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| == History == | | == History == |
| [[File:Peru indigenous map.png|thumb|Map of indigenous peoples in Peru]]
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| === Pre-colonization ===
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| {{Main article|Inca Empire}}
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| === Spanish colonization ===
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| After the [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spanish]] conquered the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)|Inca Empire]], they established a [[Feudalism|feudal]] system led by a viceroy. They destroyed Inca communes.<ref name=":02">{{Web citation|author=Sergio Rodriguez Gelfenstein|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=How long will Peru last? History weighs on today’s events|date=2020-12-18|url=https://www.workers.org/2020/12/53314/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095617/https://www.workers.org/2020/12/53314/|archive-date=2023-06-06}}</ref>
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| === Independence ===
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| In the 1820s, General [[José de San Martín]] and [[Bernardo de Monteagudo]] tried to overthrow the [[Colonialism|colonial]] [[aristocracy]]. The aristocrats sided with the Spanish and murdered Monteagudo. San Martín resigned in September 1822, and [[Simón Bolívar]]'s forces arrived in Peru a year. They defeated a pro-Spanish conspiracy led by General [[José de la Riva Agüero]].<ref name=":02" />
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| === Velasco government ===
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| In 1968, progressive [[Nationalism|nationalists]] led by [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] overthrew [[Fernando Belaunde Terry]]. They redistributed land to the [[Peasantry|peasants]], made Quechua an official language, and nationalized monopolistic companies in the agriculture and mining industries.<ref name=":02" />
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| Velasco became seriously ill in 1975, and General [[Francisco Morales Bermúdez]] worked with the [[United States of America|U.S.]] Embassy to overthrow him. They ended land reform, privatized many businesses, and crushed [[Trade union|unions]] and popular organizations.<ref name=":02" />
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| [[Alan García]] came to power in 1985 on a progressive platform. His government tried to nationalize the oil industry and [[Bank|banks]] and reduce payment of foreign [[Debt|debts]]. He was not able to achieve many of his goals.<ref name=":02" />
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| === Fujimori dictatorship === | | === Fujimori dictatorship === |
