Editing Republic of Peru

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Peru|native_name=República del Perú<br>Piruw Ripuwlika<br>Piruwxa Ripuwlika|image_flag=Flag of Peru.svg|image_coat=Peru COA.svg|capital=Lima|largest_city=Lima|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary semi-presidential republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Dina Boluarte]] (acting)|image_map=Peru map.svg|map_width=260|official_languages=Spanish<br>Quechua<br>Aymara|demonym=Peruvian|area_km2=1,285,216|population_estimate=34,352,720|population_estimate_year=2023}}
'''Peru''', officially the '''Republic of Peru''', is a country in [[Latin America]] located in the western part of [[South America]] with a western coastline on the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It is bordered by [[Republic of Ecuador|Ecuador]] and [[Republic of Colombia|Colombia]] to the north, [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]] to the east, and [[Plurinational State of Bolivia|Bolivia]] and [[Republic of Chile|Chile]] to the south. 91% of Peruvians oppose the unelected coup regime installed by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] in 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=Peru’s coup-plotting congress has 6% approval, 91% disapproval (but full US backing)|date=2023-04-22|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/04/16/peru-coup-congress-approval-us/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417180934/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/04/16/peru-coup-congress-approval-us/|archive-date=2023-04-17|retrieved=2023-04-23}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Peru indigenous map.png|thumb|Map of indigenous peoples in Peru]]

=== Pre-colonization ===
{{Main article|Inca Empire}}

=== Spanish colonization ===
After the [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spanish]] conquered the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)|Inca Empire]], they established a [[Feudalism|feudal]] system led by a viceroy. They destroyed Inca communes.<ref name=":02">{{Web citation|author=Sergio Rodriguez Gelfenstein|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=How long will Peru last? History weighs on today’s events|date=2020-12-18|url=https://www.workers.org/2020/12/53314/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095617/https://www.workers.org/2020/12/53314/|archive-date=2023-06-06}}</ref>

=== Independence ===
In the 1820s, General [[José de San Martín]] and [[Bernardo de Monteagudo]] tried to overthrow the [[Colonialism|colonial]] [[aristocracy]]. The aristocrats sided with the Spanish and murdered Monteagudo. San Martín resigned in September 1822, and [[Simón Bolívar]]'s forces arrived in Peru a year. They defeated a pro-Spanish conspiracy led by General [[José de la Riva Agüero]].<ref name=":02" />

=== Velasco government ===
In 1968, progressive [[Nationalism|nationalists]] led by [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] overthrew [[Fernando Belaunde Terry]]. They redistributed land to the [[Peasantry|peasants]], made Quechua an official language, and nationalized monopolistic companies in the agriculture and mining industries.

Velasco became seriously ill in 1975, and General [[Francisco Morales Bermúdez]] worked with the [[United States of America|U.S.]] Embassy to overthrow him. They ended land reform, privatized many businesses, and crushed [[Trade union|unions]] and popular organizations.

[[Alan García]] came to power in 1985 on a progressive platform. His government tried to nationalize the oil industry and [[Bank|banks]] and reduce payment of foreign [[Debt|debts]]. He was not able to achieve many of his goals.<ref name=":02" />

=== Fujimori dictatorship ===
[[Alberto Fujimori]] ruled Peru as an autocrat during the 1990s. His closest advisor and intelligence director, [[Vladimir Montesino]], was a CIA-funded drug kingpin. In 1997, he ordered the execution of 14 leftists who took over the [[Japan|Japanese]] ambassador to Peru's house.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions,
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=135}}</ref>

=== 2022 coup ===
On 7 December 2022, the Congress of Peru organized a coup against President [[Pedro Castillo]] and installed [[Dina Boluarte]] as the new ruler of Peru.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Open letter: Stop the violence against the Peruvian people!|date=2023-01-14|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/open-letter-stop-the-violence-against-the-peruvian-people/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116225037/https://www.liberationnews.org/open-letter-stop-the-violence-against-the-peruvian-people/|archive-date=2023-01-16|retrieved=2023-01-22}}</ref> U.S. ambassador and CIA agent [[Lisa Kenna]] strongly supported the coup.<ref name=":0" /> Protests soon began seeking to dissolve of Congress, create a constituent assembly, and free Castillo from prison.<ref name=":1" /> At least 60 people have died in the protests.<ref name=":0" />

The following countries have denounced the U.S. coup: [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]], Bolivia, Colombia, [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Commonwealth of Dominica|Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Republic of Honduras|Honduras]], [[Mexican United States|Mexico]], [[Republic of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=Latin America rejects coup in Peru, while US supports unelected regime killing protesters|date=2022-12-20|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2022/12/20/latin-america-rejects-coup-peru/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131075243/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2022/12/20/latin-america-rejects-coup-peru/|archive-date=2023-01-31|retrieved=2023-04-23}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Global south]]
[[Category:Latin American countries]]
<references />
[[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]