Editing Qing dynasty (1636–1912)

{{Distinguish|[[Qin dynasty]]}}{{Infobox country|name=Great Qing|native_name=清 (qīng)<br>ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ<br>གྲེཨཏ་ཆིང|year_start=1636|year_end=1912|image_symbol=Qing imperial seal.png|capital=Beijing|largest_city=Beijing|government_type=Absolute monarchy (1636–1911)<br>Constitutional monarchy (1911–1912)|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|area_km2=14,700,000|image_map_caption=The Qing Dynasty in 1820 C.E.|common_languages=Mandarin, Mongolian, Manchu, Tibetan|population_estimate=432,000,000|population_estimate_year=1912|image_flag=Qing flag.png|flag_caption=Flag (1889–1912)|image_map=Map of Qing Dynasty 1820.png}}

The '''Qing dynasty''' was the last dynasty to control [[People's Republic of China|China]]. It was established in 1636 by [[Hong Taiji]], an ethnic [[Manchu people|Manchu]],<ref>{{Citation|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|year=1991|title=Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society|chapter=Ch'ing Imperial Marriage and Problems of Rulership|section=|page=177|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520069305|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> as a successor to the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]]. While initially isolated to [[Manchuria]] (Northeastern China), the fall of the [[Ming dynasty (1368–1644)|Ming dynasty]] in 1644 allowed the Qing to spread all throughout China and beyond. It stayed in power until the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1912, a [[bourgeois revolution]] which would lead to the creation of the [[Republic of China]].

The dynasty suffered from the [[imperialism]] of [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] and [[Europe]] and lost [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] to [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]] after the [[First Opium War]] in 1839.<ref>{{Citation|author=|year=1847|title=China; political, commercial, and social; an official report|chapter=|section=|page=84|quote=|pdf=|city=London|publisher=James Madden|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://archive.org/details/chinapoliticalc00martgoog/page/84/mode/2up|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> In 1895, the Qing dynasty lost control over [[Taiwan Province|Taiwan]] and [[Joseon dynasty|Korea]] in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] when they were taken over by Japan.<ref>{{Citation|author=Jinwung Kim|year=2012|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|chapter=|section=|page=304|quote=|pdf=|city=New York City|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253000248|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> The [[Boxer Rebellion]] at the turn of the century attempted to reestablish China's sovereignty but was crushed by [[Eight-Nation Alliance|a Western military alliance]] which included the [[United States of America|United States]], [[Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1867–1918)|Austria-Hungary]], Britain, [[French Third Republic (1870–1940)|France]], and others.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Razmy Baroud|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=Xi vs Trudeau: How China Is Rewriting History with the Colonial West|date=2022-11-28|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/xi-trudeau-china-rewriting-competition-with-west/282824/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128173353/https://www.mintpressnews.com/xi-trudeau-china-rewriting-competition-with-west/282824/|archive-date=2022-11-28|retrieved=2022-11-29}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1801, [[United States of America|U.S.]] [[Bourgeoisie|capitalists]] created a factory in Guangzhou.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Going Global|page=176|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref>

=== Opium Wars ===
The [[British East India Company]] began selling opium to China to make it China dependent on the [[Imperial core|West]] and was selling 350 tons of opium a year by 1810. The British Empire attacked China in 1839 to open it to British drug traffickers, beginning the [[First Opium War]]. The British Empire sold opium to China throughout the 19th century even thought it was banned in Britain. The UK, France, [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]], and the United States and the [[Second Opium War]] against China from 1856 to 1860.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=Imperialism and War|page=172–173|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> By 1890, 10% of the Chinese population was addicted to opium,<ref>{{Web citation|author=Felix Abt|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|title=Shameless Hypocrisy: West Shows Solidarity with Chinese Protesters While it Conceals its Own Earlier Massive Atrocities Against China|date=2022-12-30|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/12/30/shameless-hypocrisy-west-shows-solidarity-with-chinese-protesters-while-it-conceals-its-own-earlier-massive-atrocities-against-china/|retrieved=2023-01-02}}</ref> including 25% of adult males.<ref name=":02222" />The technologically backward Qing army was no match for the British, the Qing Dynasty was defeated in both wars and forced to sign unequal treaties, including the cession of [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] to [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]].

=== Taiping Rebellion ===
The [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Mysticism|mystic]] [[Hong Xiuchuan]] started the Taiping Rebellion in 1850 in an attempt to create a Heavenly Kingdom which would resemble [[utopian socialism]]. The rebellion had large popular support despite its [[Corruption|corrupt]] leadership, and it took an intervention of foreign imperialists to put it down. 20 to 30 million people died in the rebellion, making it the bloodiest conflict in world history before [[Second World War|World War II]].<ref name=":02222" />

=== Boxer Rebellion ===
In 1899, the [[Society of the Righteous Harmonious Fists]] began a rebellion against foreign imperialism with the support of the Qing government and Empress Dowager [[Cixi]]. 19,000 imperialists from Britain, France, [[German Empire (1871–1918)|Germany]], Russia, [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], and Japan invaded China in August 1900 to put down the rebellion.<ref name=":02222" /> The USA proposed the [[Open Door Policy]] to make the imperialist powers collaborate instead of dividing China into separate colonial territories.

After the defeat of the rebellion in rebellion, the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] created patrols in Hong Kong, [[Shanghai]], and Hankou and a garrison in Tianjin.<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=The Military Opens Doors|page=205–8|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:History of China]]
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Distinguish|[[Qin dynasty]]}}{{Infobox country|name=Great Qing|native_name=清 (qīng)<br>ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ<br>གྲེཨཏ་ཆིང|year_start=1636|year_end=1912|image_symbol=Qing imperial seal.png|capital=Beijing|largest_city=Beijing|government_type=Absolute monarchy (1636–1911)<br>Constitutional monarchy (1911–1912)|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|area_km2=14,700,000|image_map_caption=The Qing Dynasty in 1820 C.E.|common_languages=Mandarin, Mongolian, Manchu, Tibetan|population_estimate=432,000,000|population_estimate_year=1912|image_flag=Qing flag.png|flag_caption=Flag (1889–1912)|image_map=Map of Qing Dynasty 1820.png}}
-The '''Qing dynasty''' was the last dynasty to control [[People's Republic of China|China]]. It was established in 1636 by [[Hong Taiji]], an ethnic [[Manchu people|Manchu]],<ref>{{Citation|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|year=1991|title=Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society|chapter=Ch'ing Imperial Marriage and Problems of Rulership|section=|page=177|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520069305|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> as a successor to the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]]. While initially isolated to [[Manchuria]] (Northeastern China), the fall of the [[Ming dynasty (1368–1644)|Ming dynasty]] in 1644 allowed the Qing to spread all throughout China and beyond. It stayed in power until the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1912, a [[bourgeois revolution]] which led to the creation of the [[Republic of China]].
+The '''Qing dynasty''' was the last dynasty to control [[People's Republic of China|China]]. It was established in 1636 by [[Hong Taiji]], an ethnic [[Manchu people|Manchu]],<ref>{{Citation|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|year=1991|title=Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society|chapter=Ch'ing Imperial Marriage and Problems of Rulership|section=|page=177|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520069305|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> as a successor to the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]]. While initially isolated to [[Manchuria]] (Northeastern China), the fall of the [[Ming dynasty (1368–1644)|Ming dynasty]] in 1644 allowed the Qing to spread all throughout China and beyond. It stayed in power until the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1912, a [[bourgeois revolution]] which would lead to the creation of the [[Republic of China]].
 The dynasty suffered from the [[imperialism]] of [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] and [[Europe]] and lost [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] to [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]] after the [[First Opium War]] in 1839.<ref>{{Citation|author=|year=1847|title=China; political, commercial, and social; an official report|chapter=|section=|page=84|quote=|pdf=|city=London|publisher=James Madden|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://archive.org/details/chinapoliticalc00martgoog/page/84/mode/2up|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> In 1895, the Qing dynasty lost control over [[Taiwan Province|Taiwan]] and [[Joseon dynasty|Korea]] in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] when they were taken over by Japan.<ref>{{Citation|author=Jinwung Kim|year=2012|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|chapter=|section=|page=304|quote=|pdf=|city=New York City|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253000248|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> The [[Boxer Rebellion]] at the turn of the century attempted to reestablish China's sovereignty but was crushed by [[Eight-Nation Alliance|a Western military alliance]] which included the [[United States of America|United States]], [[Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1867–1918)|Austria-Hungary]], Britain, [[French Third Republic (1870–1940)|France]], and others.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Razmy Baroud|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=Xi vs Trudeau: How China Is Rewriting History with the Colonial West|date=2022-11-28|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/xi-trudeau-china-rewriting-competition-with-west/282824/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128173353/https://www.mintpressnews.com/xi-trudeau-china-rewriting-competition-with-west/282824/|archive-date=2022-11-28|retrieved=2022-11-29}}</ref>
 == History ==
+In 1801, [[United States of America|U.S.]] [[Bourgeoisie|capitalists]] created a factory in Guangzhou.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Going Global|page=176|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref>
-=== Pre-colonial ===
+=== Opium Wars ===
-In the early 1700s, China produced 35% of the world's GDP and printed half the world's books. European countries bought Chinese porcelain, silk, and tea with gold, leading the British to sell over 30,000 tons of silver to China.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Stansfield Smith|newspaper=[[MR Online]]|title=Britain’s century long Opium trafficking and China’s century of humiliation (1839-1949)|date=2024-05-30|url=https://mronline.org/2024/05/30/britains-century-long-opium-trafficking-and-chinas-century-of-humiliation-1839-1949/|retrieved=2024-05-31}}</ref>
+The [[British East India Company]] began selling opium to China to make it China dependent on the [[Imperial core|West]] and was selling 350 tons of opium a year by 1810. The British Empire attacked China in 1839 to open it to British drug traffickers, beginning the [[First Opium War]]. The British Empire sold opium to China throughout the 19th century even thought it was banned in Britain. The UK, France, [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]], and the United States and the [[Second Opium War]] against China from 1856 to 1860.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=Imperialism and War|page=172–173|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> By 1890, 10% of the Chinese population was addicted to opium,<ref>{{Web citation|author=Felix Abt|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|title=Shameless Hypocrisy: West Shows Solidarity with Chinese Protesters While it Conceals its Own Earlier Massive Atrocities Against China|date=2022-12-30|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/12/30/shameless-hypocrisy-west-shows-solidarity-with-chinese-protesters-while-it-conceals-its-own-earlier-massive-atrocities-against-china/|retrieved=2023-01-02}}</ref> including 25% of adult males.<ref name=":02222" />The technologically backward Qing army was no match for the British, the Qing Dynasty was defeated in both wars and forced to sign unequal treaties, including the cession of [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] to [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]].
-=== Early Western influence ===
-The British began trafficking opium into China in the 18th century to reverse the flow of silver. In 1729, the [[Yongzheng|emperor]] banned opium imports, which were then about 14 tons per year. However, the trade continued and reached 320 tons per year by 1799.<ref name=":0" />
-The USA joined the opium trade in 1784,<ref name=":0" /> and [[United States of America|U.S.]] [[Bourgeoisie|capitalists]] created a factory in Guangzhou in 1801.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Going Global|page=176|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref> Annual opium imports reached 2,800 tons per year in 1838, costing China 4,000 tons of silver each year.<ref name=":0" />
-=== First Opium War ===
-{{Main article|First Opium War}}
-The British Empire attacked China in 1839 to open it to British drug traffickers, beginning the [[First Opium War]]. The British Empire sold opium to China throughout the 19th century even thought it was banned in Britain. The UK, France, [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]], and the United States and the [[Second Opium War]] against China from 1856 to 1860.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=Imperialism and War|page=172–173|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> By 1890, 10% of the Chinese population was addicted to opium,<ref>{{Web citation|author=Felix Abt|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|title=Shameless Hypocrisy: West Shows Solidarity with Chinese Protesters While it Conceals its Own Earlier Massive Atrocities Against China|date=2022-12-30|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/12/30/shameless-hypocrisy-west-shows-solidarity-with-chinese-protesters-while-it-conceals-its-own-earlier-massive-atrocities-against-china/|retrieved=2023-01-02}}</ref> including 25% of adult males.<ref name=":02222" /> The technologically backward Qing army was no match for the British, the Qing Dynasty was defeated in both wars and forced to sign unequal treaties, including the cession of [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] to Britain.
 === Taiping Rebellion ===
 The [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Mysticism|mystic]] [[Hong Xiuchuan]] started the Taiping Rebellion in 1850 in an attempt to create a Heavenly Kingdom which would resemble [[utopian socialism]]. The rebellion had large popular support despite its [[Corruption|corrupt]] leadership, and it took an intervention of foreign imperialists to put it down. 20 to 30 million people died in the rebellion, making it the bloodiest conflict in world history before [[Second World War|World War II]].<ref name=":02222" />
-=== Second Opium War ===
-In 1860 October, the British and French attacked Beijing. The British destroyed the Summer Palace and stole 1.5 million relics, many of which are still in Western museums. Britain and France forced China to legalize opium imports and [[Christianity|Christian]] missionary work and to prevent Europeans from being tried in Chinese courts. By 1880, the British were annually sending 10,700 tons of opium to China from [[British Raj (1858–1947)|India]]. The opium trade made up almost 15% of British tax revenue.<ref name=":0" />
 === Boxer Rebellion ===