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{{Infobox country|name=Plurinational State of Bolivia|native_name=Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia<br>Tetã Hetãvoregua Mborivia<br>Wuliwya Suyu<br>Puliwya Mamallaqta|population_estimate=11,428,245|population_estimate_year=2019|image_coat=Bolivia COA.svg|capital=Sucre<br>La Paz|largest_city=Santa Cruz de la Sierra|area_km2=1,098,581|government_type=Unitary presidential republic|leader_title1=President|leader_title2=Vice President|leader_name1=[[Luis Arce]]|leader_name2=David Choquehuanca|image_flag2=Wiphala.svg|flag_caption=Top: State flag<br>Bottom: Indigenous flag|currency=Boliviano|image_map=Bolivia map.svg|map_width=290|capital_type=Capitals|common_languages=Spanish<br>Guarani<br>Aymara<br>Quechua|image_flag=Flag of Bolivia.svg}} | |||
'''Bolivia''', officially the '''Plurinational State of Bolivia''', is a country in South America. It is currently led by a [[Democratic socialism|socialist]] government with the current ruling party being the [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement for Socialism]] which has been in power since 2006, except for a year-long coup which occurred in 2019. The MAS party has implemented many socialist policies that have achieved numerous social achievements. Bolivia has been the target of multiple [[CIA]] coups. | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Pre-colonial history === | === Pre-colonial history === | ||
Bolivia is home to numerous indigenous nations, most notably part of the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)|Incan Empire]], a thriving civilisation that lasted from around 1400 until about 1533 when it fell as a result of civil war, disease brought from Europe, and [[Colonialism|colonization]] by [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spain]] led by the brutal conquistador [[Francisco Pizarro]].<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Mark Cartwright|date=2015-8-14|title=Inca Civilization|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Inca_Civilization/}}</ref> | Bolivia is home to numerous indigenous nations, most notably part of the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)|Incan Empire]], a thriving civilisation that lasted from around 1400 until about 1533 when it fell as a result of civil war, disease brought from Europe, and [[Colonialism|colonization]] by [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spain]] led by the brutal conquistador [[Francisco Pizarro]].<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Mark Cartwright|date=2015-8-14|title=Inca Civilization|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Inca_Civilization/}}</ref> | ||
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=== Independence === | === Independence === | ||
During the 19th century, independence movements swept through the Americas. The racial and class politics of Latin America was and is very complex with competing notions of independence such as the independence for nobility, indigenous nations, and African slaves who were now large in number due to the Atlantic slave trade. South American independence movements began gaining ground in the early 1800s and were led by elite Creole (mixed race) South Americans who had increasingly differing desires than those of the colonial authorities. [[Simón Bolívar]], along with his right-hand man Antonio José de Sucre, led multiple wars and rebellions over the course of decades beginning around 1800 against Spanish Royalists in modern day [[Republic of Colombia|Colombia]], [[Republic of Ecuador|Ecuador]], and [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]] in pursuit of a united South American Republic.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Teresa A. Meade|year=2016|title=A History of Modern Latin America|chapter=Chapter 3: Competing Notions of Freedom|section=South American Independence Movements|page=73-75|city=USA|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}}</ref> In the Southern Cone of Argentina and Chile, José San Martín led an army made up of former slaves and poor [[Peasantry|peasants]] in a triumphant march across the Andes mountains to defeat the Spanish royalists in Chacabuco Chile in July of 1821.<ref name=":1" /> The struggle against the Spanish Crown finally ended on July 26 of 1822 when Bolívar's and San Martín's armies converged in Ecuador to defeat the Spanish ending a two decade long struggle. | During the 19th century, independence movements swept through the Americas. The racial and class politics of Latin America was and is very complex with competing notions of independence such as the independence for nobility, indigenous nations, and African slaves who were now large in number due to the Atlantic slave trade. South American independence movements began gaining ground in the early 1800s and were led by elite Creole (mixed race) South Americans who had increasingly differing desires than those of the colonial authorities. [[Simón Bolívar]], along with his right-hand man Antonio José de Sucre, led multiple wars and rebellions over the course of decades beginning around 1800 against Spanish Royalists in modern day [[Republic of Colombia|Colombia]], [[Republic of Ecuador|Ecuador]], and [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]] in pursuit of a united South American Republic.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Teresa A. Meade|year=2016|title=A History of Modern Latin America|chapter=Chapter 3: Competing Notions of Freedom|section=South American Independence Movements|page=73-75|city=USA|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}}</ref> In the Southern Cone of [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]] and [[Republic of Chile|Chile]], José San Martín led an army made up of former slaves and poor [[Peasantry|peasants]] in a triumphant march across the Andes mountains to defeat the Spanish royalists in Chacabuco Chile in July of 1821.<ref name=":1" /> The struggle against the Spanish Crown finally ended on July 26 of 1822 when Bolívar's and San Martín's armies converged in Ecuador to defeat the Spanish ending a two decade long struggle. | ||
Post-independence Bolivian history was marked by internal struggles amongst the ruling elites typically fighting over personal gain resulting in coups, massacres, and even civil war. Tin replaced silver as the dominant metal, and the tin oligarch [[Simón Iturri Patiño]] controlled Bolivia through his representatives after moving to Europe.<ref name=":12222" /><sup>:135</sup> | Post-independence Bolivian history was marked by internal struggles amongst the ruling elites typically fighting over personal gain resulting in coups, massacres, and even civil war. Tin replaced silver as the dominant metal, and the tin oligarch [[Simón Iturri Patiño]] controlled Bolivia through his representatives after moving to Europe.<ref name=":12222" /><sup>:135</sup> | ||
=== War of the Pacific (1879–1882) === | === War of the Pacific (1879–1882) === | ||
The War of the Pacific was fought between neighbouring [[Republic of Peru|Peru]] and Chile and resulted in the devastating loss of territory, including Bolivia's crucial access to the sea. This war caused Bolivia to become one of only two landlocked countries in South America with the other being neighbouring [[Republic of Paraguay|Paraguay]]. Bolivia's status as a landlocked country has had negative impacts to this day and remains a diplomatic issue between Bolivia and Chile. | |||
=== Chaco War (1932–1935) === | === Chaco War (1932–1935) === | ||
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In January of 2022, the Bolivian government intercepted US weapons that were intended for right-wing separatist groups in the wealthy Santa Cruz region.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Ben Norton]]|date=2022-01-15|title=Bolivian intercepts US weapons shipment to right-wing separatist region|url=https://youtu.be/ZFxyYZwPni8|newspaper=[[Moderate Rebels]]}}</ref> | In January of 2022, the Bolivian government intercepted US weapons that were intended for right-wing separatist groups in the wealthy Santa Cruz region.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Ben Norton]]|date=2022-01-15|title=Bolivian intercepts US weapons shipment to right-wing separatist region|url=https://youtu.be/ZFxyYZwPni8|newspaper=[[Moderate Rebels]]}}</ref> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
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[[Category:Latin American countries]] | [[Category:Latin American countries]] | ||
[[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]] | [[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]] | ||