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=== Spanish occupation === | === Spanish occupation === | ||
Spain colonized Mexico starting in 1521, killing 200,000 Aztecs,<ref>{{Citation|author=Clodfelter|year=2017|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts|chapter=|section=|page=32|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=9781476625850|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and created the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]. The Spanish replaced the indigenous [[Mode of production|modes of production]] with [[feudalism]] and introduced European-style [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] gender roles. The 1527 Narváez expedition to modern-day [[Florida]] was a failure, and only four men returned to Mexico City alive. | Spain colonized Mexico starting in 1521, killing 200,000 Aztecs,<ref>{{Citation|author=Clodfelter|year=2017|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts|chapter=|section=|page=32|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=9781476625850|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and created the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]. The Spanish replaced the indigenous [[Mode of production|modes of production]] with [[feudalism]] and introduced European-style [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] gender roles. The 1527 Narváez expedition to modern-day [[Florida]] was a failure, and only four men returned to Mexico City alive. | ||
In 1598, [[Juan de Oñate]] established the province of Santa Fe, which was inhabited by Pueblo people, and enslaved the native population. The colonizers demanded labor and agricultural goods from the Pueblo and attacked them for practicing their traditional religion. This led to a revolt in 1680 led by a San Juan Pueblo named Popé which gave the Pueblo independence for thirteen years. While independent, they sold guns and horses to the [[Navajo]] and [[Apache]], who had previously been their enemies. In the 1690's, the Spanish recolonized the area and defeated a second attempted revolt. | In 1598, [[Juan de Oñate]] established the province of Santa Fe, which was inhabited by Pueblo people, and enslaved the native population. The colonizers demanded labor and agricultural goods from the Pueblo and attacked them for practicing their traditional religion. This led to a revolt in 1680 led by a San Juan Pueblo named Popé which gave the Pueblo independence for thirteen years. While independent, they sold guns and horses to the [[Navajo]] and [[Apache]], who had previously been their enemies. In the 1690's, the Spanish recolonized the area and defeated a second attempted revolt. | ||
In the 18th century, the Spanish continued colonizing western North America and established settlements in modern-day [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], [[Colorado]], and [[Arizona]]. Many expansion efforts were prevented by the nomadic Apache and Comanche peoples. Towards the end of the century, the Spanish began the Franciscan Mission system in [[State of California|California]] and enslaved natives and forced them to convert to [[Christianity]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Nodrada|newspaper=Medium|title=The Chicane National Question and the Era of Neocolonialism|date=2020-08-03|url=https://nodrivers.medium.com/the-chicane-national-question-and-the-era-of-neocolonialism-17e09ecb0713|retrieved=2022-05-08}}</ref> | In the 18th century, the Spanish continued colonizing western North America and established settlements in modern-day [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], [[Colorado]], and [[Arizona]]. Many expansion efforts were prevented by the nomadic Apache and Comanche peoples. Towards the end of the century, the Spanish began the Franciscan Mission system in [[State of California|California]] and enslaved natives and forced them to convert to [[Christianity]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Nodrada|newspaper=Medium|title=The Chicane National Question and the Era of Neocolonialism|date=2020-08-03|url=https://nodrivers.medium.com/the-chicane-national-question-and-the-era-of-neocolonialism-17e09ecb0713|retrieved=2022-05-08}}</ref> | ||
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=== Revolution === | === Revolution === | ||
[[Francisco Madero]] organized a [[Liberalism|liberal]] opposition party against Díaz which supported constitutional government and social reforms. He was arrested and later fled to the United States. In 1910, [[Emiliano Zapata]]'s group of revolutionaries decided to take part in elections. A rebellion began against Diaz, led by [[Pancho Villa]] in the North and Zapata in the South. The northern army supported Madero and wanted to support the Mexican [[bourgeoisie]] against foreign capitalists. Zapata's Liberator Army of the South was less organized than the northern forces. Women fought in both armies. Diaz was removed from power and a provisional government was declared until Madero was elected president the next year. Despite his promises, land remained in the hands of [[Landlord|landlords]] and foreign businessmen. 15 months after he took power, the reactionary general [[Victoriano Huerta]] murdered Madero. | [[Francisco Madero]] organized a [[Liberalism|liberal]] opposition party against Díaz which supported constitutional government and social reforms. He was arrested and later fled to the United States. In 1910, [[Emiliano Zapata]]'s group of revolutionaries decided to take part in elections. A rebellion began against Diaz, led by [[Pancho Villa]] in the North and Zapata in the South. The northern army supported Madero and wanted to support the Mexican [[bourgeoisie]] against foreign capitalists. Zapata's Liberator Army of the South was less organized than the northern forces. Women fought in both armies. Diaz was removed from power and a provisional government was declared until Madero was elected president the next year. Despite his promises, land remained in the hands of [[Landlord|landlords]] and foreign businessmen. 15 months after he took power, the reactionary general [[Victoriano Huerta]] murdered Madero. | ||
In 1914, [[Woodrow Wilson]] invaded Veracruz. In 1916, he sent U.S. troops into northern Mexico to try to capture Pancho Villa.<ref name=":0222" /> | In 1914, [[Woodrow Wilson]] invaded Veracruz. In 1916, he sent U.S. troops into northern Mexico to try to capture Pancho Villa.<ref name=":0222" /> | ||