed land to peasants. After Juarez died in 1872, General [[Porfirio Díaz]] overthrew the new president, [[Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada|Tejada]], and took power. Under Díaz, most of Mexico's natural resources were owned by the U.S. and U.K.<ref name=":1" /> [[John D. Rockefeller|John Rockefeller]] owned most of its oil, the peso was pegged to the dollar, and Mexico was [[Debt|indebted]] to U.S. [[Bank|banks]].<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=The Military Opens Doors|page=211–2|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref>

In 1908, the [[Mexican Liberal Party]] organized a strike against Díaz. In 1910, Díaz permitted the formation of opposition parties.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Edgcumb Pinchon|year=1944|title=The Mexican Revolution of 1910|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/fi/vol05/no09/kent.htm}}</ref>

=== Revolution ===
[[Francisco Madero]] organized a [[Liberalism|liberal]] opposition party against Díaz which supported constitutional government and social reforms. He was arrested and later fled to the United States. In 1910, [[Emiliano Zapata]]'s group of revolutionaries decided to take part in elections. A rebellion began against Diaz, led by [[Pancho Villa]] in the North and Zapata in the South. The northern army supported Madero and wanted to support the Mexican [[bourgeoisie]] against foreign capitalists. Zapata's Liberator Army of the South was less organized than the northern forces. Women fought in both armies. Diaz was removed from power and a provisional government was declared until Madero was elected president the next year. Despite his promises, land remained in the hands of [[Landlord|landlords]] and foreign businessmen. 15 months after he took power, the reactionary general [[Victoriano Huerta]] murdered Madero.<ref name=":1" />

In 1914, [[Woodrow Wilson]] invaded Veracruz. In 1916, he sent U.S. troops into northern Mexico to try to capture Pancho Villa.<ref name=":0222" />

After Huerta's coup, Zapata began the ''Plan de Ayala'' and told peasants to take back their land by force. Within four years, revolutionaries had defeated Huerta's forces and marched to Mexico City. [[Venustiano Carranza]], a northern general, declared himself Supreme Chief and said that the revolution was over. For five years, Zapata and Villa fought against Carranza and his allies. Zapata's forces seized land from landlords in the southern state of [[Morelos]]. After Villa was defeated in the north, the government sent General [[Pablo Gonzalez]] to kill Zapata. One of Gonzalez's colonels, Jesús Guajardo, said he was going to join forces with Zapata and invited him to a conference, where he killed Zapata.<ref name=":1" />

Between 1920 and 1924, [[Álvaro Obregón]]'s government vacillated between revolutionary and reformist positions. The militant peasantry pushed him to organize land reform. Because 90% of the population was illiterate, educators and artists spread revolutionary ideas through murals and paintings.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=The Lungs of Russia|page=46|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref>

=== Post-revolution ===
In 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas became president and nationalized the oil industry in 1938.<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Caracas|page=179–80|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> He relied on support from the peasantry and redistributed land from the aristocracy.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Notes|page=313|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>

The [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] ruled from 1929 to 2000 and again from 2012 to 2018. Presidents [[Adolfo López Mateos]], [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]], [[Luis Echeverría]], and [[José López Portillo]] (all connected to the CIA) committed severe human rights abuses. During the same time, the CIA infiltrated student organizations and social movements in [[COINTELPRO]]-style and spied on [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] and [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] embassies.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Countries invaded by the United States]]
[[Category:Global south]]
[[Category:Latin American countries]]
[[Category:North American countries]]
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 === Pre-colonial ===
-[[File:Southern Mexico indigenous map.png|thumb|Map of indigenous nations in southern Mexico]]
-[[File:Northern Mexico indigenous map.png|thumb|Map of indigenous nations in northern Mexico]]
 The earliest advanced civilization in Mexico was the Olmecs, which lasted from 1500 to 400 BCE.<ref>{{Citation|author=Richard A. Diehl|year=2004|title=The Olmecs: America's First Civilization|chapter=|section=|page=9–25|quote=|pdf=|city=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0500285039|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> They were succeeded by the Mayans and the Zapotecs. In 1428, the [[Aztec Empire]], also known as the Triple Alliance, was established, which ruled until Mexico was colonized by [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spain]].<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Frances Berdan|date=|title=El tributo a la Triple Alianza|url=https://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/el-tributo-la-triple-alianza-0|newspaper=Arqueología Mexicana|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-08|quote=}}</ref>