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== Planning == | == Planning == | ||
On 1920 November 22, [[Damdin Sükhbaatar]] and [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] returned to [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924)|Mongolia]] from Irkutsk and began planning an uprising from Hiagt against the Mongolian [[Feudalism|feudal]] [[nobility]] led by [[Roman Ungern-Sternberg|Baron Ungern]] and the [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924)|Bogd Khan]]. They began publishing the newspaper ''Mongolian Truth'' (''Mongolyn Ünen''), which denounced the [[Imperialism|imperialists]] and nobility, and distributed other pamphlets in Mongolia. Sükhbaatar organized 50 border troops in northern Mongolia, and [[B. Puntsag]] became the commander of the first revolutionary regiment which was composed of peasants and soldiers. They chose Altan, a town on the Orkhon and Selenge rivers, as their partisan base, and defeated multiple groups of [[Republic of China|Chinese]] warlords in Maimachen (now Altanbulag).<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=A. A. Guber, et al.|year=1973|title=History of the Mongolian People's Republic|title-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheMPR/page/n116/mode/1up|chapter=The Mongolian People's Revolution and the Proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic|page=}}</ref><sup>:286–9</sup> | On 1920 November 22, [[Damdin Sükhbaatar]] and [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] returned to [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924)|Mongolia]] from Irkutsk and began planning an uprising from Hiagt against the Mongolian [[Feudalism|feudal]] [[nobility]] led by [[Roman Ungern-Sternberg|Baron Ungern]] and the [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924)|Bogd Khan]]. They began publishing the newspaper ''Mongolian Truth'' (''Mongolyn Ünen''), which denounced the [[Imperialism|imperialists]] and nobility, and distributed other pamphlets in Mongolia. Sükhbaatar organized 50 border troops in northern Mongolia, and [[B. Puntsag]] became the commander of the first revolutionary regiment which was composed of peasants and soldiers. They chose Altan, a town on the Orkhon and Selenge rivers, as their partisan base, and defeated multiple groups of [[Republic of China|Chinese]] warlords in Maimachen (now Altanbulag).<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=A. A. Guber, et al.|year=1973|title=History of the Mongolian People's Republic|title-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheMPR/page/n116/mode/1up|chapter=The Mongolian People's Revolution and the Proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic|page=286–8}}</ref><sup>:286–9</sup> | ||
Choibalsan returned to Örgöö from northern Mongolia and prepared for the First [[Mongolian People's Party|Party]] Congress. On 1921 March 1, the MPRP held the congress in Hiagt with 26 delegates, mostly from the peasantry. Most of the delegates wanted to ally with [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russia]] and remain independent from the nobility, but a few sided with the nobility and believed Ungern had already restored Mongolia's autonomy from China. The Congress also combined all the partisan groups into the [[Mongolian People's Army|People's Revolutionary Army]], with Sükhbaatar as its commander-in-chief and Choibalsan as commissar. The party adopted a program calling for the formation of peasant assemblies (''[[Soviet (governmental body)|hural]]'') and the overthrow of the Russian [[White Army|Whites]] and the Chinese warlords.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:289–91</sup> | Choibalsan returned to Örgöö from northern Mongolia and prepared for the First [[Mongolian People's Party|Party]] Congress. On 1921 March 1, the MPRP held the congress in Hiagt with 26 delegates, mostly from the peasantry. Most of the delegates wanted to ally with [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russia]] and remain independent from the nobility, but a few sided with the nobility and believed Ungern had already restored Mongolia's autonomy from China. The Congress also combined all the partisan groups into the [[Mongolian People's Army|People's Revolutionary Army]], with Sükhbaatar as its commander-in-chief and Choibalsan as commissar. The party adopted a program calling for the formation of peasant assemblies (''[[Soviet (governmental body)|hural]]'') and the overthrow of the Russian [[White Army|Whites]] and the Chinese warlords.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:289–91</sup> | ||
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== Hiagt uprising == | == Hiagt uprising == | ||
On March 13, a congress of workers and partisans in Hiagt elected the Provisional People's Government of Mongolia, with [[Dambyn Chagdarjav|Chagdarjav]] as President, Sükhbaatar as Minister of War, and Choibalsan as Deputy Commander-in-Chief for Political Affairs. [[Bilegsaikhan]], [[Dogsomyn Bodoo|Bodoo]], and [[Sumya]] were also elected. On March 16, the Central Committee and Provisional People's Government sent a message to the 10,000 Chinese soldiers in Maimachen telling them to surrender. They did not respond, and the People's Army attacked two days later and defeated them, expelling the warlords from the country. On March 19, the Provisional Government issued a manifesto declaring the formation of a new government and Grand All-People's Hural. A few days later, it established three ministries: Finance, Internal Affairs, and War.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:292–4</sup> | On March 13, a congress of workers and partisans in Hiagt elected the Provisional People's Government of Mongolia, with [[Dambyn Chagdarjav|Chagdarjav]] as President, Sükhbaatar as Minister of War, and Choibalsan as Deputy Commander-in-Chief for Political Affairs. [[Bilegsaikhan]], [[Dogsomyn Bodoo|Bodoo]], and [[Sumya]] were also elected. On March 16, the Central Committee and Provisional People's Government sent a message to the 10,000 Chinese soldiers in Maimachen telling them to surrender. They did not respond, and the People's Army attacked two days later and defeated them, expelling the warlords from the country. On March 19, the Provisional Government issued a manifesto declaring the formation of a new government and Grand All-People's Hural. A few days later, it established three ministries: Finance, Internal Affairs, and War.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:292–4</sup> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Revolutions]] | [[Category:Revolutions]] | ||