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| {{Infobox politician|name=Nikita Khrushchev|native_name=Никита Хрущёв|birth_date=15 April 1894|death_date=11 September 1971 (aged 77)|birth_place=Kalinovka, Kursk Governorate, [[Russian Empire]]|death_place=[[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]|death_cause=Heart attack|nationality=Russian<ref><blockquote>Finally, the '''''nationality question''''' entered into my thinking. It's true, I'd already worked in the Ukraine and had always gotten along well with Ukrainian Communists and non-Party members alike. Nevertheless, '''''as a Russian''''', I still felt some awkwardness among Ukrainians. Even though I understand the Ukrainian language, I'd never mastered it to the extent that I could make speeches in it.</blockquote>Khrushchev, Nikita; Crankshaw, Edward; Talbott, Strobe (1971).: ''Khrushchev Remembers''. Bantam Books. p. 106</ref>|image=Khrushchev.png|political_line=[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br> ([[Revisionism|Right-revisionist]]<ref name=":999">{{Citation|author=[[Mao Zedong]]|year=1964|title=On Khrushchov’s Phony Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World)|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm|quote=The Programme put forward by the revisionist Khrushchev clique at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU is a programme of phony communism, a revisionist programme, against proletarian revolution and for the abolition of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the proletarian party. | | {{Infobox politician|name=Nikita Khrushchev|native_name=Никита Хрущёв|birth_date=15 April 1894|death_date=11 September 1971|birth_place=Kalinovka, Kursk Governorate, [[Russian Empire]]|death_place=[[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]|death_cause=Heart attack|image=Khrushchev.png}} |
| The revisionist Khrushchev clique abolishes the dictatorship of the proletariat behind the camouflage of the "state of the whole people", changes the proletarian character of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union behind the camouflage of the "party of the entire people", and paves the way for the restoration of capitalism.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm}}</ref>)}}
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| '''Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev''' (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] [[revisionist]] politician who served as the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] from 1953 to 1964 and [[Premier of the Soviet Union]] from 1958 to 1964.
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| Khrushchev is considered to be responsible for numerous theoretical errors and policy mistakes<ref name=":999" /> which laid the groundwork for further problems—problems which eventually culminated in the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]]. Most notably, he denounced former leader [[Joseph Stalin]] in his infamous "[[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences|Secret Speech]]" to the [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|20th Party Congress]] on 25 February 1956, blaming many of the USSR's problems on Stalin and his [[cult of personality]]<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Polycentric Communism|page=117|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref> (despite the fact that Khrushchev himself had been involved in maintaining this cult,{{Citation needed}} and despite the fact Stalin himself opposed it)<ref>{{Citation|author=J.V. Stalin|year=1930|title=Letter to Comrade Shatunovsky|quote=You speak of your "devotion" to me. Perhaps it was just a chance phrase. Perhaps. But if the phrase was not accidental I would advise you to discard the "principle" of devotion to persons. It is not the Bolshevik way. Be devoted to the working class, its Party, its state. That is a fine and useful thing. But do not confuse it with devotion to persons, this vain and useless bauble of weak-minded intellectuals.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1930/08/x01.htm}}</ref> and initiating a policy of [[Destalinisation]]. | | '''Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev''' was a [[Revisionism|revisionist]] Soviet politician who was the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] from 1953 to 1964 and [[Premier of the Soviet Union]] from 1958 to 1964. |
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| [[Mao Zedong]] harshly criticized Khrushchev and broke with the [[CPSU]] in response to Khrushchev's revisionism, leading to the [[Sino-Soviet split]].<ref name=":999a">{{Citation|author=[[Mao Zedong]]|year=1964|title=On Khrushchov’s Phony Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World)|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm|quote=Ever since Khrushchov seized the leadership of the Soviet Party and state, he has pushed through a whole series of revisionist policies which have greatly hastened the growth of the forces of capitalism and again sharpened the class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie and the struggle between the roads of socialism and capitalism in the Soviet Union.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm}}</ref>
| | == Political career == |
| | Under Khrushchev's rule, the percentage of industrial [[Proletariat|workers]] in the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] was reduced to 30% and the number of white-collar officials increased to 50%. |
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| == Early life and career ==
| | In 1956, Khrushchev denounced [[Joseph Stalin]] in his "[[Secret Speech]]" and made many false claims against him. He labeled his political opponents, including [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], [[Georgy Malenkov]], and [[Lavrentiy Beria]] as "[[Stalinism|Stalinists]]." |
| Nikita Khrushchev was born in a [[Peasantry|peasant]] family in 1894 in [[Kalinovka]], [[Russian Empire]]. His father worked successively as a bricklayer, miner, and railway worker; in 1911, the Khrushchev family moved to the Donbas region, to Yuzovka (present-day [[Donetsk]]), where the younger Khrushchev first worked as a miner but eventually finished an apprenticeship in metallurgy, and finding full-time employment at a metalworking factory.
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| As a skilled metalworker, Khrushchev was exempt from conscription into the [[First World War]].<ref name=":15216">{{Citation|author=Nikita Khrushchev|year=1970|title=MEMOIRS OF NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV. Vol. 1, Commissar (1918-1945)}}</ref> As a result, he spent that time involved in labor organizing, combining demands for better working conditions with demands for an end to the war. During this same time, he married and had two children.
| | In June 1957, Malenkov's [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] faction won the majority in the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet|Presidium]], but Khrushchev argued that only the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] could remove him from power. Khrushchev was supported by General [[Georgy Zhukov]], who he had promoted to Commissar of Defence.<ref>{{News citation|author=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=The Khrushchev Coup (Death of Stalin & Khrushchev’s Rise to Power)|date=2019-05-07|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2019/05/07/the-khrushchev-coup-death-of-stalin-khrushchevs-rise-to-power/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116061016/https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2019/05/07/the-khrushchev-coup-death-of-stalin-khrushchevs-rise-to-power/|archive-date=2022-01-16|retrieved=2022-05-30}}</ref> |
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| Khrushchev joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] in 1918 but would not begin advancing to any leadership positions until late 1920s, after the party leadership, recognizing Khrushchev's abilities as a mine foreman, instructed him to attend the Industrial Academy in Moscow in 1929 for higher education,<ref name=":15216" /> which he had not received earlier in life.
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| Khrushchev was appointed First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]] in 1938, making him the leader of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)|Ukrainian SSR]]; in this position, he received criticisms from the union party leadership for admitting too many people into the Ukrainian party, and being too tolerant of [[Ukrainian nationalism]] and [[chauvinism]]. In 1949, he was summoned to Moscow, where he became a member of the Politburo.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Two Trends in Soviet Politics|page=29–41|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>
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| == Death of Stalin == | | == Death of Stalin == |
| Khrushchev was suspected by many [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninists]] and even many non-MLs of bearing responsibility for the death of then-incumbent leader Joseph Stalin, who officially died of a [[Intracerebral haemorrhage|cerebral haemorrhage]] on 5 March 1953. Stalin's health had been deteriorating for quite some time, but the circumstances of his death were indeed suspicious. Stalin's son [[Vasily Stalin|Vasily]] believed that he had been poisoned,{{Citation needed}} and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Albanian]] leader [[Enver Hoxha]] claimed in [[Library:With Stalin: Memoirs|his memoirs]] that [[Anastas Mikoyan]], a close ally of Khrushchev, admitted to him that he and his associates had murdered Stalin.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Enver Hoxha]]|year=1981|title=[[Library:With Stalin: Memoirs| With Stalin: Memoirs]]|page=31|quote=All this villainy emerged soon after the death, or to be more precise after the murder, of Stalin. I say after the murder of Stalin, because Mikoyan himself told me...that they, together with Khrushchev and their associates, had decided...to make an attempt on Stalin’s life|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/stalin/intro.htm}}</ref> | | Khrushchev may have been responsible for the death of Stalin, who was General Secretary from 1921 to his death in 1953. Stalin died under suspicious circumstances and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Albanian]] leader [[Enver Hoxha]] accused Khrushchev and his allies of murdering Stalin.<ref>{{Citation|author=Enver Hoxha|year=1981|title=With Stalin: Memoirs|page=31|quote=All this villainy emerged soon after the death, or to be more precise after the murder, of Stalin. I say after the murder of Stalin, because Mikoyan himself told me...that they, together with Khrushchev and their associates, had decided...to make an attempt on Stalin’s life|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/stalin/intro.htm}}</ref> |
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| == Mandate as General Secretary ==
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| Under Khrushchev's mandate, the percentage of industrial [[Proletariat|workers]] in the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] reduced to 30% and the number of white-collar officials increased to 50%.<ref name=":1" /> He prioritized consumer goods over heavy industry and decentralized [[Planned economy|state planning]].<ref name=":0" />
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| In 1954, he began the Virgin Lands program to cultivate sparsely populated fertile land, mainly in [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]] and [[Siberia]]. 300,000 volunteers participated in the campaign and plowed 27 million hectares of new land in two years. The campaign was initially successful but began to decline in 1957.
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| In 1964, the Soviet government forced Khrushchev to retire and reverted some of his policies.<ref name=":0" />
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| === Secret Speech ===
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| In 1956, Khrushchev denounced Joseph Stalin in his "[[Secret Speech]]" and made many false claims against him. He labeled his political opponents, including [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], [[Georgy Malenkov]], and [[Lavrentiy Beria]] as "[[Stalinism|Stalinists]]."
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| In June 1957, Malenkov's anti-revisionist faction won the majority in the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet|Presidium]], but Khrushchev argued that only the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] could remove him from power.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|author=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=The Khrushchev Coup (Death of Stalin & Khrushchev’s Rise to Power)|date=2019-05-07|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2019/05/07/the-khrushchev-coup-death-of-stalin-khrushchevs-rise-to-power/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116061016/https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2019/05/07/the-khrushchev-coup-death-of-stalin-khrushchevs-rise-to-power/|archive-date=2022-01-16|retrieved=2022-05-30}}</ref> The Central Committee then purged Malenkov, Molotov, and [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]] from the Presidium.<ref name=":0" />
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| === Khrushchev Thaw ===
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| Khrushchev's reduction of [[censorship]] lead to the spread of [[Liberalism|liberal]] ideas and allowed the publication of novels by the [[Antisemitism|anti-Semite]] [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]. He greatly increased party recruitment, leading to some non-communists joining the party.<ref name=":0" />
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| == Ideological deviations ==
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| === State of the whole people===
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| Khrushchev claimed that the CPSU, and the broader Soviet state, had become a "state of the whole people"<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=[[Nikita Khrushchev]]|year=1963|title=Communism -- Peace and Happiness for the Peoples (Collected Speeches of Nikita Khrushchev from January-December 1961)|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1961/khrushchevcommunismvol2.pdf|chapter=Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the 22nd Congress of the C.P.S.U., October 17, 1961|page=112|quote=Thus, now class relations in our country have entered a new stage. "Proletarian democracy" is becoming "socialist democracy of the whole people".|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/party-congress/22nd/khrushchev-reports-22ndcong-v1.pdf}}</ref>, instead of just the [[Proletariat|working class]] and [[Peasantry|peasants]].<ref name=":0" />
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| In Khrushchev's view, the [[Soviet Union]] had reached such an advanced stage of socialism that class antagonisms had substantially dimished within society. As such, the state need not be a tool of internal class repression; instead, the Soviet state's was more and more growing into a purely administrative apparatus, in which ever-increasing democratic representation from the people resulted in "total economic democracy".<ref name=":2" />
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| Khrushchev justified this idea by saying that the state would remain long into the intermediate stages of communism.<ref name=":61236">{{Citation|author=[[Nikita Khrushchev]]|year=1963|title=Communism -- Peace and Happiness for the Peoples (Collected Speeches of Nikita Khrushchev from January-December 1961)|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1961/khrushchevcommunismvol2.pdf|chapter=On the Programme of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Report to the 22nd Congress of the C.P.S.U., October 18, 1961|page=112|quote=The state will remain long after the victory of the first phase of communism. The process of its withering away will be a very long one; it will cover an entire historical epoch and will not end until society is completely ripe for self-administration. For some time, the features of state administration and public self-government will intermingle. In this process the domestic functions of the state will develop and change, and gradually lose their political character. It is only after a developed communist society is built in the U.S.S.R., and provided socialism wins and consolidates in the international arena, that there will no longer be any need for the state, and it will wither away.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/party-congress/22nd/khrushchev-reports-22ndcong-v1.pdf}}</ref> The "State of the Whole People" was supposed to embody the interests of all Soviet citizens, not just those of a particular class, as the domestic Soviet bourgeoisie had supposedly been eradicated altogether.
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| This theory is widely considered by Marxist-Leninists to have been erroneous and [[revisionist]].<ref name=":999" /> Marxist-Leninists instead uphold the idea that [[continuation of class struggle under socialism|class struggle continues under socialism]], including both internal and external bourgeois subversion and attempts at capitalist restoration.<ref name=":933499">{{Citation|author=[[Mao Zedong]]|year=1964|title=On Khrushchov’s Phony Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World)|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm|quote=For a very long historical period after the proletariat takes power, class struggle continues as an objective law independent of man’s will, differing only in form from what it was before the taking of power.
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| After the October Revolution, Lenin pointed out a number of times that:
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| a) The overthrown exploiters always try in a thousand and one ways to recover the "paradise" they have been deprived of.
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| b) New elements of capitalism are constantly and spontaneously generated in the petty-bourgeois atmosphere.
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| c) Political degenerates and new bourgeois elements may emerge in the ranks of the working class and among government functionaries as a result of bourgeois influence and the pervasive, corrupting influence of the petty bourgeoisie.
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| d) The external conditions for the continuance of class struggle within a socialist society are encirclement by international capitalism, the imperialists’ threat of armed intervention and their subversive activities to accomplish peaceful disintegration.
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| Life has confirmed these conclusions of Lenin’s.
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| In socialist society, the overthrown bourgeoisie and other reactionary classes remain strong for quite a long time, and indeed in certain respects are quite powerful. They have a thousand and one links with the international bourgeoisie. They are not reconciled to their defeat and stubbornly continue to engage in trials of strength with the proletariat. They conduct open and hidden struggles against the proletariat in every field.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm}}</ref>
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| Khrushchev's declaration of a sufficiently developed stage of socialism to no longer have a domestic bourgeoisie was premature and [[revisionism|right-deviationist]] in nature, as it posited that through sheer [[idealist]] "will", the Soviet people had advanced socialism to a new stage and essentially "won" the class struggle. This was one of the major points of the [[Sino-Soviet split]].
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| ===Peaceful coexistence===
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| After the introduction of [[nuclear weapons]] at the end of the [[Second World War]], many people across the world began to fear the concept of a nuclear war, especially as tensions escalated between the Soviet Union and the [[United States of America]]. In response to these forces, much of the world saw movements for peace and cooperation.
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| In the CPSU, this translated into a conciliatory policy of détente with the [[imperialism|imperialist powers]], including suggestions of "peaceful coexistence" with the west, and concretely in Marxism, a "peaceful competition" between [[capitalist]] and [[socialist]] "world systems" which, due to the self-destructive nature of capitalism, would eventually resolve into an inevitable victory for socialism.<ref name=":444"/>
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| The Chinese leadership characterized this as betrayal of Marxism, a capitulation to imperialism, and abandonment of the principles of struggle.<ref name=":4132">{{Citation|author=[[Mao Zedong]]|year=1964|title=Under the signboard of "peaceful coexistence", Khrushchov has been colluding with U.S. imperialism, wrecking the socialist camp and the international communist movement, opposing the revolutionary struggles of the oppressed peoples and nations, practising great-power chauvinism and national egoism and betraying proletarian internationalism. All this is being done for the protection of the vested interests of a handful of people, which he places above the fundamental interests of the peoples of the Soviet Union, the socialist camp and the whole world.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm}}</ref>
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| ===National question===
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| Khrushchev believed that a single Soviet [[nation]] would eventually replace the existing nationalities of the USSR. Regardless, Khrushchev also made frequent reference to "the peoples" and "the Soviet peoples,"<ref name=":444">{{Citation|author=[[Nikita Khrushchev]]|year=1963|title=Communism -- Peace and Happiness for the Peoples (Collected Speeches of Nikita Khrushchev from January-December 1961)|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1961/khrushchevcommunismvol1.pdf}}</ref> which implies that he did not believe this had happened yet.
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| There was an increase in bourgeois [[nationalism]] in response to this declaration.<ref name=":0" />
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| ==References== | | == References == |
| [[Category:Politicians]] | | [[Category:Politicians]] |
| <references />
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| [[Category:Revisionists]]
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| [[Category:Soviet politicians]]
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