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=== French colony === | === French colony === | ||
Before the [[Haitian Revolution]], | Before the [[Haitian Revolution]], slave traders imported up to 40,000 Africans a year to work on slave plantations in Haiti, which was then a French colony known as Saint-Domingue. The average life expectancy during this period was only 21 years and slaves had to work from dawn to late at night.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Alex Johnson|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=New York Times series The Ransom absolves capitalism for Haiti’s oppression|date=2022-06-21|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/06/21/ilte-j21.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628230904/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/06/21/ilte-j21.html|archive-date=2022-06-28|retrieved=2022-06-29}}</ref> | ||
=== Haitian Revolution === | === Haitian Revolution === | ||
In August 1791, slaves began an uprising against their French colonial masters. It was the only successful slave revolt in the world. In 1801, [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] invaded Haiti in an attempt to reinstate slavery. Haiti declared independence in 1804. | In August 1791, slaves began an uprising against their French colonial masters. It was the only successful slave revolt in the world. In 1801, [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] invaded Haiti in an attempt to reinstate slavery. Haiti declared independence in 1804. In 1825, French ships sailed to Haiti and demanded that they pay back former slave owners whose slaves had been freed in the revolution. From 1825 to 1857, Haiti spent an average of 19% of its revenue to pay back the debt. In 1888, France threatened to invade Haiti if it could not clear its debt.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
In 1825, French ships sailed to Haiti and demanded that they pay back former slave owners whose slaves had been freed in the revolution. From 1825 to 1857, Haiti spent an average of 19% of its revenue to pay back the debt. In 1888, France threatened to invade Haiti if it could not clear its debt.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
=== Statesian occupation === | === Statesian occupation === | ||
300 [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] invaded Haiti in 1915 and occupied it until 1934.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=1995|title=Against Empire|chapter=Intervention: Whose Gain? Whose Pain?|section=A Global Military Empire|page=22|pdf=http://uploads.worldlibrary.org/uploads/pdf/20180112220352parenti_against_empire.pdf}}</ref> Only 16 invaders died, but they killed over 3,000 Haitians.<ref name=":0" /> They murdered President [[Theodore Guillame Sam]] in the streets and replaced him with a puppet president. The USA established martial law and [[Jim Crow]] policies in Haiti during the occupation.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Peter James Hudson, Jemima Pierre|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=Haiti: On Interventions and Occupations|date=2021-08-04|url=https://blackagendareport.com/haiti-interventions-and-occupations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612051745/https://blackagendareport.com/haiti-interventions-and-occupations|archive-date=2022-06-12|retrieved=2022-10-22}}</ref> | 300 [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] invaded Haiti in 1915 and occupied it until 1934.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=1995|title=Against Empire|chapter=Intervention: Whose Gain? Whose Pain?|section=A Global Military Empire|page=22|pdf=http://uploads.worldlibrary.org/uploads/pdf/20180112220352parenti_against_empire.pdf}}</ref> Only 16 invaders died, but they killed over 3,000 Haitians.<ref name=":0" /> They murdered President [[Theodore Guillame Sam]] in the streets and replaced him with a puppet president. The USA established martial law and [[Jim Crow]] policies in Haiti during the occupation.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Peter James Hudson, Jemima Pierre|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=Haiti: On Interventions and Occupations|date=2021-08-04|url=https://blackagendareport.com/haiti-interventions-and-occupations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612051745/https://blackagendareport.com/haiti-interventions-and-occupations|archive-date=2022-06-12|retrieved=2022-10-22}}</ref> | ||