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| '''Petroleum politics''' have been an increasingly important aspect of diplomacy since the rise of the [[petroleum industry]] in the [[Middle East]] in the early 20th century. As competition continues for a vital resource, the strategic calculations of major and minor countries alike place prominent emphasis on the pumping, refining, transport, sale and use of petroleum products. | | '''Petroleum politics''' have been an increasingly important aspect of diplomacy since the rise of the [[petroleum industry]] in the [[Middle East]] in the early 20th century. As competition continues for a vital resource, the strategic calculations of major and minor countries alike place prominent emphasis on the pumping, refining, transport, sale and use of petroleum products. |
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| In 1950, the seven main energy companies were [[BP]], [[Chevron]], [[Exxon]], [[Gulf Oil|Gulf]], [[Mobil]], [[Shell]], and [[Texaco]]. Together, they controlled 85% of global oil production.<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Caracas|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref><sup>:178</sup> The top five oil-producing countries in 1960 were [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]], [[State of Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], and [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]], which together exported 82% of the world's oil supply.<ref name=":122" /><sup>:184</sup>
| | Journalist [[Pepe Escobar]] has written extensively about "Pipelinistan" i.e. the geopolitical situation surrounding the various "--istan" countries in the Middle East as it relates to oil and natural gas pipelines.<ref>[https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Pipelineistan "Pipelineistan"] on [[SourceWatch]] </ref><ref>[https://youtu.be/QiF3TQZSxhs?t=3852 Inside US Afghanistan pullout, CIA opium ratline, pipeline conflict, new cold war] (1:04:12) on [[The Grayzone]]</ref> |
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| In 1980, many countries relied on oil for the majority of their export revenues:
| | == Syrian Civil War == |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | In addition to the fact that the [[Syria|Syrian Arab Republic]] is an [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] state led by a [[Ba'athism|Ba'athist]] political party, petroleum politics also contribute to the strife in Syria, as indicated by this map of competing pipelines.<ref>[https://unicornriot.ninja/2015/pipeline-politics-in-the-syrian-civil-war/ Pipeline Politics in the Syrian Civil War]</ref> |
| |+Percentage of export revenue from oil (1980)<ref name=":122" /><sup>''':181–2'''</sup>
| | [[File:Syria proposed pipelines.jpg|alt=Syria proposed pipelines|center|thumb|271x271px|Syria proposed pipelines illustrating the geopolitical positioning of various global powers ]] |
| !Over 90%
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| !81–90%
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| !71–80%
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| !61–70%
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| !51–60%
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| |[[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|Algeria]]
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| |[[Gabonese Republic|Gabon]]
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| |[[Republic of Angola|Angola]]
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| |[[Brunei Darussalam|Brunei]]
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| |[[Republic of Tunisia|Tunisia]]
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| |[[Kingdom of Bahrain|Bahrain]]
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| |Iran
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| |[[Republic of the Congo|Congo]]
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| |[[Republic of Ecuador|Ecuador]]
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| |Iraq
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| |[[Islamic Republic of Mauritania|Mauritania]]
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| |[[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]] | |
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| |[[Federal Republic of Nigeria|Nigeria]]
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| |[[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]]
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| |[[Mexican United States|Mexico]]
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| |Saudi Arabia
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| |Kuwait
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| |[[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]
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| |[[Republic of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]
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| |Venezuela
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| |[[Republic of Yemen|Yemen]]
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| |}
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| Journalist [[Pepe Escobar]] has written extensively about "Pipelinistan" i.e. the geopolitical situation surrounding the various "-stan" countries in the Middle East as it relates to oil and natural gas pipelines.<ref>[https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Pipelineistan "Pipelineistan"] on [[SourceWatch]] </ref><ref>[https://youtu.be/QiF3TQZSxhs?t=3852 Inside US Afghanistan pullout, CIA opium ratline, pipeline conflict, new cold war] (1:04:12) on [[The Grayzone]]</ref>
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| == America == | | == Afghanistan == |
| | In 2018, even prior to taking state power in 2021, the Taliban vowed to protect the Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India (TAPI) gas pipeline.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/taliban-vows-protect-tapi-gas-pipeline-project Taliban Vows to Protect TAPI Gas Pipeline Project] as reported by [[Voice of America]], a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] cut-out and propaganda outlet</ref> |
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| === Venezuela ===
| | == Xinjiang, China == |
| Oil production in [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]] doubled in the 1950s after [[Mexican United States|Mexico]] nationalized oil in 1938. In 1957 alone, the top seven oil companies made $828 million in Venezuela. The [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]] party, which came to power in 1958, sought to nationalize some oil profits.<ref name=":122" /><sup>:177–80</sup>
| | In addition to the Xinjiang region's geostrategic importance to China's economic development project, the [[Belt and Road Initiative]], Xinjiang also has immense oil wealth.<ref>[https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/11031-how-oil-has-shaped-xinjiang/ How oil has shaped Xinjiang] by China Dialogue</ref><ref>[https://youtu.be/QiF3TQZSxhs?t=4735 Inside US Afghanistan pullout, CIA opium ratline, pipeline conflict, new cold war] (1:18:55) by [[The Grayzone]]</ref> |
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| == Asia ==
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| === Afghanistan ===
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| In 2018, even prior to taking state power in 2021, the [[Taliban]] vowed to protect the [[Republic of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Republic of India|India]] (TAPI) gas pipeline.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/taliban-vows-protect-tapi-gas-pipeline-project Taliban Vows to Protect TAPI Gas Pipeline Project] as reported by [[Voice of America]], a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] cut-out and propaganda outlet</ref>
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| === Syrian Civil War ===
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| [[File:Syria proposed pipelines.jpg|alt=Syria proposed pipelines|center|thumb|271x271px]]In addition to the fact that the [[Syria|Syrian Arab Republic]] is an [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] state led by a [[Ba'athism|Ba'athist]] political party, petroleum politics also contribute to the strife in Syria, as indicated by this map of competing pipelines.<ref>[https://unicornriot.ninja/2015/pipeline-politics-in-the-syrian-civil-war/ Pipeline Politics in the Syrian Civil War]</ref>
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| === Xinjiang, China ===
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| In addition to the [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region|Xinjiang]] region's geostrategic importance to [[People's Republic of China|China]]'s economic development project, the [[Belt and Road Initiative]], Xinjiang also has immense oil wealth.<ref>[https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/11031-how-oil-has-shaped-xinjiang/ How oil has shaped Xinjiang] by China Dialogue</ref><ref>[https://youtu.be/QiF3TQZSxhs?t=4735 Inside US Afghanistan pullout, CIA opium ratline, pipeline conflict, new cold war] (1:18:55) by [[The Grayzone]]</ref> | |
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| == Europe ==
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| === Nord Stream 2 ===
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| The [[Federal Republic of Germany|German]]-[[Russian Federation|Russian]] [[Nord Stream 2]] pipeline has been suspended at the behest of the [[United States imperialism|US imperialists]] who wish to sell their Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) to Germany and prevent Russian access to European gas markets.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Richard Medhurst]]|date=2022-03-02|title=Germany Sends Weapons to Ukraine, Breaks with Neutrality|url=https://www.rokfin.com/post/76665?utm_medium=Email&utm_source=Campaign&utm_campaign=New+Post+Email|newspaper=[[Rokfin]]}}</ref>
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| == References == | | == References == |
