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{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Haiti|native_name=République d'Haïti<br>Repiblik d Ayiti|image_flag=Haitian flag.png|image_coat=Haitian COA.png|image_map=Haiti map.png|capital=[[Port-au-Prince]]|largest_city=[[Port-au-Prince]]|population_estimate=11,439,646|population_estimate_year=2018|area_km2=27,750|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Semi-presidential republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Ariel Henry]]|map_width=200}}
{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Haiti|native_name=République d'Haïti<br>Repiblik d Ayiti|image_flag=Haitian flag.png|image_coat=Haitian COA.png|image_map=Haiti map.png|capital=[[Port-au-Prince]]|largest_city=[[Port-au-Prince]]|population_estimate=11,439,646|population_estimate_year=2018|area_km2=27,750|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Semi-presidential republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Ariel Henry]]|map_width=200}}


'''Haiti''', officially the '''Republic of Haiti''', is a country on the western side of the island of [[Hispaniola]]. Due to [[French Republic|French]] [[colonialism]] and French and [[United States of America|Statesian]] [[neocolonialism]], Haiti is an overexploited country with an average daily wage of under $5.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|author=Robert Roth|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=Haiti: The Ransom is Still Being Paid|date=2022-06-06|url=https://blackagendareport.com/haiti-ransom-still-being-paid|retrieved=2022-07-06}}</ref> Haiti has a starvation rate more than 50 times higher than nearby [[Socialism|socialist]] [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]].<ref>{{News citation|title=Malnutrition|url=https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/malnutrition/by-country/|newspaper=World Health Rankings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116135555/https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/malnutrition/by-country/|archive-date=2022-01-16|retrieved=2022-02-07}}</ref>
'''Haiti''', officially the '''Republic of Haiti''', is a country on the western side of the island of [[Hispaniola]]. Due to [[French Republic|French]] [[colonialism]] and [[neocolonialism]], Haiti is an overexploited country with an average daily wage of under $5.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|author=Robert Roth|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=Haiti: The Ransom is Still Being Paid|date=2022-06-06|url=https://blackagendareport.com/haiti-ransom-still-being-paid|retrieved=2022-07-06}}</ref> Haiti has a starvation rate more than 50 times higher than nearby socialist [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]].<ref>{{News citation|title=Malnutrition|url=https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/malnutrition/by-country/|newspaper=World Health Rankings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116135555/https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/malnutrition/by-country/|archive-date=2022-01-16|retrieved=2022-02-07}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==


=== French colony ===
=== French colony ===
Before the [[Haitian Revolution]], [[Slavery|slave]] traders imported up to 40,000 Africans a year to work on slave plantations in Haiti, which was then a French colony known as Saint-Domingue. The average life expectancy during this period was only 21 years and slaves had to work from dawn until late at night.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Alex Johnson|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=New York Times series The Ransom absolves capitalism for Haiti’s oppression|date=2022-06-21|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/06/21/ilte-j21.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628230904/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/06/21/ilte-j21.html|archive-date=2022-06-28|retrieved=2022-06-29}}</ref>
Before the [[Haitian Revolution]], slave traders imported up to 40,000 Africans a year to work on slave plantations in Haiti, which was then a French colony known as Saint-Domingue. The average life expectancy during this period was only 21 years and slaves had to work from dawn to late at night.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Alex Johnson|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=New York Times series The Ransom absolves capitalism for Haiti’s oppression|date=2022-06-21|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/06/21/ilte-j21.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628230904/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/06/21/ilte-j21.html|archive-date=2022-06-28|retrieved=2022-06-29}}</ref>


=== Haitian Revolution ===
=== Haitian revolution ===
In August 1791, slaves began an uprising against their French colonial masters. It was the only successful slave revolt in the world. In 1801, [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] invaded Haiti in an attempt to reinstate slavery. Haiti declared independence in 1804.<ref name=":0" /> [[Thomas Jefferson]], a slave owner, banned all trade with Haiti in 1806.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Red October|page=22–23|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref>
In August 1791, slaves began an uprising against their French colonial masters. It was the only successful slave revolt in the world. In 1801, [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] invaded Haiti in an attempt to reinstate slavery. Haiti declared independence in 1804. In 1825, French ships sailed to Haiti and demanded that they pay back former slave owners whose slaves had been freed in the revolution. From 1825 to 1857, Haiti spent an average of 19% of its revenue to pay back the debt. In 1888, France threatened to invade Haiti if it could not clear its debt.<ref name=":0" />


In 1822, President [[Jean Pierre Boyer]] briefly occupied the eastern part of the island (now the [[Dominican Republic]]) and freed the slaves there.<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Crisis of the English and American Models|page=152|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>
=== U.S. occupation ===
 
U.S. Marines invaded Haiti in 1915 and occupied it until 1934.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=1995|title=Against Empire|chapter=Intervention: Whose Gain? Whose Pain?|section=A Global Military Empire|page=22|pdf=http://uploads.worldlibrary.org/uploads/pdf/20180112220352parenti_against_empire.pdf}}</ref> Only 16 invaders died, but they killed over 3,000 Haitians.<ref name=":0" />
In 1825, French ships sailed to Haiti and demanded that they pay back former slave owners whose slaves had been freed in the revolution. From 1825 to 1857, Haiti spent an average of 19% of its revenue to pay back the debt. In 1888, France threatened to invade Haiti if it could not clear its debt.<ref name=":0" />
 
=== Statesian occupation ===
Throughout the 19th century, the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] violated Haiti's territorial integrity at least 15 times. In 1889, the USA sent gunboats to Port-au-Prince to try to force Haiti to give it access to the port of Môle Saint-Nicholas. When Haitian officials refused, the USA harmed Haiti's economy with high tariffs.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Going Global|page=184–5|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref>
 
300 [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] invaded Haiti in 1915 and occupied it until 1934.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=1995|title=Against Empire|chapter=Intervention: Whose Gain? Whose Pain?|section=A Global Military Empire|page=22|pdf=http://uploads.worldlibrary.org/uploads/pdf/20180112220352parenti_against_empire.pdf}}</ref> Only 16 invaders died, but they killed over 3,000 Haitians.<ref name=":0" />  They murdered President [[Theodore Guillame Sam]] in the streets and replaced him with a puppet president. The USA established martial law and [[Jim Crow]] policies in Haiti during the occupation.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Peter James Hudson, Jemima Pierre|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=Haiti: On Interventions and Occupations|date=2021-08-04|url=https://blackagendareport.com/haiti-interventions-and-occupations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612051745/https://blackagendareport.com/haiti-interventions-and-occupations|archive-date=2022-06-12|retrieved=2022-10-22}}</ref>


=== Duvalier regime ===
=== Duvalier regime ===
In 1959, the [[CIA]] helped autocrat [[François Duvalier]], also known as "Papa Doc," become the dictator of Haiti. His secret police killed 30,000<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Jon Henley|date=2010-01-14|title=Haiti: a long descent to hell|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-history-earthquake-disaster|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127154314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-history-earthquake-disaster|archive-date=2022-01-27|retrieved=2022-02-07}}</ref> to 100,000<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Steve Kangas|title=A Timeline of CIA Atrocities|url=http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/CIAtimeline.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102141343/http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/CIAtimeline.html|archive-date=2022-01-02|retrieved=2022-02-07}}</ref> Haitians. In August 1959, a group of 30 [[Republic of Cuba|Cuban]] and [[Republic of Venezuela (1953–1999)|Venezuelan]] rebels arrived to try to overthrow Duvalier. The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] and [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]], which were already in Haiti to train Duvalier's forces, defeated the rebels after 10 days of fighting.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Haiti 1959-1963: The Marines land, again|page=145–146|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}</ref>
In 1959, the [[CIA]] helped autocrat [[François Duvalier]], also known as "Papa Doc," become the dictator of Haiti. His secret police killed 30,000<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Jon Henley|date=2010-01-14|title=Haiti: a long descent to hell|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-history-earthquake-disaster|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127154314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-history-earthquake-disaster|archive-date=2022-01-27|retrieved=2022-02-07}}</ref> to 100,000<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Steve Kangas|title=A Timeline of CIA Atrocities|url=http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/CIAtimeline.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102141343/http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/CIAtimeline.html|archive-date=2022-01-02|retrieved=2022-02-07}}</ref> Haitians. After his death, his son [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] became the leader of Haiti. In November 1985, the Haitian army killed four children in Gonaives, causing an uprising against the Duvalier regime. The US Air Force escorted Jean-Claude Duvalier from Haiti to France in February 1986 to protect him from the rebellion.<ref name=":0" />
 
After Duvalier's death, his son [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] became the leader of Haiti. In November 1985, the Haitian army killed four children in Gonaives, causing an uprising against the Duvalier regime. The US Air Force escorted Jean-Claude Duvalier from Haiti to France in February 1986 to protect him from the rebellion.<ref name=":0" />


=== Aristide presidency ===
=== Aristide presidency ===
[[Social democracy|Social democratic]] president [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]] took power democratically in 1991 and was overthrown with CIA support<ref name=":0" /> only seven months into his term.<ref name=":1" /> In 1993, CIA-backed death squads killed scores of Aristide's supporters.<ref name=":0" /> Aristide was restored as president in August 1994 and demanded that France pay back $21.7 billion that was extorted from Haiti. In addition, he doubled the minimum wage and launched a campaign to collect unpaid taxes from the rich.<ref name=":1" /> The United States overthrew Aristide a second time in 2004 with the support of France and [[Canada]],<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Black Alliance for Peace]]|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=No to Foreign Military Intervention In Haiti! Yes, to Haitian Self-Determination!|date=2022-10-19|url=https://www.blackagendareport.com/no-foreign-military-intervention-haiti-yes-haitian-self-determination|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020060055/https://www.blackagendareport.com/no-foreign-military-intervention-haiti-yes-haitian-self-determination|archive-date=2022-10-20|retrieved=2022-10-22}}</ref> and USA-backed [[United Nations|UN]] troops invaded and occupied Haiti. The UN troops withdrew in 2017 after causing a cholera epidemic that killed 10,000 Haitians.<ref name=":0" />
[[Social democracy|Social democratic]] president [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]] took power democratically in 1991 and was overthrown with CIA support<ref name=":0" /> only seven months into his term.<ref name=":1" /> In 1993, CIA-backed death squads killed scores of Aristide's supporters.<ref name=":0" /> Aristide was restored as president in August 1994 and demanded that France pay back $21.7 billion that was extorted from Haiti. In addition, he doubled the minimum wage and launched a campaign to collect unpaid taxes from the rich.<ref name=":1" /> In 2004, the [[United States of America|United States]] overthrew Aristide a second time and US-backed [[United Nations|UN]] troops invaded and occupied Haiti. The UN troops withdrew in 2017 after causing a cholera epidemic that killed 10,000 Haitians.<ref name=":0" />
 
=== U.S. invasion threats ===
After President [[Jovenel Moïse]]'s assassination in 2021, the USA installed Ariel Henry as leader of Haiti. In 2022, Henry and the [[Organization of American States|OAS]] called for another Statesian invasion of Haiti.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=PSL Editorial – No U.S. Invasion of Haiti!|date=2022-10-11|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/psl-editorial-no-u-s-invasion-of-haiti/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011210634/https://www.liberationnews.org/psl-editorial-no-u-s-invasion-of-haiti/|archive-date=2022-10-11|retrieved=2022-10-12}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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<references />
<references />
[[Category:Global south]]
[[Category:Global south]]
[[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]
[[Category:Countries invaded by the United States]]
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