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'''Philosophy''' is a broad range of exercises in thought with the ultimate goal of to unmasking parts of the world. According to [[Karl Marx|Marx]], "It is the immediate ''task of philosophy'', which is in the service of history, to unmask self-estrangement in its ''unholy forms'' once the '' | '''Philosophy''' is a broad range of exercises in thought with the ultimate goal of to unmasking parts of the world. According to [[Karl Marx|Marx]], "It is the immediate ''task of philosophy'', which is in the service of history, to unmask self-estrangement in its ''unholy forms'' once the ''holy form'' of human self-estrangement has been unmasked".<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Karl Marx|year=1843|title=A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> | ||
[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] described philosophy as the | [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] described philosophy as the science that "is the unity of art and [[religion]]" and as "cognition of the necessity in the content of the absolute picture-idea".<ref>{{Citation|author=G.W.F. Hegel|year=1971|title=Hegel's encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences translated by William Wallace|chapter=Absolute Mind|section=Philosophy|page=302}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Hamid Alizadeh|newspaper=Socialist Appeal|title=In Defence of Hegel|date=2020-08-27|url=https://www.socialist.net/in-defence-of-hegel.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201032314/https://www.socialist.net/in-defence-of-hegel.htm|archive-date=2022-12-01}}</ref> | ||
== Ancient philosophy == | == Ancient philosophy == | ||
=== Greek philosophy === | === Greek philosophy === | ||
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==== Stoicism ==== | ==== Stoicism ==== | ||
=== Chinese philosophy === | |||
==== Confucius ==== | |||
== Classical bourgeois philosophy == | == Classical bourgeois philosophy == | ||
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=== Empiricism === | === Empiricism === | ||
[[David Hume]] and the [[Empiricism|empiricists]] believed experience from the senses was the only source of knowledge. They thought knowledge was merely a collection of facts that could not be generalized or processed.<ref name=":1" /> | [[David Hume]] and the [[Empiricism|empiricists]] believed experience from the senses was the only source of knowledge. They thought knowledge was merely a collection of facts that could not be generalized or processed.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
=== German idealism === | === German idealism === | ||
[[Immanuel Kant]] tried to unify rationalism and empiricism by claiming that the material and ideal worlds exist separately and independently. He said the material world exists outside of human consciousness. | |||
Hegel overcame Kant's dualism and proposed that ideas and material conditions are part of the same world. He believed that an absolute idea developed [[Dialectics|dialectically]] and influenced the material world. His philosophy was a major step forward but was flawed because it prioritized ideas over material reality.<ref name=":1" /> | Hegel overcame Kant's dualism and proposed that ideas and material conditions are part of the same world. He believed that an absolute idea developed [[Dialectics|dialectically]] and influenced the material world. His philosophy was a major step forward but was flawed because it prioritized ideas over material reality.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
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Marx once stated that "As philosophy finds its material weapon in the [[proletariat]], so the proletariat finds its ''spiritual'' weapon in philosophy."<ref name=":0" /> It was Marx who first brought philosophy from the bourgeois world into the proletarian side, and fashioned it into a weapon for the proletariat. | Marx once stated that "As philosophy finds its material weapon in the [[proletariat]], so the proletariat finds its ''spiritual'' weapon in philosophy."<ref name=":0" /> It was Marx who first brought philosophy from the bourgeois world into the proletarian side, and fashioned it into a weapon for the proletariat. | ||
Of philosophy Marx states that "You cannot abolish philosophy without making it a reality | Of philosophy Marx states that "You cannot abolish philosophy without making it a reality"<ref name=":0" />, and perhaps more famously that "The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point is to change it",<ref>{{Citation|author=Karl Marx|year=1845|title=Theses On Feuerbach}}</ref> marking the distinction between proletarian and bourgeois philosophy. | ||
=== Lenin === | === Lenin === | ||
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=== Existentialism === | === Existentialism === | ||
=== Irrationalism === | === Irrationalism === | ||
=== Objectivism === | === Objectivism === | ||
=== Postmodernism === | === Postmodernism === |