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Between late 1929 and early 1930, over 600 of 729 large estates were confiscated and their livestock were given to poor peasants who owned no or very few cattle. By 1932 April, over 11,000 feudal estates had been redistributed. In 1930 December, Mongolia introduced a state monopoly on foreign trade, with that year capitalist exports and imports at only 26% and 9.8%, respectively. In 1931, the country redrew its administrative divisions.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:328–30</sup> | Between late 1929 and early 1930, over 600 of 729 large estates were confiscated and their livestock were given to poor peasants who owned no or very few cattle. By 1932 April, over 11,000 feudal estates had been redistributed. In 1930 December, Mongolia introduced a state monopoly on foreign trade, with that year capitalist exports and imports at only 26% and 9.8%, respectively. In 1931, the country redrew its administrative divisions.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:328–30</sup> | ||
==== Ultra-leftist | ==== Ultra-leftist errors (1930–1932) ==== | ||
After the redistribution of land and livestock, peasants formed basic [[Worker cooperative|cooperatives]]. The Eighth Party Congress in 1930 adopted a plan for full [[collectivization]] of agriculture. They rapidly formed communes that were poorly organized and lacked labor discipline, leading the country to lose 32% of its 23.5 million livestock by 1932. Extreme anti-religious policies that targeted low-ranking clergy in addition to the nobility, leading to a Lamaist rebellion in western Mongolia that was defeated in 1932. The Central Committee held a meeting in 1932 and purged [[Zolbingiin Shijee|Shijee]], [[Ölziitiin Badrakh|Badrakh]], and other [[Ultra-leftism|ultra-leftists]].<ref name=":032" /><sup>:330–3</sup> | After the redistribution of land and livestock, peasants formed basic [[Worker cooperative|cooperatives]]. The Eighth Party Congress in 1930 adopted a plan for full [[collectivization]] of agriculture. They rapidly formed communes that were poorly organized and lacked labor discipline, leading the country to lose 32% of its 23.5 million livestock by 1932. Extreme anti-religious policies that targeted low-ranking clergy in addition to the nobility, leading to a Lamaist rebellion in western Mongolia that was defeated in 1932. The Central Committee held a meeting in 1932 and purged [[Zolbingiin Shijee|Shijee]], [[Ölziitiin Badrakh|Badrakh]], and other [[Ultra-leftism|ultra-leftists]].<ref name=":032" /><sup>:330–3</sup> | ||
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==== First Five-Year Plan (1948–1952) ==== | ==== First Five-Year Plan (1948–1952) ==== | ||
Mongolia lost six million livestock during the war. It began its first five-year plan in 1948 to recover from the war. In 1949, the Central Committee criticized bourgeois nationalist views of history and literature that glorified [[Genghis Khan|Chinggis Khan]]. In 1950, the Grand People's Hural introduced a tax on animal breeding but exempted excess animals from above the plan quota from taxation. Peasants had to pay amounts of meat, wool, fat, and milk based on the plan quotas. Worker competition increased to involve 90% of workers by 1952, and many workers exceeded their quotas by six or more times in the mining, building, and transportation industries.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:388–93 | Mongolia lost six million livestock during the war. It began its first five-year plan in 1948 to recover from the war. In 1949, the Central Committee criticized bourgeois nationalist views of history and literature that glorified [[Genghis Khan|Chinggis Khan]]. In 1950, the Grand People's Hural introduced a tax on animal breeding but exempted excess animals from above the plan quota from taxation. Peasants had to pay amounts of meat, wool, fat, and milk based on the plan quotas. Worker competition increased to involve 90% of workers by 1952, and many workers exceeded their quotas by six or more times in the mining, building, and transportation industries.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:388–93</sup> | ||
During the First Five-Year Plan, the number of horse-powered haymaking units increased by five times, and livestock shelters increased by 3.5 times. The number of livestock increased by 8.7% but did not reach the quota of 31 million. The area of land cultivated by state farms exceeded the target by 51.1%, and grain production exceeded its target by 12.5%. Industrial output in 1951 was 51% higher than in 1947 and 150% higher than in 1940. Wages for industrial workers grew by 22% during the plan and labor productivity by 28.8%. Butter production doubled, and industrial food production grew by 17.1%. The total proletarian population reached 70,000, or 14% of the country's able-bodied population, in 1952.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:394–401</sup> | During the First Five-Year Plan, the number of horse-powered haymaking units increased by five times, and livestock shelters increased by 3.5 times. The number of livestock increased by 8.7% but did not reach the quota of 31 million. The area of land cultivated by state farms exceeded the target by 51.1%, and grain production exceeded its target by 12.5%. Industrial output in 1951 was 51% higher than in 1947 and 150% higher than in 1940. Wages for industrial workers grew by 22% during the plan and labor productivity by 28.8%. Butter production doubled, and industrial food production grew by 17.1%. The total proletarian population reached 70,000, or 14% of the country's able-bodied population, in 1952.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:394–401</sup> | ||
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==== Second Five-Year Plan (1953–1957) ==== | ==== Second Five-Year Plan (1953–1957) ==== | ||
In 1954, [[Jamsrangiin Sambuu]] was elected Chairman of the Presidium, and [[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]] became head of government. In 1955, Mongolia reorganized state farms under production teams. The MPRP held a congress of peasant production associations and began awarding herders who grew the size of their herds by 15% or more within two years. Industrial output increased by 69%, well above the planned growth rate of 7.8% per year. A 700-km railroad from Ulaanbaatar to Zamyn-Üüd opened in 1955. In 1957, the USSR gave free oil wells and refineries to the MPR and free access to telephone lines between [[Moscow]], Ulaanbaatar, and [[Beijing]].<ref name=":033" /><sup>:409–16</sup> | In 1954, [[Jamsrangiin Sambuu]] was elected Chairman of the Presidium, and [[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]] became head of government. In 1955, Mongolia reorganized state farms under production teams. The MPRP held a congress of peasant production associations and began awarding herders who grew the size of their herds by 15% or more within two years. Industrial output increased by 69%, well above the planned growth rate of 7.8% per year. A 700-km railroad from Ulaanbaatar to Zamyn-Üüd opened in 1955. In 1957, the USSR gave free oil wells and refineries to the MPR and free access to telephone lines between [[Moscow]], Ulaanbaatar, and [[Beijing]].<ref name=":033" /><sup>:409–16</sup> | ||
==== Three-Year Plan (1958–1960) ==== | ==== Three-Year Plan (1958–1960) ==== | ||
Between 1958 and 1960, Mongolia began growing grain in 300,000 hectares of previously uncultivated land with the help of hundreds of specialists and 2,500 tractors from the USSR. Industrial output grew by 63.8%, reaching 7.4 times the 1940 level in 1960. By 1960, all ''sums'' (counties) were had direct telephone connections to provincial (''aimag'') centers. By 1960, proletarian families made up 36.1% of the country's population | Between 1958 and 1960, Mongolia began growing grain in 300,000 hectares of previously uncultivated land with the help of hundreds of specialists and 2,500 tractors from the USSR. Industrial output grew by 63.8%, reaching 7.4 times the 1940 level in 1960. By 1960, all ''sums'' (counties) were had direct telephone connections to provincial (''aimag'') centers. By 1960, proletarian families made up 36.1% of the country's population.<ref name=":033" /><sup>:412–7</sup> | ||
=== Sino-Soviet Split === | === Sino-Soviet Split === | ||
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=== Counterrevolution === | === Counterrevolution === | ||
In 1990, a [[Colour revolution|color revolution]] occurred and bourgeois parties were allowed to compete in elections. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party still won but eventually became a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] party by 1991.<ref>{{Citation|author=Dieter Nohlen, et al.|year=2001|title=Elections in Asia: A data handbook|chapter=|section=|page=490|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=0199249598|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> The current constitution of [[Mongolia]] was adopted in 1992. After the adoption of the new constitution, the name of the state became "Mongolia. | In 1990, a [[Colour revolution|color revolution]] occurred and bourgeois parties were allowed to compete in elections. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party still won but eventually became a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] party by 1991.<ref>{{Citation|author=Dieter Nohlen, et al.|year=2001|title=Elections in Asia: A data handbook|chapter=|section=|page=490|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=0199249598|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> The current constitution of [[Mongolia]] was adopted in 1992. After the adoption of the new constitution, the name of the state became "Mongolia".<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001.pdf?lang=en "Mongolia's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2001."] Constitute Project. PDF generated 27 Apr 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220508161003/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001.pdf?lang=en Archived] 2022-05-08.</ref> | ||
== Government == | == Government == | ||
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* ''[[Library:History of the Mongolian People's Republic|History of the Mongolian People's Republic]]'': Part Two | * ''[[Library:History of the Mongolian People's Republic|History of the Mongolian People's Republic]]'': Part Two | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Former socialist states]] | [[Category:Former socialist states]] | ||