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According to author Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited leading American journalists into a propaganda network and influenced the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed when a 1967 ''[[Ramparts (magazine)|Ramparts]]'' magazine article reported that the [[National Student Association]] received funding from the CIA. In 1975, [[Church Committee]] Congressional investigations revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups. | According to author Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited leading American journalists into a propaganda network and influenced the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed when a 1967 ''[[Ramparts (magazine)|Ramparts]]'' magazine article reported that the [[National Student Association]] received funding from the CIA. In 1975, [[Church Committee]] Congressional investigations revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups. | ||
In 1973 a document referred to as the "Family Jewels"<ref>{{ | In 1973 a document referred to as the "Family Jewels"<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Family Jewels {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/collection/family-jewels|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> was published by the CIA containing a reference to "[[Project Mockingbird]]", which was the name of an operation in 1963 wiretapping two journalists believed to be disseminating classified information.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001451843.pdf Freedom of information act - "Family Jewels" document from CIA.gov]</ref> | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
In the early years of the Cold War, efforts were made by the [[Federal government of the United States|United States Government]] to use [[mass media]] to influence public opinion internationally. After the [[United States Senate Watergate Committee]] in 1973 uncovered domestic surveillance abuses directed by the [[Executive branch of the United States government]] and ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1974 published an article by [[Seymour Hersh]] claiming the CIA had violated its charter by spying on anti-war activists, former CIA officials and some lawmakers called for a congressional inquiry that became known as the [[Church Committee]].<ref name="U.S. Senate Historical Office">{{ | In the early years of the Cold War, efforts were made by the [[Federal government of the United States|United States Government]] to use [[mass media]] to influence public opinion internationally. After the [[United States Senate Watergate Committee]] in 1973 uncovered domestic surveillance abuses directed by the [[Executive branch of the United States government]] and ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1974 published an article by [[Seymour Hersh]] claiming the CIA had violated its charter by spying on anti-war activists, former CIA officials and some lawmakers called for a congressional inquiry that became known as the [[Church Committee]].<ref name="U.S. Senate Historical Office">{{cite report |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/church-committee-full-citations.pdf |title=Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Notable Senate Investigations |author=U.S. Senate Historical Office |author-link=United States Senate Historical Office |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref> Published in 1976, the Committee's report confirmed some earlier stories that charged that the CIA had cultivated relationships with private institutions, including the press.<ref name="Hadley">{{cite book |last=Hadley |first=David P. |year=2019 |chapter=Introduction |title=The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS2RDwAAQBAJ&q=mockingbird |location=Lexington, Kentucky |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |pages=3–4, 10 |isbn=9780813177380 |access-date=June 8, 2020}}</ref> Without identifying individuals by name, the Church Committee stated that it found fifty journalists who had official, but secret, relationships with the CIA.<ref name="Hadley" /> In a 1977 ''Rolling Stone'' magazine article, "The CIA and the Media,"<ref name="Bernstein 2007">{{cite web | last=Bernstein | first=Carl | title=The CIA and the Media | website=Carl Bernstein | date=2007-06-27 | url=http://carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php | access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref> reporter Carl Bernstein expanded upon the Church Committee's report and said that around 400 press members were considered intelligence assets by the CIA, including ''[[New York Times]]'' publisher [[Arthur Hays Sulzberger]], columnist and political analyst [[Stewart Alsop]] and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.<ref name="Hadley" /> Berstein documented the way in which overseas branches of major US news agencies had for many years served as the "eyes and ears" of Operation Mockingbird, which functioned to disseminate CIA propaganda through domestic US media.<ref name="obb2020">{{cite book |editor1-last=Boyd-Barrett |editor1-first=Oliver |editor2-last=Mirrlees |editor2-first=Tanner |title=Media imperialism : continuity and change |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=9781538121566 |page=78 |url=https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Media_Imperialism/qHefDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> | ||
In ''The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War'', David P. Hadley wrote that the "continued lack of specific details [provided by the Church Committee and Bernstein's exposé] proved a breeding ground for some outlandish claims regarding CIA and the press"; as an example, he offered unsourced claims by reporter Deborah Davis.<ref name="Hadley" /> Davis wrote in ''Katharine the Great'', her 1979 unauthorized biography of [[Katharine Graham]], owner of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', that the CIA ran an "Operation Mockingbird" during this time, writing that the [[Prague]]-based [[International Organization of Journalists]] (IOJ) "received money from Moscow and controlled reporters on every major newspaper in Europe, disseminating stories that promoted the Communist cause", and that [[Frank Wisner]], director of the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (a covert operations unit created in 1948 by the [[United States National Security Council]]) had created Operation Mockingbird in response to the IOJ, recruiting [[Phil Graham]] from ''The Washington Post'' to run the project within the industry. According to Davis, "By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of ''[[The New York Times]],'' ''[[Newsweek]],'' [[CBS]] and other communications vehicles." Davis wrote that after [[Cord Meyer]] joined the CIA in 1951, he became Operation Mockingbird's "principal operative. Neither the Church Committee or any of the investigations that followed it find there was such an operation as described by Davis.<ref name="Hadley" /> | In ''The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War'', David P. Hadley wrote that the "continued lack of specific details [provided by the Church Committee and Bernstein's exposé] proved a breeding ground for some outlandish claims regarding CIA and the press"; as an example, he offered unsourced claims by reporter Deborah Davis.<ref name="Hadley" /> Davis wrote in ''Katharine the Great'', her 1979 unauthorized biography of [[Katharine Graham]], owner of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', that the CIA ran an "Operation Mockingbird" during this time, writing that the [[Prague]]-based [[International Organization of Journalists]] (IOJ) "received money from Moscow and controlled reporters on every major newspaper in Europe, disseminating stories that promoted the Communist cause", and that [[Frank Wisner]], director of the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (a covert operations unit created in 1948 by the [[United States National Security Council]]) had created Operation Mockingbird in response to the IOJ, recruiting [[Phil Graham]] from ''The Washington Post'' to run the project within the industry. According to Davis, "By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of ''[[The New York Times]],'' ''[[Newsweek]],'' [[CBS]] and other communications vehicles." Davis wrote that after [[Cord Meyer]] joined the CIA in 1951, he became Operation Mockingbird's "principal operative. Neither the Church Committee or any of the investigations that followed it find there was such an operation as described by Davis.<ref name="Hadley" /> | ||