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| leader_name1 = [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] | | leader_name1 = [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] | ||
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'''Mexico''', officially the '''Mexican United States''', is a country in [[Iberoamerica|Iberomerica]]. It has a long history of [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] infiltration as its four presidents who ruled from 1958 to 1982 were all CIA assets.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|date=2023-05-02|title=Former President of Mexico Revealed as CIA Asset|url=https://orinocotribune.com/former-president-of-mexico-revealed-as-cia-asset/|newspaper=[[Orinoco Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503122648/https://orinocotribune.com/former-president-of-mexico-revealed-as-cia-asset/|archive-date=2023-05-03|retrieved=2023-05-06|author=Saheli Chowdhury}}</ref> As a consequence of the 1994 [[EZLN|Zapatista]]-led revolution, a [[Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities|communist autonomous region]] | '''Mexico''', officially the '''Mexican United States''', is a country in [[Iberoamerica|Iberomerica]]. It has a long history of [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] infiltration as its four presidents who ruled from 1958 to 1982 were all CIA assets.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|date=2023-05-02|title=Former President of Mexico Revealed as CIA Asset|url=https://orinocotribune.com/former-president-of-mexico-revealed-as-cia-asset/|newspaper=[[Orinoco Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503122648/https://orinocotribune.com/former-president-of-mexico-revealed-as-cia-asset/|archive-date=2023-05-03|retrieved=2023-05-06|author=Saheli Chowdhury}}</ref> As a consequence of the 1994 [[EZLN|Zapatista]]-led revolution, a [[Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities|communist autonomous region]] exists in Chiapas. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Pre-colonial === | === Pre-colonial === | ||
The earliest advanced civilization in Mexico was the Olmecs, which lasted from 1500 to 400 BCE.<ref>{{Citation|author=Richard A. Diehl|year=2004|title=The Olmecs: America's First Civilization|chapter=|section=|page=9–25|quote=|pdf=|city=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0500285039|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> They were succeeded by the Mayans and the Zapotecs. In 1428, the [[Aztec Empire]], also known as the Triple Alliance, was established, which ruled until Mexico was colonized by [[Spain]].<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Frances Berdan|date=|title=El tributo a la Triple Alianza|url=https://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/el-tributo-la-triple-alianza-0|newspaper=Arqueología Mexicana|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-08|quote=}}</ref> | |||
The earliest advanced civilization in Mexico was the Olmecs, which lasted from 1500 to 400 BCE.<ref>{{Citation|author=Richard A. Diehl|year=2004|title=The Olmecs: America's First Civilization|chapter=|section=|page=9–25|quote=|pdf=|city=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0500285039|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> They were succeeded by the Mayans and the Zapotecs. In 1428, the [[Aztec Empire]], also known as the Triple Alliance, was established, which ruled until Mexico was colonized by [[ | |||
=== Spanish occupation === | === Spanish occupation === | ||
Spain colonized Mexico starting in 1521, killing 200,000 Aztecs,<ref>{{Citation|author=Clodfelter|year=2017|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts|chapter=|section=|page=32|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=9781476625850|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and created the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]. The Spanish replaced the indigenous [[Mode of production|modes of production]] with [[feudalism]] and introduced European-style [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] gender roles. The 1527 Narváez expedition to modern-day [[Florida]] was a failure, and only four men returned to Mexico City alive. | Spain colonized Mexico starting in 1521, killing 200,000 Aztecs,<ref>{{Citation|author=Clodfelter|year=2017|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts|chapter=|section=|page=32|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=9781476625850|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and created the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]. The Spanish replaced the indigenous [[Mode of production|modes of production]] with [[feudalism]] and introduced European-style [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] gender roles. The 1527 Narváez expedition to modern-day [[Florida]] was a failure, and only four men returned to Mexico City alive. | ||
In 1598, [[Juan de Oñate]] established the province of Santa Fe, which was inhabited by Pueblo people, and enslaved the native population. The colonizers demanded labor and agricultural goods from the Pueblo and attacked them for practicing their traditional religion. This led to a revolt in 1680 led by a San Juan Pueblo named Popé which gave the Pueblo independence for thirteen years. While independent, they sold guns and horses to the [[Navajo]] and [[Apache]], who had previously been their enemies. In the 1690's, the Spanish recolonized the area and defeated a second attempted revolt. | In 1598, [[Juan de Oñate]] established the province of Santa Fe, which was inhabited by Pueblo people, and enslaved the native population. The colonizers demanded labor and agricultural goods from the Pueblo and attacked them for practicing their traditional religion. This led to a revolt in 1680 led by a San Juan Pueblo named Popé which gave the Pueblo independence for thirteen years. While independent, they sold guns and horses to the [[Navajo]] and [[Apache]], who had previously been their enemies. In the 1690's, the Spanish recolonized the area and defeated a second attempted revolt. | ||
In the 18th century, the Spanish continued colonizing western North America and established settlements in modern-day [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], [[Colorado]], and [[Arizona]]. Many expansion efforts were prevented by the nomadic Apache and Comanche peoples. Towards the end of the century, the Spanish began the Franciscan Mission system in | In the 18th century, the Spanish continued colonizing western North America and established settlements in modern-day [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], [[Colorado]], and [[Arizona]]. Many expansion efforts were prevented by the nomadic Apache and Comanche peoples. Towards the end of the century, the Spanish began the Franciscan Mission system in California and enslaved natives and forced them to convert to [[Christianity]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Nodrada|newspaper=Medium|title=The Chicane National Question and the Era of Neocolonialism|date=2020-08-03|url=https://nodrivers.medium.com/the-chicane-national-question-and-the-era-of-neocolonialism-17e09ecb0713|retrieved=2022-05-08}}</ref> | ||
=== Independence === | === Independence === | ||
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=== Texas Revolt and U.S. invasion === | === Texas Revolt and U.S. invasion === | ||
In 1835, white settlers in Texas began a revolt against Mexico and established [[Republic of Texas|their own republic]] in 1836 with a constitution that allowed slavery. In 1845, the [[United States of America|United States]] admitted Texas as a state even though it was still claimed by Mexico. This led to an attack from Mexico, beginning the [[ | In 1835, white settlers in Texas began a revolt against Mexico and established [[Republic of Texas|their own republic]] in 1836 with a constitution that allowed slavery. In 1845, the [[United States of America|United States]] admitted Texas as a state even though it was still claimed by Mexico. This led to an attack from Mexico, beginning the [[Mexican–American War]]. Mexico City was occupied by the U.S. in 1847 and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ceding Arizona, Colorado, [[Nevada]], New Mexico, Texas, and [[Utah]] to the U.S.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
=== Díaz presidency === | === Díaz presidency === | ||
During its first fifty years of independence, Mexico was invaded by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|England]], the United States, Spain, and [[French Republic|France]]. During this time, indigenous president [[Benito Juarez]] separated the church and state and redistributed land to peasants. After Juarez died in 1872, General [[Porfirio Díaz]] overthrew the new president, Tejada, and took power. Under Díaz, most of Mexico's natural resources were owned by the U.S. and U.K. In 1908, a [[Strike action|strike]] was organized against Díaz by the [[Mexican Liberal Party]]. In 1910, Díaz permitted the formation of opposition parties.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Edgcumb Pinchon|year=1944|title=The Mexican Revolution of 1910|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/fi/vol05/no09/kent.htm}}</ref> | |||
=== Revolution === | === Revolution === | ||
[[Francisco Madero]] organized a [[Liberalism|liberal]] opposition party against Díaz which supported constitutional government and social reforms. He was arrested and later fled to the United States. In 1910, [[Emiliano Zapata]]'s group of revolutionaries decided to take part in elections. A rebellion began against Diaz, led by [[Pancho Villa]] in the North and Zapata in the South. The northern army supported Madero and wanted to support the Mexican [[bourgeoisie]] against foreign capitalists. Zapata's Liberator Army of the South was less organized than the northern forces. Women fought in both armies. Diaz was removed from power and a provisional government was declared until Madero was elected president the next year. Despite his promises, land remained in the hands of [[Landlord|landlords]] and foreign businessmen. 15 months after | [[Francisco Innocente Madero]] organized a [[Liberalism|liberal]] opposition party against Díaz which supported constitutional government and social reforms. He was arrested and later fled to the United States. In 1910, [[Emiliano Zapata]]'s group of revolutionaries decided to take part in elections. A rebellion began against Diaz, led by [[Pancho Villa]] in the North and Zapata in the South. The northern army supported Madero and wanted to support the Mexican [[bourgeoisie]] against foreign capitalists. Zapata's Liberator Army of the South was less organized than the northern forces. Women fought in both armies. Diaz was removed from power and a provisional government was declared until Madero was elected president the next year. Despite his promises, land remained in the hands of [[Landlord|landlords]] and foreign businessmen. 15 months after taking power, Madero was overthrown and murdered by reactionary general [[Victoriano Huerta]]. | ||
After Huerta's coup, Zapata began the ''Plan de Ayala'' and told peasants to take back their land by force. Within four years, revolutionaries had defeated Huerta's forces and marched to Mexico City. [[Venustiano Carranza]], a northern general, declared himself Supreme Chief and said that the revolution was over. For five years, Zapata and Villa fought against Carranza and his allies. Zapata's forces seized land from landlords in the southern state of [[Morelos]]. After Villa was defeated in the north, the government sent General [[Pablo Gonzalez]] to kill Zapata. One of Gonzalez's colonels, Jesús Guajardo, said he was going to join forces with Zapata and invited him to a conference, where he killed Zapata.<ref name=":1" /> | After Huerta's coup, Zapata began the ''Plan de Ayala'' and told peasants to take back their land by force. Within four years, revolutionaries had defeated Huerta's forces and marched to Mexico City. [[Venustiano Carranza]], a northern general, declared himself Supreme Chief and said that the revolution was over. For five years, Zapata and Villa fought against Carranza and his allies. Zapata's forces seized land from landlords in the southern state of [[Morelos]]. After Villa was defeated in the north, the government sent General [[Pablo Gonzalez]] to kill Zapata. One of Gonzalez's colonels, Jesús Guajardo, said he was going to join forces with Zapata and invited him to a conference, where he killed Zapata.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
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=== Post-revolution === | === Post-revolution === | ||
The [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] ruled from 1929 to 2000 and again from 2012 to 2018. Presidents [[Adolfo López Mateos]], [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]], [[Luis Echeverría]], and [[José López Portillo]] (all connected to the CIA) committed severe human rights abuses. During the same time, the CIA infiltrated student organizations and social movements in [[COINTELPRO]]-style and spied on [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] and [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] embassies.<ref name=":2" /> | The [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] ruled from 1929 to 2000 and again from 2012 to 2018. Presidents [[Adolfo López Mateos]], [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]], [[Luis Echeverría]], and [[José López Portillo]] (all connected to the CIA) committed severe human rights abuses. During the same time, the CIA infiltrated student organizations and social movements in [[COINTELPRO]]-style and spied on [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] and [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] embassies.<ref name=":2" /> | ||