The edit can be undone. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, and then publish the changes below to finish undoing the edit.
Latest revision | Your text | ||
Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
Monasteries were mostly empty by 1938 after the lower-ranking lamas abandoned them. Voluntary production associations reemerged, with about 90 active by 1940.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:351–3</sup> | Monasteries were mostly empty by 1938 after the lower-ranking lamas abandoned them. Voluntary production associations reemerged, with about 90 active by 1940.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:351–3</sup> | ||
===== Industry ===== | |||
In 1933, Mongolia opened a mechanical wool-washing factory in Hatkhyl. In 1934 March, Mongolia began industrial production of leather and wool products. The number of industrial [[Proletariat|workers]] in 1934 was ten times higher than in 1928. Low-ranking lamas joined the 33 producers' associations that had over 1,000 members. The government began building roads, with car travel increasing twelve times between 1932 and 1934. In 1934, 8,000 of the country's 11,000 industrial and office workers were [[Trade union|unionized]]. In 1937, the Central Committee began competition in state and cooperative enterprises, and the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|USSR]] transferred full ownership of mixed enterprises to Mongolia.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:338–41</sup> | |||
===== Agriculture ===== | ===== Agriculture ===== | ||
The first ten mechanized haymaking stations opened in 1937 and increased to 24 stations in 1938. The area of hay harvested grew from 2,000 hectares in 1924 to 200,000 in 1940. By 1940, state farms and agricultural industry had over 160 tractors and 1,000 mowers.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:352–3</sup> | The first ten mechanized haymaking stations opened in 1937 and increased to 24 stations in 1938. The area of hay harvested grew from 2,000 hectares in 1924 to 200,000 in 1940. By 1940, state farms and agricultural industry had over 160 tractors and 1,000 mowers.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:352–3</sup> | ||
===== Livestock ===== | ===== Livestock ===== | ||
Line 90: | Line 90: | ||
For the first decade after the [[Sino-Soviet split]], Mongolia was neutral. In January 1966, Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed a mutual defense treaty. In the first half of 1969, over 4,000 livestock shelters were built that were capable of protecting over 1.8 million animals from the cold.<ref>{{Citation|author=Robert A. Smith|year=1970|title=Mongolia: In the Soviet Camp|title-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642142?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A34573745e622e1d2daad8826b136471c&seq=1|page=25–29|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> | For the first decade after the [[Sino-Soviet split]], Mongolia was neutral. In January 1966, Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed a mutual defense treaty. In the first half of 1969, over 4,000 livestock shelters were built that were capable of protecting over 1.8 million animals from the cold.<ref>{{Citation|author=Robert A. Smith|year=1970|title=Mongolia: In the Soviet Camp|title-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642142?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A34573745e622e1d2daad8826b136471c&seq=1|page=25–29|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> | ||
=== Counterrevolution === | === Counterrevolution === | ||
Line 120: | Line 106: | ||
In 1949, Mongolia introduced the secret ballot and replaced all indirect elections with direct ones.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:401</sup> | In 1949, Mongolia introduced the secret ballot and replaced all indirect elections with direct ones.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:401</sup> | ||
== Trade == | == Trade == | ||
Mongolia joined the [[Council for Mutual Economic Assistance]] in 1962 July. In addition to trading with other socialist countries, it traded with [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Republic of Finland|Finland]], [[French Republic|France]], [[Republic of India|India]], [[Japan]], [[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]], [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]], and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]].<ref name=":033">{{Citation|author=A. A. Guber, et al.|year=1973|title=History of the Mongolian People's Republic|title-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheMPR/page/n202/mode/1up|chapter=The Fight of the Mongolian People for the Victory of Socialism|page=}}</ref | Mongolia joined the [[Council for Mutual Economic Assistance]] in 1962 July. In addition to trading with other socialist countries, it traded with [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Republic of Finland|Finland]], [[French Republic|France]], [[Republic of India|India]], [[Japan]], [[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]], [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]], and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]].<ref name=":033">{{Citation|author=A. A. Guber, et al.|year=1973|title=History of the Mongolian People's Republic|title-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheMPR/page/n202/mode/1up|chapter=The Fight of the Mongolian People for the Victory of Socialism|page=}}</ref> | ||
== Education == | == Education == | ||
During the First Five-Year Plan, the number of students in primary schools increased by 84.4%, seven-year schools by 33.3%, 300% in ten-year schools, 27% in technical institutes, and 100% in universities. By 1952, adult literacy was 99%.<ref name=":032" /><sup>:400</sup> | |||
During the First Five-Year Plan | |||
== Space program == | == Space program == | ||
In 1978, aeronautical engineer Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa was selected to participate in the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]'s eighth international [[Intercosmos]] mission, as a researcher on the [[Soyuz 39]] mission. On March 22, 1981, he launched into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Kazakhstan]], becoming the first Mongolian cosmonaut. He spent nearly eight days in space, carrying out scientific experiments on the Soviet space station [[Salyut 6]]. Gurragcha left the space program on March 30, 1981, and was awarded the title [[Hero of the Soviet Union]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jugderdemidiin-Gurragcha “Jugderdemidiin Gurragcha | Mongolian Cosmonaut.”] In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221122045241/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jugderdemidiin-Gurragcha Archived] 2022-11-22.</ref> | In 1978, aeronautical engineer Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa (Mongolian: ''Жүгдэрдэмидийн Гүррагчаа'') was selected to participate in the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]'s eighth international [[Intercosmos]] mission, as a researcher on the [[Soyuz 39]] mission. On March 22, 1981, he launched into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Kazakhstan]], becoming the first Mongolian cosmonaut. He spent nearly eight days in space, carrying out scientific experiments on the Soviet space station [[Salyut 6]]. Gurragcha left the space program on March 30, 1981, and was awarded the title [[Hero of the Soviet Union]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jugderdemidiin-Gurragcha “Jugderdemidiin Gurragcha | Mongolian Cosmonaut.”] In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221122045241/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jugderdemidiin-Gurragcha Archived] 2022-11-22.</ref> | ||
== Further reading == | == Further reading == |