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===== Collective farming ===== | ===== Collective farming ===== | ||
In 1953, the MPRP Central Committee held a meeting on the slow growth of the APAs. In 1954, the Council of Ministers recommended APAs to organize workers into teams and establish standards for output. Within one year, the area under APA production grew by 57% to reach 2,193 hectares with 979,500 livestock. In 1954, a new tax code was adopted that reduced overall taxes by 25%. Farms with up to 20 animals paid no taxes, while those with 50 to 100 paid 4 tögrög per camel, 3 per horse, 2 per head of cattle, 0.7 per sheep, and 0.25 per goat. The largest farms paid 8–10 per camel, 7–9 per horse, 6–8 per head of cattle, 1.75–2.3 per sheep, and 1.25–2 per goat. Small farms of 11 to 30 ''bodo''<ref group="note">A ''bodo'' is a measure of adult livestock equal to half a camel; one horse, cow or yak; or ten sheep or goats</ref> paid 20 kg of meat and 20 liters of milk per head of cattle and 800 grams of wool per sheep while the largest farms of over 260 | In 1953, the MPRP Central Committee held a meeting on the slow growth of the APAs. In 1954, the Council of Ministers recommended APAs to organize workers into teams and establish standards for output. Within one year, the area under APA production grew by 57% to reach 2,193 hectares with 979,500 livestock. In 1954, a new tax code was adopted that reduced overall taxes by 25%. Farms with up to 20 animals paid no taxes, while those with 50 to 100 paid 4 tögrög per camel, 3 per horse, 2 per head of cattle, 0.7 per sheep, and 0.25 per goat. The largest farms paid 8–10 per camel, 7–9 per horse, 6–8 per head of cattle, 1.75–2.3 per sheep, and 1.25–2 per goat. Small farms of 11 to 30 ''bodo''<ref group="note">A ''bodo'' is a measure of adult livestock equal to half a camel; one horse, cow or yak; or ten sheep or goats</ref> paid 20 kg of meat and 20 liters of milk per head of cattle and 800 grams of wool per sheep while the largest farms of over 260 bodo paid 45 kg of meat and 100 liters of milk per head of cattle and 1.5 kg of wool per sheep. APA farms, regardless of size, paid 24 kg of beef and 65 liters of milk per head of cattle; 4 kg of mutton and 1.2 kg of wool per sheep; 3 kg of meat, 200 g of wool, and 220 kg of down per goat; and 4.2 kg of wool per camel.<ref name=":033" /><sup>:420–4</sup> | ||
In 1955, the First Republican Congress renamed APAs to Agricultural Associations (AA). All members of farm families aged 16 or older had to work at least 75 days per year, and income was based on number of days worked. Depending on the region, AA members were able to personally own up to 100 or 150 livestock depending on the region. By 1957, collective farms had 5,223,600 ''bodo'' of livestock, 28 times higher than in 1952. 33% of peasant farms had joined AAs and 22.5% of Mongolia's cattle were collectively owned.<ref name=":033" /><sup>:425–6</sup> | In 1955, the First Republican Congress renamed APAs to Agricultural Associations (AA). All members of farm families aged 16 or older had to work at least 75 days per year, and income was based on number of days worked. Depending on the region, AA members were able to personally own up to 100 or 150 livestock depending on the region. By 1957, collective farms had 5,223,600 ''bodo'' of livestock, 28 times higher than in 1952. 33% of peasant farms had joined AAs and 22.5% of Mongolia's cattle were collectively owned.<ref name=":033" /><sup>:425–6</sup> | ||